World's War Events, Volume III

ospitals at

base hospitals the majority of the patients are, consequently, of other services-both the United States and the allied. The provisions of the United States Navy in t

tion with Brit

elded so readily to sympathetic understanding that all zeal displayed was in the common interest of "winning the war" that there is and can be nothing but reciprocal praise for each other's efforts, which will be of lasting benefit in future when the present compelling community of interest is

men and

le the task, of "helping to win the war." Officers whose preference is for duty at sea, men who came over with a view to doing battle with the enemy, one and all, have done and are doing the work that comes to hand, even to the digging of ditches, with a will and with a cheery readiness for mo

ndard of

re in some measure. It is believed that it may well be said that the men on duty in Europe, far away from home ties and influences, will return to their own country unharmed by the temptations and pitfalls which their relatives and friends may have feared.

nt Lincoln

ident Lincoln. The weather was pleasant, the sun shining brightly, with a choppy sea. The ships were about 500 miles from the coast of France and had passed through what was considered to be the most dangerous part of the war zone. At about 9 a.m. a terrific explosion occu

he bow of the ship and the third striking near the stern. The wake of the torpedoes had been sighted by the officers and lookouts on watch, but the torpedoes were so clo

ng about 30 officers and men of the Army. Some of th

ated at previous drills. There was not the slightest confusion and the crew and passengers wait

ion in le

that there was little likelihood that she would remain afloat. The boats were lowered and the life rafts were placed in t

e sick an

the boats before lowering and that everyone else would get into the water and get on the life rafts and then be picked up by the boats, this being entirely feasible, as everyone was provided with an efficient l

work of t

k. All the ship's company except the guns' crews and necessary officers were at that time in the boats and on the rafts near the ship, and when the guns' crews began firing the people in the boats set up a cheer to show that they were n

ity of the ship not sinking immediately, and the commanding officer gave the order to stop lowering the boats. This order could not be understood, however, owing to the noise caused by escaping steam from the safety valves of the boilers which ha

gether to pre

oaded with men to their full capacity and the work of collecting the rafts

takes an off

oners. The submarine commander was able to identify only one officer, Lieutenant E.V.M. Isaacs, whom he took on board and carried away. The submarine remained in the vicinity of the boats for about two hours and returned again in the afternoo

rk signa

about 200 on the rafts. Lighted lanterns were hoisted in the boats and flare-up lights and Coston signal light

nd food

during the day, as the quantity was necessarily limited and it mi

tor had sent the radio distress signals, yet it was known that the nearest destroyers were 250 miles away, protecting

rrington and

r afterwards the destroyer Smith also arrived. The transfer of the men from the boats and rafts to the destroyers was effected as quickly as possible and the destroyers remained in the vicinity until aft

nce of about 250 miles, during which time the boats and rafts of the President Lincoln had drifted 15 miles from the position reported by radio, and it had been necessary for the commanding officers of these destroyers to make an estimate of the probable drift

boats accurat

miss

icer, Lieutenant Isaacs, above mentioned, had been taken prisoner. The three officers were Passed Assistant Surgeon L.C. Whiteside, ship'

taken down

ey then remained in the ship for some unexplainable reason, as testified by witnesses who last saw them, and apparently these two excellent officers were taken down with the ship. Paymaster Johnston got on a raft alongside the ship, but in some way was caught by th

ing belo

forward end of the ship, and they were either killed by the force of the explosion of the

Force; B. Zanetti, coxswain, United States Navy; A.S. Egbert, seaman, second class, National Naval Volunteer; G.B. Hoffman, seaman,

probably

down, this being probably caused by the current of water which was rushing into th

from su

ight probably do this, as an attempt to make me and other officers disclose their identity. This possibility was evidently in the minds of the men of the crew also, because at one time I noticed some one on the submarine walk to the muzzle of one of the guns, apparently with the intentio

of self-

wed to enter the boat. There was a striking case of this kind when about dark I noticed that Chief Master-at-Arms Rogers, who was rather an old man, and been in the Navy for years, was on a raft, and I

a rafts

ade of balsa wood, had been furnished the ship, and these resulted in saving a g

conduct

e percentage of them were young boys, who had only been in the Navy for a period of a few mont

itish in Flanders, at last saw the futility of further resistance, and asked for an armis

ERMS SIGNED

ions t

and and in the air six hours aft

ntries to b

stice. German troops which have not left the above-mentioned territories within the period fixed will become prisoners of war. Occupation by the allied and United States for

s to be re

ifteen days of all the inhabitants of the countries above enu

r of war

0 minenwerfer, 1,700 airplanes (fighters, bombers-firstly, all of the D 7's and all the night bombing machines). The above to be delivered in situ to the allied

bridgeheads at these points of a thirty-kilometer radius on the right bank and by garrisons similarly holding the strategic points of the regions. A neutral zone shall be reserved on the right bank of the Rhine between the stream and a line drawn parallel to the bridgeheads and to the stream and at a distance of ten kilometers, from the frontier of Holland up to the fro

t bank of Rhine and

acuated territori

war measures prior to the signing of the armistice. No destruction of any kind shall be committed. Military establishments of all kinds shall be delivered intact, as well as military stores of food, munitions, and equipment, not re

ation to be surren

No. 2, and total of which shall not exceed thirty-one days. There shall likewise be delivered 5,000 motor lorries (camion automobiles) in good order, within the period of thirty-six days. The railways of Alsace-Lorraine shall be handed over within the period of thirty-one days, together with pre-war personnel and material. Further, the material necessary for the working of railways in the countries on the left bank

ions to be

s or delayed action fuses on territory evacuated by the German troops and shall assist in their discovery and destruction. It also shall revea

ve right of

territories, subject to regulation of accounts with those whom it may concern. The upkeep of the troop

n prisoners of war

e United States shall be able to dispose of them as they wish. This condition annuls the previous conventions on the subject of the exchange of prisoners of war, including the one of July, 1918, in course of ratification. How

unded to be

ed territory will be cared for by German personnel, who wi

m Austria-Hungary, Ruma

as they existed on August First, Nineteen Fourteen. All German troops at present in the territories which before the war belonged to Russia shall likewise withdraw within th

to begin

quisition

n instructors, prisoners, and civilians as well as military agents n

s and any other undertaking with a view to obtaining supplies intend

st-Litovsk treati

es of Bucharest and Brest-Litovsk

their eastern frontier, either through Danzig, or by the Vistula, in order to convey su

ca to be

orces operating in East Africa withi

n without r

led conditions hereafter to be fixed of all interned civilians, including hostages (persons?) under trial

al rest

aration for war losses. Immediate restitution of the cash deposit in the national bank of Belgium, and in general immediate return of all documents, specie, stocks, shares, paper money, together with plant for the issue thereof,

of hostili

nts of all German ships. Notification to be given to neutrals that freedom of navigation in all territorial waters is g

return nava

soners of the allied and associated powers in

mine layers to

which cannot take the sea shall be disarmed of the personnel and material and shall remain under the supervision of the Allies and the United States. The submarines which are ready for the sea shall be prepared to leave the German ports as soon as orders shall b

s to be disarm

rs being left on board. The following warships are designated by the Allies: Six battle cruisers, ten battleships, eight light cruisers (including two mine layers), fifty destroyers of the most modern types. All other surface warships (including river craft) are to be concentrated in German naval bases to be designated by the Allies and the United States and

sweep mi

ght to sweep up all mine fields and obstructions laid by Germany outside

to the Baltic

America shall be empowered to occupy all German forts, fortifications, batteries, and defense works of all kinds in all the entrances from the Cattegat into the Baltic, and to sweep up all

itions to rem

and all German merchant ships found at sea are to remain liable to capture. The Allies and the United States sho

aft to be i

ated and immobilized in German bases to be specifi

aterial to b

act all port and river navigation material, all merchant ships, tugs, lighters, all naval aer

ports to b

re to be handed over to the Allies and the United States of America; all neutral merchant vessels seized are to be released; all warlike and oth

essels to

and associated powers are to be restored in ports to be specified

uction p

of materials to be permitted before

s on trading vesse

lland, that all restrictions placed on the trading of their vessels with the allied and associated countries, whether by the German Government or by p

rs of Germ

pping of any description to any neutral flag are

to last th

hours in advance. It is understood that the execution of Articles 3 and 18 shall not warrant the denunciation of the armistice on the ground of insufficient execution within a period fixed, except in the case of bad faith in carrying them into execution.

ed within seve

cepted or refused by Germany within

Eleventh of November, Nineteen Eigh

F

Wem

ber

bern

erfe

Sa

Conference, was the formation of a League of Nations to insure perpetual peace. After months of delibera

THE LEAGUE

ses of th

nd honorable relations between nations, by the firm establishment of the understandings of international law as the actual rule of conduct among Governments, and by the maintenance of justice a

of de

rumentality of a meeting of a body of delegates representing the high contracting parties, of meetings at more frequent i

racting party

n the sphere of action of the League. Meetings of the body of delegates shall be held at the seat of the league, or at such other places as may be found convenient, and s

resented in the E

resentatives of four other States, members of the League. The selection of these four States shall be made by the body of delegates on such principles and in suc

t least on

whatever place may be decided on, or, failing any such decision, at the seat of the League, and any matter wit

hich such matters directly affecting its interests are to be discussed, and no

nvestigate part

g the appointment of committees to investigate particular matters, shall be regulated by the body of dele

of the Executive Council shall be summoned by

anent se

comprise such secretaries and staff as may be required, under the general direction and control of a Secretary General of the League, who shall

capacity at all meetings of the body o

ers of the League, in accordance with the apportionment of the ex

ave diplomatic privi

ess of the League, shall enjoy diplomatic privileges and immunities, and the buildings occupied by the League o

n to the

tates to be invited to adhere to the covenant, requires the assent of not less than two-thirds of the States represent

ncere intention to observe its international obligations and unless it shall conform to such prin

national

tions, having special regard to the geographical situation and circumstances of each State, and the Executive Council shall formulate plans for effecting such reduction. The Executive Council shall also determine for the consideration and action of the sev

vate manufactur

s, and direct the Executive Council to advise how the evil effects attendant upon such manufacture can be prevented, due regard being had to the

r industries as are capable of being adapted to warlike purposes or the scale of their armaments, and agr

dvise the League on the execution of the provisions of Ar

rial in

grity and existing political independence of all States members of the League. In case of any such aggression or in case of any

e concern o

or not, is hereby declared a matter of concern to the League, and the high contracting parties reserv

attention of the body of delegates or of the Executive Council to any circumstance affecting international interc

e submitted t

ously submitting the questions and matters involved either to arbitration or to inquiry by the Executive Council, and until three months after the award by the arbitrators or a recommendation by th

e within a reasonable time, and the recommendation of the Executive Coun

uncil to act if

they will submit the whole matter to arbitration. For this purpose the court of arbitration to which the case is referred shall be the court agreed on by the parties or stipulated in any convention existing between them. The high contr

urt of interna

rnational justice, and this court shall, when established, be competent to hear and determine any matter

ated to the Ex

o the Executive Council; either party to the dispute may give notice of the existence of the dispute to the Secretary General who will make all necessary arrangements for a full investigation and consideration thereof. For th

tlements to

ve effect to r

nations the recommendation which the council think just and proper for the settlement of the dispute. If the report is unanimously agreed to by the members of the council, other than the parties to the dispute, the high contracting parties agree that they will not go to war with any party which complies with the recommendations, and that if any party s

eferred to the b

the dispute, provided that such request must be made within fourteen days after the submission of the dispute. In a case referred to the body of delegates, all the pr

on breaks i

League, which hereby undertakes immediately to subject it to the severance of all trade or financial relations, the prohibition of all intercourse between their nationals and the nationals of the covenant-break

ces of th

ffective military or naval force the members of the League shall severally con

economic

the loss and inconvenience resulting from the above measures, and that they will mutually support one another in resisting any special measures aimed at one of their number by the covenan

mber is party

ing parties agree that the State or States, not members of the League, shall be invited to accept the obligations of membership in the League for the purposes of such dispute, upon such condi

stitute an inquiry into the circumstances and merits of the dispute and rec

e purposes of the League, which in the case of a State member of the League would constitute a breach of

to take means to s

n the League for the purpose of such dispute, the Executive Council may take such action and make

on of tra

ted with general supervision of the trade in arms and ammunition with the coun

backward people

ich are inhabited by peoples not yet able to stand by themselves under the strenuous conditions of the modern world, there should be applied the principle that the well-being

to advanced nations, who by reason of their resources, their experience, or their geographical position, can best un

the development of the people, the geographical situation of the

ognition of cer

ions can be provisionally recognized, subject to the rendering of administrative advice and assistance by a mandatory power until such time

Africa

igion, subject only to the maintenance of public order and morals, the prohibition of abuses such as the slave trade, the arms traffic, and the liquor traffic, and the prevention of the establishment of fortifications or m

h Pacifi

or their remoteness from the centers of civilization, or their geographical contiguity to the mandatory State and other circumstances, can be best administer

y's annu

all render to the League an annual report in ref

ry State, shall, if not previously agreed upon by the high contracting parties in e

atory co

mandatory commission to receive and examine the annual reports of the mandatory powe

, women, and children, both in their own countries and in all countries to which their commercial and industrial relat

ation and

and maintain freedom of transit and equitable treatment for the commerce of all States members of the League, having in mind,

reaus to be plac

aus already established by general treaties, if the parties to such treaties consent. Furthermore, they agree

registered wi

ter by any State member of the League shall be forthwith registered with the Secretary General and as soon as po

ration of

econsideration by States members of the League of treaties which have become inapplicable a

om obligations incons

hey will not hereafter enter into any engagements inconsistent with the terms thereof. In case any of the Powers signatory hereto or subsequently admitted to the League shall, before becoming a party to th

to be r

he States whose representatives compose the Executive Council and by three

ARY OF THE TR

RM

and Associa

ers, and Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, China, Cuba, Ecuador, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, the Hedjaz, Honduras, Liberia, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Poland, Portugal, R

irm, just and

ed and associated powers, being equally desirous that the war in which they were successively involved directly or indirectly and which originated in the declaration of war by Austria-Hungary on July 28, 1914, against Serbia, the declaration of war by Germany again

he moment and subject to the provisions of this treaty, official relations with Germany,

TIO

E OF

es of the Lea

f the Sarre Commission, oversee its rêgime, and carry out the plebiscite. It will appoint the High Commissioner of Danzig, guarantee the independence of the free city, and arrange for treaties between Danzig and Germany and Poland. It will work out the mandatory system to be applied to the former German colonies, and act as a final c

BER

become member

cession without reservation within two months. A new State, dominion, or colony may be admitted, provided its admission is agreed to by

RET

secretaria

established at the seat of the

SE

g by

ague, and will meet at stated intervals. Voting will be by States. Ea

UN

t least on

ogether with representatives of four members selected by the Assembly from tim

y States. Each State will have one vote and not more than one representative. A decision taken by the Assembly and Council must be unanim

AME

ion on military a

ears. Once they are adopted, no member must exceed the armaments fixed without the concurrence of the Council. All members will excha

NTING

mit disputes t

ider means to p

international disputes or to give advisory opinions. Members who do not submit their case to arbitration must accept the jurisdiction of the Assembly. If the Council, less the parties to the dispute, is unanimously agreed upon the rights of it, the members agree that they will not go to war with any party to the dispute which complies with its recommendations. In this case, a recommendation, by the Assembly, concurred in by all its members represented on the Council and a simple majority of the rest, less the parties to the dispute, will have the force o

TY OF

l be registered with the secretariat and published. The Assembly may from time to time advi

ine not to b

ng in it shall affect the validity of international engagements such as treaties of arbitrati

NDATOR

not able to

o advanced nations who are best fitted to undertake it. The covenant recognizes

nal inde

be provisionally recognized as independent, subject to advice and assi

o be pro

e League, where equal opportunities for trade will be allowed to all members; certain abuses, such as trade in slaves, arms, and liquor wi

ne degree of mand

ered under the laws of the mandatary as integral portions of its territory. In every case t

TERNATIONA

fair conditi

ention and con

cure just treatment of the native inhabitants of territories under their control; they will entrust the League with the general supervision over the execution of agreements for the suppression of traffic in women and children, &c.; and the control of the trade in arms and ammunition with countries in which control is necessary; they will make provision for freedom of communication an

TS TO TH

e effect when ratified by the Counc

TIO

IES OF

ede to Franc

oland. She loses sovereignty over the northeastern tip of East Prussia, 40 square miles north of the river Memel, and the internationalized areas about Danzig, 729 square miles, and the Basin of the Sarre, 738 square miles, between the western border of the Rhenish Palatinate of Bavaria and the southeast corner of Luxemburg. The Danzig area consists of the V between the

TIO

LG

ier c

the full sovereignty of Belgium over the contested territory of Moresnet and over part of Prussian Moresnet, and to renounce in favor of Belgium all rights over the circles of Eupen and Malmedy, the inhabitants of which are to be entitled within six month

EMB

ounce rights o

t of the German Zollverein from January first, last, renounces all right of exploitation of the railroads, adheres to the abrog

NK OF T

tifications o

to facilitate mobilization. In case of violation, "she shall be regarded as committing a hostile act against the Powers who sign the present treaty and as intending to disturb the peace of the w

E-LOR

s restored

e of Alsace-Lorraine, the territories ceded to Germany by the Treaty of Frankfort are restored to France with

tizenship may

ears. The last named class includes German residents in Alsace-Lorraine, as distinguished from those who acquire the position of Alsace-Lorrainers as defined in the treaty. All public property and all private property of German ex-sov

ducts to be admi

n of Kehl and

Alsace-Lorraine and re-exported free of duty. Contracts for electric power from the right bank must be continued for ten years. For seven years, with possible extension to ten, the ports of Kehl and Strassbourg shall be administered as a single

ts of courts, poli

dgments of courts hold in certain classes of cases while in others a judicial exequatur is first required. Political condemnati

special conditions of Alsace-Lorraine, certain matters of executi

SA

r destruction of

ation Commission and credited against that account. The French rights will be governed by German law in force at the armistice excepting war legislation, France replacing the present owners, whom Germany undertakes to indemnify. France will continue to furnish the present proporti

rned by a

tative assembly

the Commission. The Commission will have all powers of government formerly belonging to the German Empire, Prussia and Bavaria, will administer the railroads and other public services and have full power to interpret the treaty clauses. The local courts will continue, but subject to the Commission. Existing German legislation will remain the basis of the law, but the Commission may make modification after consulting a local representative assembl

religion an

ionality except so far as individuals may change it. Those wishing to leave will have every facility with respect to their property. The territory will form part of the French customs system, with no export tax on coal and metallurgical products g

be held after

to all inhabitants over twenty resident therein at the signature. Taking into account the opinions thus expressed the League will decide the ultimate sovereignty. In any portion restored to Germany the German Government must buy out the Fre

TIO

AN A

ce to be r

independence of German Austr

O-SLO

of the n

south of the Carpathians, and accepts the frontiers of this State as to be determined, which in the case of the German front

LA

mmission to b

s to be p

ed powers and one each representing Poland and Germany, shall be constituted within fifteen days of the peace to delimit this boundary. Such special provisions as are necessary to protect racial, linguistic or

PRU

East Prussi

ntier, or Regierungsbezirk Allenstein from where it meets the boundary between East and West Prussia to its junction with the boundary between the circles of Oletsko and Angersburg, thence the northern boundar

s and offici

appointed by the principal allied and associated powers, with the particular duty of arranging for a free, fair and secret vote. The commission will report the results of

to the

, of which the terms will be fixed by the principal allied and associated powers, will be entered into between Poland, Germany and Danzig, to assure suitable railroad

Germany to the associated powers, the former agreeing to accept the se

NZ

under Leagu

g shall draw up a constitution in agreement with the duly appointed representatives of the city, and shall deal in the first instance with all differences arising between the city and Poland. The actual bounda

etween Danzi

n the port; insure to Poland the free use of all the city's waterways, docks and other port facilities, the control and administration of the Vistula and the whole through railway system within the city, and postal, telegraph

NM

fixed by self

region north of the line running from the mouth of the Schlei, south of Kappel, Schleswig, and Friedrichstadt along the Eider to the North Sea south of Tonning; the Workme

to be i

uation. Within five weeks after this vote the second zone, whose southern boundary runs from the North Sea south of the Island of Fehr to the Baltic south of Sygum, will vote by communes. Two weeks after that vote the third zone running to the limit of evacuation will also vote by communes. The i

IGO

ions to be

une are to be destroyed under the supervision of the Allies by German labor and at Germany'

SS

k treaty to

ntered into with the Maximalist Government of Russia, to recognize the full force of all treaties entered into by the allied and associated powers with States which were a part of the former Russian Empi

TIO

GHTS OUTS

o renounc

or her allies' territories to all the allied and associated powers, and undertakes

D OVERSEAS

pire to be transferre

ld property, or carry on business. Germany undertakes to pay reparation for damage suffered by French nationals in the Cameroons or its frontier zone through the acts of German civil and military authorities and of individual Germans from the 1st of January, 1900, to the 1st of August, 1914. Germany renounces all rights under the convention of the 4th of November, 1911, and the 29th of September, 1912, and undertakes to pay to France in accordance with an e

rotection fo

H

enounce Boxe

erty except diplomatic or consular establishments in the German concessions of Tientsin and Hankow and in other Chinese territory except Kiao-Chau and agrees to return to China at her own expense all the astronom

on of co

associated Government for the internment or repatriation of her citizens in China and for the seizure or liquidation of German interests there since August 14, 1917. She renounces in

I

ra territoria

rty, except consular and diplomatic premises, passes without compensation to Siam, German private property to be dealt with in accordance with the economic

BE

es and agreements

f the customs, and disinterests herself in any further negotiations for the rehabilitation of Liberia. She regards as abrogated all commercial treaties an

RO

enounce righ

cepts all the consequences of the French protectorate and renounces the capitulations; the Sherifian Government shall have complete liberty of action in regard to German nationals, and all German protected persons shall be subject to the common law. All movable and immovable German property, including

G

itish Protector

Britain and other Powers. There are provisions for jurisdiction over German nationals and property and for German consent to any changes which may be made in relation to the Commission of Public Debt. Germany consents to the transfer to Great Britain of the powers given to the late Sul

AND B

with Turkey

h Turkey and Bulgaria with reference to any rights, privileges or interests clai

AN

o-Chau righ

greements as to Shantung. All German rights to the railroad from Tsing-tao to Tsinan-fu, including all facilities and mining rights and rights of exploitation, pass equally to Japan, and

TIO

Y, NAVA

ion of the armaments of all nations, Germany undertakes directl

ARY F

y to be de

of frontiers. Divisions may not be grouped under more than two army corps headquarters staffs. The great German General Staff is abolished. The army administrative service, consisting of civilian personnel not included in the number of effectives, is reduced to one-tenth the total in t

AME

works to

onnel dismissed. The exact amount of armament and munitions allowed Germany is laid down in detail tables, all in excess to be surrendered or rendered useless. The manufacture or importation of asphyxiat

CRIP

to be abolish

s, the number of discharges before the expiration of that term not in any year to exceed 5 per cent of the total effectives. Officers remaini

fter the peace. No associations such as societies of discharged soldiers, shooting or touring clubs, educational es

TRE

s in Rhine to

ometers east of the Rhine will be dismantled within three months. The construction of any new fortificat

NT

commission

y establish headquarters at the German seat of Government and go to any part of Germany desired. Germany must give them complete facilities, pay their expe

A

y to be de

d no submarines, either military or commercial, with a personnel of 15,000 men, including officers, and no reserve force of any character. Conscription is abolished, only volunt

sels that must

2 modern destroyers, 50 modern torpedo boats, and all submarines, with their salvage vessels. All war vessels under construction, including submarines, must be broken up. War vessels not otherwise provided for are to be placed in rese

ep up

llies. All German fortifications in the Baltic, defending the passages through the belts, must be demol

RE

ssages only for co

anover, and Berlin will not be permitted to send any messages except for commercial purposes, a

BL

ce title

the value of such as were privately owned being

g been cut, have been removed, or are at any rate not being utilized by any one of the allied and associated powers. In such cases the cables, or portions of cables, removed

I

nel to be

ithin two months, except for 1,000 officers and men retained till October. No aviation grounds or dirigible sheds are to be allowed within 150 kilometers of the Rhine, or the eastern or southern frontiers, existing installations within these limits to be d

NERS

rman prisoners and

ed persons guilty of offenses against the laws and customs of war, the Allies have the right to retain selected German officers. The Allies may deal at their own discretion with German nationals who do not desire to be repatriated, all repatriation being conditional on the immediate release of any allied subjects still in Germany. Germany is to

AV

respected a

ssist any commission charged by any allied or associate Government with identifying, registering, maintaining or erecting suita

TIO

NSIBI

ged with respon

n, formerly German Emperor, not for an offense against criminal law, but for

with full guarantees of the right of defense. It is to be guided "by the highest motives of international policy with a view of vindicating the so

lated laws of w

l of that State; if they affect nationals of several States, they will be tried before joint tribunals of the States concerned. Germany shall hand over to the associated Governments, either jointly or severally, all persons so accused and all

ION

ON AND R

nsibility for l

ies, for causing all the loss and damage to which the allied and associated Governments and their nationals h

amages is to be determined and notified to her after a fair hearing, a

t in certain contingencies. Germany irrevocably recognizes the full authority of this commission, agrees to supply it with all the necessary informat

payments to

million pound

ithin two years one thousand million pounds sterling in eit

ed to below, with the understanding that certain expenses, such as those of the armies of occup

to be

f Germany's violation of the treaty of 1839 up to November 11, 1918, and for this purpose will is

ount permanent diminution of such resources which will result from other treaty claims, to make complete reparation for all

vilians to b

s caused by acts of war, directly or indir

at sea, resulting from acts of cruelty ordered by th

ed by maltreatme

ed by pensions and separation allowances, c

ty other than naval o

ivilians by bein

rm of levies or fines

paration C

aration which Germany is required to pay shall become a charge upon all her revenues prior to that for the service or discharge of any domestic loan; and secondly,

in case o

any, and which Germany agrees not to regard as acts of war, may include economic and financial prohibitions and repris

s capaci

to pay, and shall assure her a just opportunity to be heard. It shall make its permanent headquarters at Paris, establish its own procedure and personnel; have general control of the whole reparation problem; and become the exclusive agency of the Allies for receiving, holding, selling, and distributing reparation payments. Majority vote shall prevail, except that unanimity is required on questions involving the sovereignty of any of the Allies, the cancellation

s to cove

bond issues are presently to be required of Germany in acknowledgment of its debt as follows: 20,000,000,000 marks gold, payable not later than May 1, 1921, without interest; 40,000,000,000 marks gold bearing 2-1/2 per cent interest betw

on German

to represent

usinesses, rights, concessions, &c." Certificates of beneficial interest, representing either bonds or goods delivered by Germany, may be issued by the Commission to the interested powers, no power being entitled, however,

IP

o have merchant s

grees to cede to the Allies all German merchant ships of 1,600 tons gross and upward; one-half of her ships between 1,600 and 1,000 tons gross, and one-quarter of her steam trawlers and oth

ees to build merchant ships for the account of the Allies to the amount

restored within two months, the amount of loss not covered by such restitution t

AND CHEM

livered to Repara

fs and chemical drugs, in specific amounts to the Reparations Commission. The Commission may so modify the conditions of delivery as not to interfere unduly with Germany's in

50 per cent of the total stock in Germany at the time the treaty comes into force, and similar op

TATED

d animals to

n is authorized to require Germany to replace the destroyed articles by the delivery of animals, machinery, &c., existing in Germany, an

n coal and fuel

000,000 tons of coal per year to France in addition to the above, of 8,000,000 tons to Belgium and of an amount rising from 4,500,000 tons in 1919 to 1920 to 8,500,000 in 1923 to 1924 to Italy at prices to be fixed as prescribed in the treaty. Coke may be taken in place of coal

h Othman and s

merly at Medina, to the King of the Hedjaz, and the skull of the Sultan Okw

taken i

papers taken by the German authorities in 1870, belonging then to M. Reu

to the Lou

ain Germany is to hand over manuscripts, early printed b

works

the Lamb," by Hubert and Jan van Eyck, the center of which is now in the Church of St. Bavon at Ghent, and the wings, now in Berlin

NA

ar debts

to be assumed by

e was separated from France in 1871, when Germany refused to accept any part of the French public debt, France will not assume any part of Germany's pre-war debt there, nor will Poland share in certain German debts incurred for the oppression of Poland. If the value of the German public property in ceded territory exceeds the amount of debt assumed, the States to w

cost of armie

s they are maintained in German territory, this cost to be a first charge on her resources. The cost of repara

by Turkey and

e financial support extended by her to them during the war, and to transfer to the Allies all claims against Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, or

ties in cede

coffee to

dministered by mandatories, and in Turkey, China, Russia, Austria-Hungary, and Bulgaria, and transfer them to the Reparations Commission, which will credit her wit

TIO

P

pium to be brou

signed the special protocol opened at The Hague in accordance with resolutions adopted by the third opium conference i

OUS MI

inue th

in territories belonging or ceded to them shall continue in their work und

X-ECONOM

ST

o be regulated

triction obtains for two and a half years more. For five years, unless further extended by the League of Nations, Germany must give most favored nation treatment to the allied and associated powers. She shall impose no c

IP

ships of t

otherwise decides, enjoy the same rights in German ports as German vessels, and have most favored nation treatment in fishing, coasting t

COMPE

gainst unfai

n, and in particular to suppress the use of false wrappings and markings, and on condition of reciprocity to respect t

NATURES AND SEALS OF THE AMERICAN DELEGATES, HE

OUTH AFRICAN, NEW ZEALAND, AND INDIAN DELEGATES

U, POLAND (HEADED BY PREMIER PADEREWSKI), PORTUG

ELEGATES, DR. HERMANN MULLER AND DR.

aw, Lord Milner, Mr. Balfour, and Mr. Barnes (page 214); the Canadians, Minister of Justice Doherty and Minister of Customs Sifton; the Australians, Premier Hughes and Mr. Cook; the South Africans, Premier Botha and General Smuts; Premier Massey of New Zealand; Mr. Montagu, Secretary of State fo

NT OF N

natio

for a period of five years and, unless the League of Nations acts, for an additional five years German nat

ERAL CON

telegraphic

ea conv

s with vari

l rules to be communicated to her, and adhere to the new convention when formulated. In the North Sea fisheries and North Sea liquor traffic convention, rights of inspection and police over associated fishing boats shall be exercised for at least five years only by vessels of these powers. As to the international railway union she shall adhere to the new convent

RAL TR

l of t

States, and before or since that date with Rumania, Russia, and governments representing parts of Russia are abrogated, and concessions granted under pressure by Russia to German subjects are annulled. The allied and as

WAR

uses for pr

f other obligations each participating State assumes responsibility for the payment of all debts owing by its nationals to nationals of the enemy States, except in case of pre-war insolvency of the debtor. The proceeds of the sale of private enemy property in each participating State may be used to pay the debts owed to the national

Y PR

vate property s

r property of their nationals not restored or paid for by Germany. For debts owed to their nationals by German nationals and for other claims against Germany, Germany is to compensate its nationals for such losses and to deliver within six months all documents relat

r cont

pting the United States, Japan, and Brazil and German national

EEM

ransfers of prop

governments and insurance contracts, mixed arbitral tribunals shall be established of three members, one chosen by Germany, one by the associated States and the third b

nce co

g the war to be recoverable with interest. Marine insurance contracts are dissolved by the outbreak of war except where the risk insured against had already been incurred. Where the risk had not attached, premiums paid are recoverable, otherwise premiums due and sums due on losses are recoverable. Reinsurance treaties are abr

RIAL P

of German patent

s are ratified and the right reserved to impose conditions on the use of German patents and copyrights when in the public interest. Exce

TIO

L NAV

aft in Germa

n planes as to internal commercial traffic in Germany. Germany agrees to accept allied certificates of nationality, airworthiness, or competency or licenses and to apply the convention relative to aerial navigation

ION

M OF T

iminate against allie

parture. Goods in transit shall be assured all possible speed of journey, especially perishable goods. Germany may not divert traffic from its normal course in favor of her own transport routes or maintain "control stations" in connection with transmigration traffic. She may not establish any tax discrimination against the

ONES I

e zones to b

ing, without discrimination, and without charges except for expenses of administration and use. Goods leaving the free zones for c

TIONAL

, the Oder from Oppa, the Niemen from Grodno, and the Danube fro

tribunal under inter

a special organization exists therefor. Otherwise appeal may be had to a special tribunal of t

at Britain, France, Italy, and Belgium; and that for the Oder composed of one each from Poland, Russia, Czecho-Slovakia, Great Britain, France, Denmark, and Sweden. If any riparian state on the Niemen should so

DA

in European Da

France, Italy, and Rumania. The upper Danube is to be administered by a new international commission until a definitive statut

ission; shall cede their river facilities in surrendered territory, and give Czecho-Slovakia, Ser

E AND TH

nder the Centr

four of Germany, and two each of Great Britain, Italy, Belgium, Switzerland, and the Netherlands. Germany must give France on the course of the Rhine included between the two extreme points of her frontier

-MEUS

a Rhine-M

erritory on plans drawn by Belgium, similarly the interested allied governments may construct a Rhine-Meuse canal, both, if constructed, to come under the competent inte

or navigatio

nited States. Decision will be based on the legitimate needs of the parties concerned and on the shipping traffic during the five years before the war. The value will be included in the regular repara

LWA

n by rail to

her States; to allow the construction or improvement within twenty-five years of such lines as necessary; and to conform her rolling stock to enable its incorporation in trains of the allied or associated powers. She also agrees to accep

O-SLO

e sea on nor

ted to run her own through trains to Fiume and Trieste. To the north, Germany is to lease her for ninety-nine years spaces in Ham

IEL C

all nations at pe

ty, and no taxes to be imposed beyond those necessary for upkeep and improvement for which Germany is to be responsible. In case of violation of or disagreement as to those provisions, any St

ION

AL LABOR OR

anization to

on to promote international adjustment of labor conditions, to consist of

easures taking the form of draft conventions or recommendations for legislation, which, if passed by two-thirds vote, must be submitted to the lawmaking authority in every State participating. Each Government may either en

tional lab

for the conference. It will publish a periodical in French and English, and possibly other languages. Each State agrees to make to it for presentation to the conference an annual report of measures taken t

nternation

with comment. A complaint by one Government against another may be referred by the governing body to a commission of inquiry nominated by the Secretary General of the League. If the commission report fails to bring satisfactor

confer

ion and application of the international conventions adopted at Berne in 1906, prohibiting night work for women, and the use of white phosphorus in the manufacture of matches;

R CL

national

hould not be regarded merely as a commodity or article of commerce; the right of association of employers and employes; a wage adequate to maintain a reasonable standard of life; the eight-hour day or forty-eight-hour week; a weekly rest of at least twenty-four hours; which should include Sunday wherever practicable

XIV-GU

gehead o

e expiration of five years; certain other districts including the bridgehead of Coblenz, and the territories nearest the Belgian frontier will be evacuated after ten years, and the remainder, including the bridgehead of Mainz, will be evacuated after fifteen years. In case the Interallied Reparation Commission finds that Germany has

an t

as the allied and associated governments deem wise. They are to abstain from all requisitions and

the treaty will be regulated by a subsequent convention

TIO

ELLA

treaties ma

the allied and associated powers with the powers allied with Germany, to agree to the decisions to be taken as to t

t any allied or associated power signing the present treaty b

f German p

e on rat

ons of German prize courts. The present treaty, of which the French and British texts are both authentic, shall be ratified and the depositions of ratifi

RELIMINARY T

ST

elegates a preliminary treaty which covered certa

venant of the league of na

an rights to

e all her extra

ze all her naval

ze the complete inde

iolating international laws of

ditions and freedom of transit s

prisoners and graves are i

of treaty corresponds

with Czec

orm boundary between Austria and Czech

outhern boundary (ref

arburg and Radkers

rontiers (facing Bavaria a

independence of Czecho-

f Austria

independent republic under t

ce, Hungary, Poland, Rumania, Czecho-Slovakia and

lovakia and Jugoslavia to be fi

ust agree to protect racial, rel

st assure freedom of transit and equ

independence of all territor

vsk treaty

sk treaty i

an elements concluded s

of restitution for

ation of treaties of 1839 est

new Belgian boundari

respect to neutrality an

isposition of any Austrian r

angements with Germany reg

races befo

aces, languages and relig

orocco, Siam and China ide

rian navy to be sur

ary cruisers to be disarmed

er construction shall be broken up and

nd material must

bmarines

f submarines

for military or political messages to Austria's l

ot have naval

ir forces within two months an

rve in military, naval or ae

, naval or aerial missio

o German kaiser. New states required to aid in prosecution and punis

the Adriat

lar to those in German treaty. A

all financial claim

hen signed by Austria and th

up matters omitted from the first paper was given to the del

nts for r

o those in the treaty with Germany, including the establishment of an Austrian subsection of the Reparations Commission, the pa

former parts of Austria, and that the Austrian coinage and war bonds, circulating in the s

an army is henceforth reduced to 30

tary service t

troops. Within three months the Austrian military forces shall be reduced to this number, universal military service abolished and volu

army to be retained being under obligation to serve until 40 years old, those newly appointed agreeing to at least twenty consecutive years of active

re of war

. The manufacture of all war material shall be confined to one single factory under the control of the State, and other such estab

for damage

and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Austria and her allies. While recognizing that Austria's resources will not be adequate to make complete reparation, the allied

the Austrian situation. The commission will notify Austria before May 1, 1921, of the extent of her liabilities and of the schedule of payments for the disc

rst four months of 1921, in such manner as provided by the Reparation Co

sues to

nt., with an additional 1 per cent. for amortization beginning in 1926, and a third at 5 per cent, when the commission is satisfied that Austria can meet the interest a

of the Reparat

e, Poland, Rumania, the Serbo-Slovene State, and Czecho-Slovakia. The first four shall each appoint a delegate with two votes, and the ot

of armies of

rmies of occupation, reparations, and other charges specifically agreed to and, with certain exceptions, as granted by the Reparation Commission for payments for imports. Austria must pay the

including the Republic of Austria, shall assume part of the Austrian pre-war debt specifically secured on railways, salt mines,

re-wa

e Reparation Commission in the proportion that the revenues for the three years before the w

of the former Austrian Government, but neither the Governments of those territories nor their nationals shall have recourse against an

f ships lost

nt ships and fishing boats belonging to nationals of the former empire, agreeing to deliver them within two months to the Reparat

n of devas

of the coming into force of the treaty the governments concerned shall file with the Reparation Commission lists of animals, machinery, equipment, and the like destroyed by Austria which the govern

to be de

Serbia and Rumania; 1,000 heifers to Italy, 300 to Serbia, and 500 to Rumania; 50 bulls to Italy and 25 each to Serbia and Rumania; 1,000 calves to each of the

ron and m

equal to the pre-war importations as Austria's resources make possible. She renounces in favor of Italy al

bjects to

ies. She will also hand over without delay all official records of the ceded territories and all records, documents and historical material possessed by public institution

te with the State concerned for an amicable arrangement for the return to the districts of origin on terms of reciprocity of any object which ought to

ld outside

alone. All war securities shall be stamped within two months with the stamp of the State

rnments of the various territories with their own stamp, replaced within twelve months by a new currency, and turned over within twelve months t

ithin the

re all property within their territories of the old or new Austrian Government, including that of the former royal

f historic

a, Slavonia, Dalmatia, Bosnia, Herzegovina, the Republic of Ragusa, the Venetian Republic,

mpire. She agrees to expropriate, on demand of the Reparation Commission, any rights of her nationals in any public utility or concession in these territories, in separated

treaties of Buchares

n debt, renounce any benefits accruing from the treaties of Bucharest and Brest-Litovsk,

es in the former monarchy, necessitated by the dismemberment of the monarchy, and the resettlement of public debts and currency, shall be regulated by ag

sions of nationals of the former empire

of three

kia, a committee of three jurists appointed by the Reparation Commission is to examine within a year the conditions under whi

al articles t

made for the Norman Kings; for Naples, ninety-eight manuscripts carried off in 1718; for Belgium, various objects and documents removed in 1794; for Poland,

N

at night, I

sh, I

and, I,

of Belgium,

soldiers,

town of,

rpedoed,

ral, at Second

ce as railway ju

nt for carav

rules concern

ral, at Gomme

Palestine,

retreat,

s, in Macedo

tle of the Marne

perations

n Into War,

of Germans

Lusitania

vasion of Bel

x, II

Germany, relations

for, II,

ion of Existence o

onary Forces, a c

ion, II

nes, I

supply,

raining cam

he Soissona

rs, II

and supply,

ion work,

orps, III,

use-Argonne sect

d in Soissons d

is organize

the firing lin

n at Montdidi

n takes Canti

vision east of

Thirty-second at

to the Aisne,

ly line cut

training,

of armistic

of, I

Corps, I

epartment,

on of, III

against St. Mihie

ployed,

soldiers,

r's Departme

y-sixth with Fre

y organize

anized on Britis

ouresches, Belleau Wood

upply, III,

Corps,

in Italy,

in Russia

iel salient,

rain on British

rps, II

on the Marne,

d Ninety-first in

ns on the Ves

e Argonne, I

vision east of R

tieth Divisions break H

at Seichepr

h takes Tor

in the War,

A. and Knights of Co

s in Irelan

e at Eastlei

iff, Scotlan

Division Ni

troops,

with Allies,

transport serv

coast of Ire

at Brest, I

Gibraltar,

operations

-line unit

g group of seap

on at Killingh

n near Borde

ttery, III

al Rodgers

ers, II

at Corfu,

at Plymouth

nes, II

son on French co

od Commissi

ociation, aids war p

ips torpedo

capture

f the, Beaumont

mme, lines b

ampaign in Turk

e oil field

Kut-el-Amar

Caucasia,

ning of te

dmiral Sir Robert

e disabl

Jutland B

army prepares fo

open battl

of ground,

engaged,

of enemy,

s taken,

Russians

uration of,

11, 1918,

ries, I

f, III,

of, in Argonne

utes, II

Belgium and S

at Gallipol

stine,

army and navy r

lgaria's capitu

al mobilizat

of Constanti

matum to S

d Russia, mutual a

n Col di Lan

lps, I,

h howitzer

fensive Against

alian fro

al, in Europe, under C

r stations in Eng

r stations in Fra

ir stations in I

ds, I, 375, 38

Jerusale

g Corps at

attack o

by Frenc

, stormed by

ise of the,

ateau, evacu

ng on,

., Secretary of

ations,

Railway

danger to Tu

hreatene

es, Map of

ewis, commands destr

reports on Jutlan

captured

ire Farm,

, heroism at

to Ostend

soldiers,

Belgium

ns better than in

s for,

my in, I,

le in, II

n of, I

ch in, I

ty of, I

, I, 1

ood, take

ec, captur

g, Herr von, op

eral, plans o

k Fort,

ince, su

closing of,

onal Assembly

Krupp von, op

views on German G

e Bulgar,

objectiv

s, taken,

iolates American n

of Arch

General, operations

Ostend, III,

Falkland fig

dmiralty,

ooperation in Somme a

advance in Marne

f Tsing-Tao,

of, I

at Retreat

an front

om Aisne,

Picardy, II

to northern

ire, in Afr

l of squadron at Por

d Bank, I

sea fight,

d Battle,

Fleet,

and Ostend,

oops in Me

p Tigris,

o Bagdad

ds offensive in Vo

anian situat

by the Russian Re

f people, I

Germany for

with Peace of Bu

h share of the D

treatment from Ger

Teuton promi

ied victories in

Serbia and Rum

from the w

ance in Struma

reeks, I

n Macedon

bert L., commands S

s, and operations o