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Business Hints for Men and Women by A. R. Calhoun
Chapter 1 COMMON SENSE FARMING
The three things essential to all wealth production are land, labor, and capital.
"The dry land" was created before there appeared the man, the laborer, to work it. With his bare hands the worker could have done nothing with the land either as a grazer, a farmer or a miner. From the very first he needed capital, that is, the tools to work the land.
The first tool may have been a pole, one end hardened in the fire, or a combined hoe and axe, made by fastening with wythes, a suitable stone to the end of a stick; but no matter the kind of tool, or the means of producing it, it represented capital, and the man who owned this tool was a capitalist as compared with the man without any such appliance.
From the land, with the aid of labor and capital, comes wealth, which in a broad way may be defined as something having an exchangeable value.
Before the appearance of money all wealth changed hands through barter. The wealth in the world to-day is immeasurably greater than all the money in it. The business of the world, particularly between nations, is still carried on through exchange, the balances being settled by money.
Money is a medium of exchange, and should not be confounded with wealth or capital; the latter is that form of wealth which is used with labor in all production.
Broadly speaking, wealth is of two kinds, dormant and active. The former awaits the development of labor and capital, the latter is the product of both.
Labor is human effort, in any form, used for the production of wealth. It is of two kinds-skilled and unskilled. The former may be wholly mental, the latter may be wholly manual.
The successful farmer must be a skilled laborer, no matter the amount of his manual work. The unskilled farmer can never succeed largely, no matter how hard he works.
Trained hands with trained brains are irresistible.
Too many farmers live in the ruts cut by their great-great- grandfathers. They still balance the corn in the sack with a stone.
Farming is the world's greatest industry. All the ships might be docked, all the factory wheels stopped, and all the railroads turned to streaks of rust, and still the race would survive, but let the plow lie idle for a year and man would perish as when the deluge swept the mountain tops.
The next census will show considerably over 6,000,000 farms in the United States. Farming is the greatest of all industries, as it is the most essential. Our Government has wisely made the head of the Department of Agriculture a cabinet officer, and the effect on our farming interest is shown in improved methods and a larger output of better quality.
The hap-hazard, unskilled methods of the past are disappearing. Science is lending her aid to the tiller of the soil, and the wise ones are reaching out their hands in welcome.
BUSINESS METHODS NEEDED
As farming is our principal business, it follows that those who conduct this vast and varied enterprise should be business men.
The farmer is a producer of goods, and so might be regarded as a manufacturer,-the original meaning of the word is one who makes things by hand. He is also a seller of his own products, and a purchaser of the products of others, so that, to some extent, he may also be regarded as a trader or merchant.
Enterprise and business skill are the requisites of the manufacturer and merchant. Can the farmer succeed without them?
No business can prosper without method, economy, and industry intelligently applied.
No man works harder the year round than does the American farmer, yet too many are going back instead of advancing. In such cases it will be found that there is enough hard work for better results, and that the cause of failure is that the industry has not been properly applied, and that economy has had no consideration.
Economy does not mean niggardliness, or a determination to get along without tools that your neighbor has purchased. A neglect to secure the best tool needed might be classed as an extravagance, a waste, if the tool in question could have added to the quality and quantity of the output, without the expenditure of more labor.
Business common-sense is taking the place of old-fashioned conservatism and scientific methods are no longer sneered at as "book-farming."
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Chapter 1 COMMON SENSE FARMING
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Chapter 2 DOCUMENTS EVERY FARMER SHOULD UNDERSTAND
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Chapter 3 OTHER FORMS OF DEEDS-MORTGAGES
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Chapter 4 WILLS
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Chapter 5 LETTER WRITING
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Chapter 6 BILLS, RECEIPTS AND ACCOUNTS
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Chapter 7 WHO SHOULD KEEP ACCOUNTS
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Chapter 8 AS TO BANKS
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Chapter 9 SAVINGS BANKS
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Chapter 10 NOTES-DRAFTS
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Chapter 11 A DRAFT
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Chapter 12 JUST MONEY
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Chapter 13 OUR POSTAL BUSINESS
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Chapter 14 TELEGRAMS-THE TELEPHONE
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Chapter 15 BUSINESS BY EXPRESS
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Chapter 16 ABOUT RAILROADS
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Chapter 17 TAXES
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Chapter 18 CONTRACTS, LEASES, AND GUARANTEES
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Chapter 19 LIFE INSURANCE
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Chapter 20 FIRE AND ACCIDENT INSURANCE
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Chapter 21 PARTNERSHIPS
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Chapter 22 INVESTMENTS
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Chapter 23 BONDS AS INVESTMENTS
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Chapter 24 THINGS TO REMEMBER
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Chapter 25 WORTH KNOWING
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Chapter 26 LOOK BEFORE YOU LEAP
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Chapter 27 CONTRACTIONS AND SIGNS USED IN BUSINESS
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Chapter 28 WORDS AND PHRASES USED IN BUSINESS
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