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The word “Religion” may be, and has been, employed in many different senses, and with a perplexing width of significance. No attempt to define the word is likely to be quite satisfactory, but almost any definition may serve the purpose of an argument, if the writer who employs it states his meaning frankly and adheres to it steadily.
Myth, Ritual and Religion Preface to New Impression
When this book first appeared (1886), the philological school of interpretation of religion and myth, being then still powerful in England, was criticised and opposed by the author. In Science, as on the Turkish throne of old, "Amurath to Amurath succeeds"; the philological theories of religion and myth have now yielded to anthropological methods. The centre of the anthropological position was the "ghost theory" of Mr. Herbert Spencer, the "Animistic" theory of Mr. E. R. Tylor, according to whom the propitiation of ancestral and other spirits leads to polytheism, and thence to monotheism.
In the second edition (1901) of this work the author argued that the belief in a "relatively supreme being," anthropomorphic was as old as, and might be even older, than animistic religion. This theory he exhibited at greater length, and with a larger collection of evidence, in his Making of Religion.
Since 1901, a great deal of fresh testimony as to what Mr. Howitt styles the "All Father" in savage and barbaric religions has accrued. As regards this being in Africa, the reader may consult the volumes of the New Series of the Journal of the Anthropological Institute, which are full of African evidence, not, as yet, discussed, to my knowledge, by any writer on the History of Religion. As late as Man, for July, 1906, No. 66, Mr. Parkinson published interesting Yoruba legends about Oleron, the maker and father of men, and Oro, the Master of the Bull Roarer.
From Australia, we have Mr. Howitt's account of the All Father in his Native Tribes of South-East Australia, with the account of the All Father of the Central Australian tribe, the Kaitish, in North Central Tribes of Australia, by Messrs. Spencer and Gillen (1904), also The Euahlayi Tribe, by Mrs. Langley Parker (1906). These masterly books are indispensable to all students of the subject, while, in Messrs. Spencer and Gillen's work cited, and in their earlier Native Tribes of Central Australia, we are introduced to savages who offer an elaborate animistic theory, and are said to show no traces of the All Father belief.
The books of Messrs. Spencer and Gillen also present much evidence as to a previously unknown form of totemism, in which the totem is not hereditary, and does not regulate marriage. This prevails among the Arunta "nation," and the Kaitish tribe. In the opinion of Mr. Spencer (Report Australian Association for Advancement of Science, 1904) and of Mr. J. G. Frazer (Fortnightly Review, September, 1905), this is the earliest surviving form of totemism, and Mr. Frazer suggests an animistic origin for the institution. I have criticised these views in The Secret of the Totem (1905), and proposed a different solution of the problem. (See also "Primitive and Advanced Totemism" in Journal of the Anthropological Institute, July, 1906.) In the works mentioned will be found references to other sources of information as to these questions, which are still sub judice. Mrs. Bates, who has been studying the hitherto almost unknown tribes of Western Australia, promises a book on their beliefs and institutions, and Mr. N. W. Thomas is engaged on a volume on Australian institutions. In this place the author can only direct attention to these novel sources, and to the promised third edition of Mr. Frazer's The Golden Bough.
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Myth, Ritual and Religion
Andrew Lang
Literature
Preface to New Impression
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Preface to New Edition
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Chapter 1. Systems of Mythology
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Chapter 2. New System Proposed
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Chapter 3. The Mental Condition of Savages - Confusion with Nature - Totemism
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Chapter 4
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Chapter 5. Nature Myths
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Chapter 6. Non-aryan Myths of the Origin of the World and of Man
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Chapter 7. Indo-aryan Myths - Sources of Evidence
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Chapter 8. Indian Myths of the Origin of the World and of Man
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Chapter 9. Greek Myths of the Origin of the World and Man
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Chapter 10. Greek Cosmogonic Myths
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Chapter 11. Savage Divine Myths
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Chapter 12. Gods of the Lowest Races
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Chapter 13. Gods of the Lowest Races
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Chapter 14. American Divine Myths
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Chapter 15. Mexican Divine Myths
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Chapter 16. The Mythology of Egypt
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Chapter 17. Gods of the Aryans of India
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Chapter 18. Greek Divine Myths
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Apollo
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Artemis
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Dionysus
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Athene
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Hermes
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Demeter
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Conclusion
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Chapter 19. Heroic and Romantic Myths
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ppendix A
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Appendix B
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Other books by Andrew Lang
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