The Aeroplane Speaks
paringly, as otherwise it will take off an unnecessary amount of dope. If that will not remove the dirt, then hot water and soap will do so, but, in that case, be sure to use soap having no al
his should, if possible, be taken off while wet. It should never be scraped off when dry
aeroplane, as, otherwise, excessive skin-friction will be produced with resu
xamine them near pulleys. Removal of grease may be necessary to make a close inspection possible. If only
rol cables by smartly moving the contr
s necessary to place the aeroplane on level ground, as otherwise it may be twisted, thus throwing some wires into und
tensioned. Perhaps its opposition wire is too tight, in which case sl
and be sure that they are snaked round with safety wire, so that the l
e should be cleaned and regr
ld be carefully examined to se
er any distortion has occurred. If distortion can be corrected by the adjustment of wires, w
hedral, and stagger, and the rigging position o
es and shock absorbers. The latter, when made of rubber, wear quickest underneath. Inspect axles and skids
turnbuckles, bolts, etc. Pay particular attention to the control ca
h as pulleys, control levers, and hinge
nspection of every part, say once a week. This will take from two to three hours, according to the type of aeroplane. In order to carry it out methodically, the rigger should have a list of every part down to the sma
ind; and it is advisable to lash the control lever fast, so that th
nd, if persevered in, it is possible to become quite expert in dia
level ground, or, better than that,
edge. Their shadows can usually be seen through the fabric. Allowance must, of course, be made f
e main-plane with the tail-plane.
front strut with its rear st
the front struts. The one nearest to you should cover
main and rear spars, trailing edges,
for diagnosis of faults, but will also greatly assist in impressing upon the me
of a lot of unnecessary damage. The golden ru
be careful to stress it in such a way as to produce, as far as possible, only direct compression stresses. For instance, if it is necessary to support the lifting surface, then the packing should be arranged to come d
the undercarriage struts. If necessary to pull from elsewhere, th
floor. Any slight movement will cause the fabri
tance of protecting the outside fibres of the wood. Remember also that wood becomes distorted easily. This particularly applies to interplane strut
of this will lead to bitter disappointments in civil life; and, where Service flying is concerned, it will, to say the
art shed produces briskness, energy, and pride of work. A dirty, disorderly shed near
OS
science of aer
ht angles to its surface. Always cambered when intended to secure a reaction in one direction only. As the term "aerofoil" is hardly ever used in practical aeronautics, I have, throughout this book, used the term SURFACE,
for the practice of aviation. It really means "flyin
aerofoil with stabilizing
he rate of cha
t which the "neutral lift line
the chord of a surface makes with a lin
at which, for a given power, surface (including detrimenta
at which, for a given power, surface (including detrimenta
e at which an aeroplane ascends quickest. An angle appro
angle of incidence at which the
he path along which an aeroplane at normal flying spe
-The angle betw
aeroplane is said to be at a lateral dihedral angl
e said to be at a longitudinal dihedral angle when the projection
edral-Ditto, but substituting "c
t which the blade is inclined to the direction of motion wh
trument used for
d in miles per hour, in which case it indicates the correct number of miles per hour at only one altitude. This is owing to the density of the air decreasing with increase of altitude and nece
tion of the air causing an aeroplane
oportion of span to
hat its rotation about an axis produces a f
ng-tip, the operation of which turns an aeroplane about i
art of drivin
driver of
e charts of which can be calibrated
nt used for indicatin
its longitudinal axis (to tilt sid
surface consists of a surface or pair of wings
by two struts and wha
g spars joining the tail of a "pusher"
d tie wires to transfer a for
g surface (empennage) was mounted in front of the main lifting surface. Sometimes termed "tail-first" aeropla
at an excessive angle
r-Cur
aight line between the trailing
of the upper surface directly over it, together
ip, and through which all the air forces acting upon the surface
the longitudinal axis, and the position of which is the re
vity-The cent
situated over the fuselage, and from
ion which forms the lower part of the pilot's control lever in a
curved path is urged outwards from the centr
trolling surfaces are operated. It usually oper
The tendency to produc
tape) passing through and attached to all the ribs
nt-Change
driving through the air a surface inclined upwards and towards its direction of motion PLUS the horizontal component of th
ft produced by th
t produced by the d
drift of an aeroplane. It is convenient
ied by a current of
as to produce a speed greater
a special fluid for the purpose
volume, for instance,
ncy-Out
plane as distinct from
and V
= aeropl
Engine-Brake
ed hors
ncy, Pr
horse
r received
peller
ot-pounds. It is then only necessary to divide the upper
tail-plane, the operation of which turns an aeroplane about an axi
-See "Tai
t of coal or petroleum stores a given quantity
per surface extending beyond
of a surface relative to it
of a surface relative to it
d by dividing the stress at which a body will collapse
ne)-The proportion of
when rigging it or making adjustments. It varies with different types
ane containing the pilot, and t
ace, usually mounted at
ntal part of a rib which prev
ody heavier than air by mean
ork representing the weig
t construction of wood and fabric; and bent round detrimenta
tion upon a body. It decreases with increa
ty of water is 10 lb. per unit volume, the same unit volume of petrol, if w
lower surfaces of a biplane. In a triplane or multiplane,
in the direction of the thrust, betw
to resist bending, and to co
speed, the effect of which is a tendency to maint
n aeropl
he resistance of the air
out a vertical axis, the direction o
plan view of a body what
using a body to ga
level used for indicating the attitud
the body is disturbed, causes it to move into a posi
in the position given it by the force of a disturbance, with n
lacement of a body as distinct from res
See "Contr
be seen when viewing an aer
ich wires are taken to spar, surface, or other part of the construction in order to prevent distortion. When used in connection with a cont
by the action of driving through the air a surface
oplane can gain in a given time a
-The proportion
rofoil. Usually expressed in pounds
plied to any long spar runni
is a measure of the qu
e mass and velocity of a b
e main lifting surface consists of
fting surface consists of numerous surfaces
-Fusela
ning the engine and pilot and passenger,
of the surface is such as to make the said line coincident with the direction of motion, it results in no lift, the reaction then consisting solely of drift. Th
ll remain at rest; or, if in motion, it will move unif
akes place in the direction of the straight line in which the force acts. If a body be acted upon by several f
re is opposed an equal
ing wing design of aircraft intend
surface with an elevator placed in advance of it. Sometimes applied to the "
, to-To
application is not quite correct, since "plane" indicates
r-See "A
-screw mounted in front o
r-screw mounted behind
the propeller is mounted be
ruction from the point o
ate of
esents a force sufficient to rais
the pressure upon the piston or pistons, as distinct from the rate at which the engine does work.
of power above that necessary to maintai
the wind, which, combined with a static pressure or suction tube, is used in conj
opeller advances during one revolu
To plunge
nd opposite to the force
f which turns an aeroplane about an axis which is vertical in normal hori
n about the lon
ection within a surface. The ordinary ribs give the surface its camber
des bearing the stress of compression produced
ally used to improve the camber
e pilot. When observing an aeroplane from the front of it, the
ition of the air which may cau
moved by the pilot's feet
-See "A
lane including the propeller, but excluding the (ae
the operation of which turns an
of the air with roughness o
nce from wing-t
is forward of the lower surface when
y of a body, when disturbed, t
ertical during normal horizontal flight, and without which an
xis transverse to the direction of normal horizontal flight, and
e about its longitudinal axis, and without whic
n or tail-plane, designed to giv
angle, the result being a fall in the lift-drift ratio, the lift consequently becoming
Burden
mation produ
as a result of an exce
ways by centrifugal force w
wheels of the undercarriage are sometimes attached. Should a wheel give way the sk
with shock absorbers, situated under the tail of an aeroplane in orde
, that part of the bottom surface immediatel
iece of wood or
ched, such spar being the one situated nearest to the centre of press
ing situated at the rear of the centre of pressure and at a greater distance from it tha
ended to take merely the st
rut holding the top an
. It should be stated whether top, bottom, or side. If side,
on" when not in flight. It may also prevent the
Underca
placed as to prevent the tension of the d
similar material. Usually used in connecti
s the distance the propeller
of detrimental surface desig
To plunge
an aeroplane about its longitudinal axis in a direct
hereby the tail of
the propeller is mounted in fr
ting surface consists of three surfaces or
urface mounted at some distance behin
of which is screwed an eyebolt. Wires are attached to the eyebolts and t
peller-See
selage or nacelle, and intended to support the aeropla
e of displac
A gliding
attraction on a piece of platinum called the standard pound, deposited with the Board of Trade in London. At the centre of the Earth a body will be attracted with equ
l part of a rib which preve
vary its angle of incidence. To vary the a
f air produced by the
le of incidence of a surf
le of incidence of a surf
- or left-hand ext
autics, always known by
direction of lift, and used to prevent a su
d to the direction of gravity, and used
on of drift, and used to prevent a surfac
sion of a drift wire, and used to prevent
of the interplane strut in front of or behind it. It maintains the "stagger" an
peaking a bracing wire, is not usually described as one unless it performs the additional function of bracing some well-defined part such as the undercarriage. It will then be said to be an "undercarriage bracing lift wire." It might, perhaps, be acting as a drift wire
cing wire (usually drift or
l and situated between the top longerons of fuselate, bet
-Ditto, substituting
e side bay or centre-section side bay. This term is not usually used with reference to incidence wires, a
ion of which is diagonal from right to left w
ire preventing distortion
ontrolling surface with the pilot's
wire connecting top
e right- and left-hand top ailerons. Somet
and attached at each end to the framework. Used to prevent the wire round which it isent a turnbuckle barrel or other
owever, often applied to the lifting surface of an aeroplane when such surface is divid
with surfaces and models, and through which a cu
ce X dis
n mounted in front of the pilot to pr
TNO
ret
e thrust of the propellor blades, just as the shingle on the beach slips back as you ascend it. Such "give
ret
y, but having regard to the mechanical difficulties of such construction, it is a most inefficient way of securing
ret
or stalling an aeroplane an
ret
ich the lifting surfaces are raised above the pilo
ret
due to the friction of the air with roug
ret
he centre of the turn. To minimize such action the pilot banks, i.e., tilts, the aeroplane sideways in order to oppose the underside of the planes to the
ret
ash-out is combined with a wash-in to offs
ret
: Air Me
ret
he wire, and in this way the wire can make connection with the desired place by being sc(re
rved line indicating an
(re
e propeller blades, must be equal to the speed of the aeroplane, plus the slip, and if, on account of the rarity of the air the speed of the aeroplane increases, then the angle and pitch sh
(re
s possible that extraordinary speed through space may be secured if means are found to maintain
(re
first crude fo
(re
in the Glossary at t
(re
foil" in th
(re
ace may be much nearer to the axis than is the keel-surface towards the tail. The latter may then be actually less than the surface in
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