A New Orchard And Garden

it round with quicke, and lay boughes of trees strangel

ill-h

for Bees, if yo

ur doore, & vnder your mo

ap

Fen

had in this point. You must therefore plant in such a soile, where you may prouide a conuenient, strong and seemely fence. For you can possesse no goods, that haue so many enemies as an orchard, looke Chapter 13. Fruits are so delightsome, and desired of so many (nay, in a manner of all) and yet few will be at cost and take paines to prouide them. Fence

strongest frost and drought, continually greene and flowring euen in Winter, and haue a pleasant smell, and are timely, (that is, they will floure the first and last of flowers) and are good for Bees. And your earthen wall is good for Bees dry and warme. But these fences are both vnseemly, euill to repaire, and onely for need, where stone or wood cannot be had. Whosoeuer makes such Walles, must not pill the ground in the Orchard, for getting ea

as pales, will not last, neither will

oth for fencing, lasting, and shrouding of your young trees. But about this mus

o yards wide, and foure foot deepe set with out, with three or foure chesse of Thorns, and within with Cherry, Plumme, Damson, Bullys, Filbirds, (for I loue these trees better for their fruit, and as well for their forme, as priuit) for you may make them take any forme. And in euery corner (and middle if you will) a mount would be raised, whereabout the wood may claspe, powdere

fford you fish, fence, and moysture to your trees, and pleasure also, if they be so great and deepe th

berality will saue it best from noysome neighbours, liberality I say is the best fence, so Iustice must res

ap

S

good fruite, or for continuall lasting. For whosoeuer shall faile in the choyce of good Sets, or in getting, or gathering, or setting his plants, shall neuer h

their roote hauing a maine wound will in short time decay the body of the tree: and besides that rootes being so weak

ith remouing, and drought,) and cut away all his twigs saue one, the most principall, which in setting you must leaue aboue the earth, burying his trunk in the crust of the earth for his root. It matters not much what part of the bough the twig growes out of. If it grow out of or neere the roote end, some say such an Apple will

eeres, knife, axe, &c. neither boale nor roote will thriue, but as an hedge or bush. If you intend to graff in your Set, you may cut him closer with a greater wound, and nearer the earth, within a foote or two, because the graft or grafts will couer his wound. If you like his fruite, and would haue him to be a tree of himselfe, be not so bold: this I can tell you, that though you do cut his top close, and leaue nothing but his bulke, because his rootes are few, if he be (but little) bigger than your thumbe (as I with all plants remoued to be) he will safely recouer wound within seuen yeares; by good guidance that is. In the next time of dressing immediatly aboue his vppermost sprig, you cut him off aslope cleanely, to that the sprigge stand on the backe side, (and if you can Northward, that the wound may haue the benefit of Sunne) at the vpper ende of the wound: and let that sprigge onely be the boale. Generall rule. And take this for a generall rule; Euery young plant, if he thriue, will recouer any wound aboue the earth, by good dressing, although it be to the one halfe, and to his very heart. Tying of trees. This short cutting at the remoue, saues your plants from Wind, and neede the lesse or no staking. I commend not Lying or Leaning of trees against holds or st

enlarging their rootes with the taws of the tree, whence you take them. They are of two sorts: Either growing from the very root of the tree: and here you must be carefull, not to hurt your tree when you gather them, by ripping amongst the rootes; and that you take them

vttermost sprig, & keepe those foure without Cyons cleane and straight, till you haue them a yard and a halfe, at least, or two yards long. Then the next spring in grassing time, lay downe those foure sprayes, towards the foure corners of your Orchard, with their tops in an heape of pure and good earth, and railed as high as the roote of your Cyon (for sap will not descend) and a sod to keepe them downe, leauing nine or twelue inches of the top to looke vpward. In that hill he will put rootes, and his top new Cyons, which you must spread as before, and so from hill to hill till he spread the compasse of your ground, or as farre as you list. If in bendi

it is a costly course of planting: Fourthly, euery Gardner is not trusty to sell you good fruite: Fifthly, you know not which is best, which is worst, and so may ta

your finger, finger deepe, a foote distant one from another: and that day moneth following, as many moe, (lest some of the former misse) in the same compasse; but not in the same holes. Hence (God willing) shall you haue rootes enough. If they all, or diuers of them come vp, you may draw (but not digge) vp (nor put downe) at your pleasure, the next Nouember. How many soeuer you take away, to giue or bestow elsewhere, be sure to leaue two of the proudest. And when in your 2. and 3. yeare you Graffe, if you graffe then at all, leaue the one of those two vngraffed, lest in graffing the other you faile: For I find by tryall, that after first or second graffing in the same stocke, being mist (for

it, ten or twelue yeares, or moe; and at their first bearing, the fruit will not seeme to be like his owne kind: yet am I assured, vpon tryall, before twenty yeares growth, such trees will increase the bignesse and goodnesse of their fruite, and come perfectly to their owne kind. Trees (like other breeding creatures) as they grow in yeares, bignes and strength,

sap is in turning: for it makes no stay, but in the extremity of drought or cold. Generall rule. At any time in winter, may you transplant trees so you put no ice nor snow to the root of your plant in the setting: and therefore ope

st arborists, the leafe not fallen: and they giue the reason to be, that the descending of the sap will make speedy rootes. But m

hall you saue the life of the most young and tender plant of any kinde of wood (scarcely herbes) if you remoue them in the pride of sap. For proud sap vniuersally staied by remoual, euer hinders; often taints and so presently, or in very short time kills. Sap i

arth) vpward, not onely betwixt the barke and the wood, but also into and in both body & barke, though not so plentifully, as may appeare by a tree

ond shoots, at (or before rather) Michaeltide, when it shapens his buds for next yeares fruit. If at the fal of leafe, I grant, about that time is the greatest stand, but

e growth of the tree, couering of wounds, putting of buds, &c. Wherupon i

hs hanging like water in pipes, or except the plasht bough lying on the ground put rootes of his owne, yea vnder boughs which we commonly call water boughs, can

what before the fall of the leafe (but not much) is the stand, for the fall &

ous if a strong drought take your Sets before they haue made good their rooting. A Plant set at th

or ayre is noysome, and will follow concauities. Some prescribe Oates to be put in with the earth. I could like it, if I could know any reason thereof: and they vse to set their Plant with the same side toward the Sunne: but this conceit is like the other. For first I would haue euery tree to stand so free from shade, that not onely the root (which there

u can, so that in any wise you goe n

e good) by distilling presently, and so euery weeke twice in strong drought, so long as the earth will drinke, and refuse by ouerflowing. For moisture mollifies, and bo

. There is nothing more hurtfull for young trees then piercing drought. I haue known trees of good stature after they haue been

retty distance from the set, neither so neere, nor so thicke, but that it may haue the benefit of Sun, raine, and ayre. Your stakes (small or great) would be so surely put, or driuen into the earth, that they breake not, if any thing happen to leane vpon them, else may the fall be more hurtfull, then the want of the fence. Let not your stakes shelter any weeds about your sets, for want of Sunne is a great hinderance. Let them stand so farre off, that your grafts spreading receiue no hurt, either by rubbing on them, or of any other thing passing b

ap

istance

s. Hurts of too neere planting. If you doe marke it, you shall see the tops of trees rubd off, their sides galled like a galled horses backe, and many trees haue more stumps then boughes, and most trees no well thriuing, but short, stumpish, and euill thriuing boughes: like a Corne field ouer seeded, or a towne ouer

haue such respect, that the distance of them be such, that euery tree be not annoyance, but an helpe to his fellowes: for trees (as all other things of the sa

h his fellowes. Let no man thinke this vnpossible, but looke in the eleuenth Chapter of dressing of trees. If they touch, the winde will cause a forcible

ards compasse, that is, fiue or sixe yards on euery side. Here I gather, that in forty or fifty yeares (which yet is but a small time of his age) a tree in good soile, well liking, by good dressing (for that is much auaileable to this purpose) will spread double at the least, viz. twelue yards on a side, which being added to twelue alotted to his fellow, make twenty and foure yards, and so farre distant must euery tree stand from another. And looke how farre a tree spreads his boughes aboue, so far doth he put his roots vnder the earth, or rather further, if there be no stop, nor let by walls, trees, rocks, barren earth and such like: for an huge bulk, and strong armes, massie boughes, many branches, and infinite twigs, require wide spreading roots. The parts of a tree. The top hath the vast aire to spread his boughs in, high and low, this way and that way: but the roots are k

. And this I take to be the chiefe cause, why the most trees stand so thicke. For men not knowing (or not regarding) this secret of needfull distance, and louing fruit of trees planted to their handes, thinke much to pull vpp any, though they pine one another. If you or your heires or successo

ure: so that no ground need be wasted if the Gardiner be skillfull and diligent. But be sure you come not neere with such deepe deluing the roots of your trees, whose compasse you may partly

ap

lacing o

our better fruit: neither if they suffer losse, is your losse so great. Besides that, your fences and ditches will deuoure some of your fruit growing in or neere your hedges. And seeing the continuance of all these (except Nuts) is small, the care of them ought to be the lesse. And make no doubt but the fences of a large Orchard will containe a sufficient number of such kind of Fruit trees in the whole compasse. It is not material, but at your pleasure, in the said fences, you may either intermingle your seueral kinds of fruit-trees, or set euery kind by himselfe, which order doth very well become your better and greater fruit. Let therefore your Apples, Peares, and Quinche

p.

raft

ing or

Grafting. I cannot Etymologize, nor shew the originall of the Word, except it come of Grauing and Caruing. A Graffe. But the thing or matter is: The reforming of the fruite of one tree with the fruit of another, by

packing on, grafting in the scutchion, or inoculating: whereof the chiefe and most vsuall, is called grafting (by the

will be knotty) your Stocke, set, or plant, being surely stayed with your foot and legge, or otherwise straight ouerthwart (for the Stocke may be crooked) and then plaine his wound smoothly with a sharpe knife: that done, cleaue him cleanly in the

vppermost (and sometime in need the second) knot, and with a sharpe knife fitted in the knot (and some time out of the knot when n

ndly wrought with chaffe or horse dung (for the dung of cattell will grow hard, and straine your graffes) the quantity of a Gooses egge, and diuide it iust, and therewithall, couer your stocke, laying the one halfe on the one side and the other halfe on the other side of your graffes (for thrusting against your graffes) you moue them, and let both your hands thrust at once, and alike, and let your clay be tender, to yeeld easily; and all, lest you moue your graffes. Some vse to couer the clift of the Stocke, vnder the clay with a piece of barke or leafe, some with a sear-cloth of waxe

big as an arme of a man. You may graffe lesse (which I like) and bigger, which I like not so well. The best time of the yeere is in the last part of February, or in March, or beginning of Aprill, when the Sunne with his heat begins to make the sap stirre

ken a burknot of a tree, & the same day when he was laid in the earth about mid February, gathered grafts and put in him, and one of those graffes bore the third yeere after, and the fourth plentifully. Graffes of old trees. Graffes of old trees would be gathered sooner then of young trees, for

ore say I, the grafts brought from South to vs in the North although they take and thriue (which is somewhat doubtfull, by reason of

in his growth or forme. He will stil recouer inward, more then you would wish. Emmits. If your clay clift in Summer with drought, looke well in the Chinkes for Emmits and Earewigs, for they are cunning and close theeues about grafts you shall finde them stirring in the

ually before Midsummer they breake, if they liue. Some (but few) keeping proud

igne of growth, it is but the sap the

er the stocke nor the graffe need it (put a little fresh well tempered clay in the ho

hen profitable, and therefore I mind not to bestow much labour or time abou

p, and take heed of straining. A great stocke. This will grow but to small purpose, for it is weake hold, and lightly it will be vnder growth. Thus may you graft betwixt the barke and the tree of a great stocke that will not easily be clifted: But I haue tryed a better way for great trees, viz First, cut him off straight, and cleanse him with your knife, then cleaue him into foure quarters, equally with a strong cleauer: then take for euery Clift two or three small (but hard) wed

and gash your graft and your Cyon in the middest of the wound, length-way, a straw breadth deepe, and thrust the one into the other, wound to wound, sap to sap, barke to barke, then tie the

ne him cleanly and close to any other sprig of any tree in the latter end of the time of g

graft. The tw

fashion you

, and placed in the roome of another eie or bud of another, cut both of one

where you must set it, must be thus cut H with a sharpe knife, and the barke raised with a wedge, and then the eie or budde put in and so bound vp. I cannot denie but such may grow. And your bud if he take will flowre and beare fruit that yeere: as some grafts & sets also, being set for bloomes. If these two kinds thriue, they reforme but a spray,

p.

ht dressin

they be of any continuance) that euer I saw, (I will not except three) then the want of the skilfull dressing of trees. It is a common and vnskilfull opinion, and saying. Let all grow, and they will beare more fruit: and if you lop away superfluous boughes, they say, what a pitty is this? Generall rule. How many apples would these haue borne? not considering there may arise hurt to your Orchard, as well (nay rather) by abundance, as by want of wood. Sound and thriuing plants in a good soile, will euer yeeld too much wood, and disorderly, but neuer too little. So that a skilfull and painfull Arborist, need neuer want matter to effect a plentifull and well drest Orchard: for it is an easie matter to take away superfluous boughes (if your Gardner haue skill to know them) whereof your plants will yeeld abundanc

ote to be spre

, little and short boales: what an infinite number of bushes, shrubs, and skrogs of hazels, thornes, and other profitable wood, which might be brought by dressing to become great and goodly trees. The cause of hurts in woods. Consider now the cause: The lesser wood hath beene spoiled with carelesse, vnskilfull, and vntimely stowing, and much also of the great wood. The greater trees at the first rising haue filled and ouer-loaden themselues with a number of wastfull boughes and suckers, which haue not onely draw

l some say) how should we haue cro

, and there will be enou

nor earth, nor any thing vnder or neere them can thriue, nor Sunne, nor raine,

se the root at the first shoote giues sap amaine: but if one onely of them might bee suffered to grow, and that well and cleanely pruned, all to his very top, what a tree should we haue in time? And we s

rees haue their seuerall formes, euen by nature, the Peare, the Holly, the Aspe, &c. grow long in bulke with few and little armes, the Oke by nature broad, and such like. All this I graunt: but grant me also, that there is a profitable end, and vse of eu

vnpossible, to reforme any tree of what kind soeuer. For (beleeue me) I haue tried it, I can bring any

e profitable for fruit (a thing more immediately seruing a mans need) to haue all the sap his roote can yeeld: The end of Trees. for as timber sound, great and long, is the good of timber trees, and therefore they beare no fruite of worth: so fruit, good, sound, pleasant, great an

hree, or foure armes, as your stocke or graffes yeelde twigs, and euery arme into two or more branches, and euery branch into his seuerall Cyons, still spreading by equall degrees, so that his lowest spray be hardly without the reach of a mans hand, and his highest be not past two yards higher, rarely (especially in the middest) that no one twig touch his fellow. Let him spread as farre as he list without his maister-bough or lop equally. And when any bough doth grow sadder and fall lower, than his fellowes (as they will with weight of fruite) ease him the next spring of his superfluous

shall haue well liking, cleane skind, h

and safe from winds, for his top

of your common trees, and good without shadowing, dropping and fretting: for his boughes,

mall but low) by reason of his shortnesse, t

omes, and more fruite, being free from taints; for strength is a great helpe to bring

ter, to stay the setting til hotter

hurt the

es it noth

vs in the North, they haue their p

not profit weake

wast muc

to dresse, and without danger,

gather your fruite without falli

e better capacity of them that are led more with the eye, than the mind, crauing pa

e to appeare, the whole round compasse will giue lea

forme of a

o this forme: Experto crede Roberto, I can sh

eth before (or at least when) you graffe. Dresse Peares, Apricocks, Peaches, Cherries, and Bullys sooner. And old trees before young plants, you may dresse at any time betwixt Leafe and Leafe

re you must remember th

rookes

d Camrel

become a bough, and a bough an arme in bignesse. Then if you cut him, his wound will fester, and hardly, without good skill, recouer: therefore, Obsta principys. Faults of euill drest trees, and the remedy

e your fancy more, let him not breake, till his boale be aboue you head: so may you walke vnder your trees at your pleasure. Or if

d: it is meete somewhat be sayd for the instruction of them that haue olde trees already formed, or rather d

their remedies. 1.

ter-b

rett

ckers

princip

couetuous man wealth) and the lesse remaines for the fruit, he puts his boughes into the aire, and makes them, the fruit, and it

of plenty of sap, and by that meanes in time die: For the sap presseth vpward; and it is like water in her course, where it findeth most issue, thither it floweth,

tallow, tarre, and a very little pitch, good for the couering of any such wound of a great tree: Barke-pild, and the remedy. vnlesse it be barke-pild, and then sear-cloath of fresh Butte

ound another. Touching. This fault of all other shewes the want of skill or care (at least) in the Arborist: for here the hurt is apparant, and the remedy easie, seene to betime: galls and wounds incurable, but by taking awa

ght growth) cut of any lower parts of the tree, receiuing a great part of the sap, and bearing no fruit, till it haue tyran

hs, and then your Gardner (at your discretion) may leaue him for his boale, and take away all, or the most of

a manner, as Suckers, they rise of the same cause, and receiue the same remedy; yet these ar

d orderly. As these rules serue for dressing young trees and sets in the first plan

Chesell, strong and sharpe, with an hand-beetle, your strong and sharpe Cleeuer, with a knock, & (which is a most necessary Instrument amongst little trees) a great hafted and sharpe Knife or Whittle. And as needfull is a Stoole on the top of a Ladder of eight or moe run

p.

Foy

rally both in precepts and in practice, viz. manuring with Foile: whereby it hapneth that when trees (amongst other euils) through want of fatnesse to feed them, become mossie, and in their growth are euill (or not)

being the one on the one side, and the other on the other side, they could not one see another: to which if you adde his armes, boughs, and roots, and consider of his bignesse, what would he haue been, if preserued to the vantage. Also I read in the History of the West-Indians, out of Peter Martyr, that sixteene men taking hands one with another, were not able to fathome one of those trees about. Now Nature hauing giuen to such a faculty by large and infinite roots, taws and tangles, to draw immediately his sustenance from our common mother the Earth (which is like in this point to all other mothers that beare) hath also ordained that the tree ouer loden with fruit, and wanting sap to feed all she hath brought forth, will waine all she cannot feed, like a woman bringing forth moe children at once then she hath teats. See you not how trees especially, by kind being great, standing so thicke and close, that they cannot get plenty of sap, pine away all the grasse, weeds, lesser shrubs, and trees, yea and themselues also for want of vigor of sap? So that trees growing

t tender, and the Raine wash it to the roots. The Summer time is perillous if ye digge, because the sap fills amaine. Kind of foyle. The best kind of Foile is such as is fat, hot, and tender. Your earth must be but lightly opened, that the dung may goe in, and wash away; and but shallow, lest you hurt the roots: and the spring closely and equally made plaine againe for feare of Suckers. I could wish, that after my trees haue fully possessed the soile of mine

p.

nnoy

es, and other annoyances of your Orchard, and find out the causes thereof, and know & apply fit remedies for the same. For be your ground, site, plants, and trees as you would wish, if they be wasted with hurtf

chard are of two sorts, either internall or externall. I ca

all

ank

Mo

es in s

rke

rke

Wo

dly w

y be diuers diseases: yet (howsoeuer Authors thin

ir cause and remedy, in the 11. C

he tree, barke and wood, which also in the same pl

artly also the remedy: but for Mosse adde this, that at any time in summer (the Spring is best) When the cause is remoued, with an Har

there also in the same Chapter, and his remedy. All these flow from the wan

present remedy (the causes being taken away) is with your sharpe knife in the

t, because I was neuer troubled therewithall: but onely haue seene such trees in diuers places. I thinke it a worme rather, because I see this disease in trees, bringing fruit of sweet taste, and the swelling shewes as much. Remedy. The remedy (as I coniecture) is so

ot troubled with the disease called the worme or canker, which ariseth of a raw and euill concocted humor or sap, Witnesse Pliny, by reason their Country is more hot then o

u shall find with his re

metimes) an handfull, or halfe a foot or more from the body: These so cut cannot couer in any time with sap, and therefor

ho neuer so deepe, with morter well tempered & so close at the top his wound with a Seare-cloth doubled and nailed on, that no aire nor raine approa

on t

nd Caterpillars. Of Ants and Earewigs is said Chap. 10. Let there be no swarme of Pismires neere your

ur hand, or rather (if your tree may spare it) take sprig and all: for the red peckled butterfly doth euer put them, being her sparm, among the tender spraies for better feeding, espe

her things naturall or artificiall. Natu

eere. 2 Birds

es. 2

e. 3 Bl

e. 4

ny.

att

rse.

er thin

Wi

Co

Tr

We

orm

owl

Fi

onfull

ilfull euil

Wa

ren

some done in or n

l Neig

elesse

et, negligent

es against the most fruitfull trees the earth beares? as

st put so his helping hand, and

you must haue a faire and swift Greyhound, a stone-bow, gun, and if need

-birds, Thrushes, and Maw Pies to your Orchard. The Bul-finch is a deuourer of y

especially if you haue a Musket or Spar-hawke in Win

, Ashes, and such other great wood, but that I doubt it should be taken as an admission of lesser trees: for I admit of nothing to grow in mine Orchard but fruit and flow

set in comely rowes equally distant with faire Allies twixt row and row to auoide the boisterous blasts of winds, and within them also oth

nd deforme your allies, walkes, beds, and squares, your vnder Gardners must labour to keepe all cleanly & handsom

d ground-Iuy a

hered together, burne them not, but bury them vnder your crust in

rm

roots of your trees, and deforme your squares and walkes, and fee

dle, you may fill bushels, but you must tred nimbly & where you cannot come to catch them so; sift th

t morne, noon, and night, when you see her vtmost hill, cast a Trench betwixt her and her home (for she hath a principall mansion to dwell and breed in about Aprill, which you may discerne by a pri

preuented and auoided by the loue of the Master

euill neighbour-hood. And then if (God blesse and giue successe

p.

age o

h, or one, or many (but many hundreth) yeeres. Of good things the greatest, and most durable is alwaies the best. The age of trees. If therefore out of reason grounded vpon experience, it be made (I thinke) manifest, but I am sure probable, that a fruit tree in such a soile and site, as is described so planted a

ough come into my possession very euill ordered, mishapen, and one of them wounded to his heart, and that deadly (for I know it will be his death) with a wound, wherein I might haue put my foot in the heart of his bulke (now it is lesse) notwithstanding, with that small regard they haue had since, they so like, that I assure my selfe they are no

d, another third for their stand, and a third part of time also for their decay. All which time of a Tree amounts to nine hundred yeeres, three hundred for increase, three hundred for his stand, whereof we haue the terme stature, and three hundred for his decay, and yet I thinke (for we must coniecture by comparing, because no one man liueth to see t

decay. Euer supposing that he be well kept with necessaries, and from and without straines, bruises, and all other dominyring diseases. I will not say vpon true report, that Physicke holds it possible, that a cleane body kept by these 3. Doctors, Doctor Dyet, Doctor Quiet, and Doctor Merriman, may liue neere a hundred yeeres. Neither will I here vrg

ath, as idlenesse, lust, &c. may liue to that age: I see not but a tree of a solide substance, not damnified by heate or cold, capable of, and subiect to any kinde of ordering or dressing that a man shall apply vnto him, feeding naturally, as from the beginning disburdened of all superfluities, eased of, and of his owne accord auoiding the causes that may annoy him, should double the life of a man, more then twice told; and yet naturall phylosophy, and the v

uch forcible cause, the haires dure with the body. That they be called excrements, it is by reason of their superfluous growth: (for cut them as often as you list, and they wi

ny: You shall see old trees put their buds and blossomes both sooner and more plentifully then young trees by much. And I sensibly perceiue my young trees to inlarge their fruit, as they grow greater, both for number and greatnesse. Young H

d their substance solid and stiffe: all which are defences of health and long life. Their strength withstands all forcible winds, their sap of that quality is not subiect to wormes and tainting. Their barke receiues seldome or neuer by casualty any wound. And not onely so, but he is free from

y know, till they come to accomplish twenty yeeres, by his knots: Reckon from his root vp an arme and so to hys

p.

ng and kee

pe, when they beginne to fall. For Trees doe as all other bearers doe, when their yong ones are ripe, they will waine them. The Doue her Pigeons, the Cony her Rabbets, and women their children. Some fruit tree sometimes getting a taint in the setting with a frost or euill wind

their colour, growing towards a yellow, except

most at Lammus for present vse; but generally noe keeping fr

l of the Moone for keeping, ga

ruit, is deadly: but not the stumpe, that must beare

selfe, for all will not keepe alike, and it i

) I like better of pulling some off (tho they be not ripe) neere the top end of the bough, then of pr

se, or a Wallet hung on a bough, or a basket with a siue bottome, or skinne bottome, with Lathes or splinters vnder, hung in a rope to pull vp and down

hat they may sweat. Then dry them with a soft and cleane cloth, and lay them thinne abroad. Long keeping fruit would be turned once in a moneth softl

p.

Pro

hich thorowly to declare is past my skill: and I count it as if a man should attempt to adde light to the Sunne with a Candle, or number the Starres. No man that hath but a meane Orchard or iudgement but knowes, that the commodity of an Orchard is great

s and hearbs, so as is prescribed, and an whole acre (say it be two) with Corne, o

, stampe them, and straine them, and within 24. houres tun them vp into cleane, sweet, and sound vessels, for feare of euill ayre, which they will readily take: and if you hang a poa

coole, purge, and preuent hot Agues.

, Roots and Hearbs, though it we

dbind, Angelica, are both profitable a

and Preserues, are ornaments to your Feasts, health in your

akable profits, is well worthy to want, w

p.

ame

so long as it wants those comely Ornaments, that should giue beauty to all ou

ing? The very workes of, and in an Orchard and Garden, are better then the ease and rest of and from other labours. When God had made man after his owne Image, in a perfect state, and would haue him to represent himselfe in authority, tranquillity, and pleasure vpon the earth, he placed him in Paradise. An Orchard is Paradise. What was Paradise? but a Garden and Orchard of trees and hearbs, full of pleasure? and nothing there but delights. The gods of the earth, resembling the great God of heauen in authority, Maiestie, and abundance of all things, wherein is their most delight? Causes of wearisomnesse. and whither doe they withdraw themselues from the troublesome affaires of their estate, being

, the same doubtlesse would euery of vs doe, if power were answerable to our desires, whereby we shew manifestly, th

ome one of our senses, and that onely, with delight, this makes all our sences s

.C. prescribeth nothing more fit, to take away the tediousnesse and hea

ore delightsome then an infinite variety of sweet smelling flowers? decking with sundry colours, the greene mantle of the Earth, the vniuersall Mother of vs all, so by them bespotted, so dyed, that al

Rose. The faire and sweet senting Woodbinde, double and single, and double double. Purple Cowslips, and double Cowslips, and double double

d orderly placed in your Borders and Squares, and so intermingled, that none lo

un

may shoot

al

h fruit-trees: Kentish Cherry, Damsons, Plummes, &c. with staires of precious workmanship. And in some corner (or moe) a true Dyall or Clocke and

lk

ues in Thessalie, raised with grauell and sand, hauing seats and bankes

trees of all sorts, loaden with sweet blossomes, and fruit of all tasts, operati

greene, what a pleasure is this? Shape of men and beasts. Your Gardner can frame your lesser wood to the shape of men armed in the field, ready to giue battell: or swift

s make your friend wander in gathering of berries,

e-Al

be a pleasure to haue a Bowling Alley, or rather (which is more m

ine are seemely ornaments about a D

l see the forme of a Conduite. If ther

ld runne a pleasant Riuer with siluer streames; you might sit in your Mount, and angle a peckled Trout, or flei

cent Bees, of all other things, loue and become, and thriue in an Orchard. If they thriue (as they must needes, if your Gardiner bee skilfull, and loue them: for they loue their friends, and

or but neere their store, and in their owne defence, they will not fight, and in that case onely (and who can blame them?) they are manly, and fight desperately. Some (as that

seate, is very comely, though

rd

nd tunes, with a strong delightsome voyce, out of a weake body, will beare you company night and day. She loues (and liues in) hot

t stormes will keepe a part. Neither will the silly Wren be behind in Summer

ck-

y morning and delights the eare much (and you neede not want their company, if you haue ripe Cherries or B

chard: and sooner shall I be weary, then I can recken the least part of t

e, the eare, the smell, and taste? And by these sences as Organes, Pipes, and win

ile you liue, and leaue behind you to heires or successors (for God will make heires) such a worke, that many ages after your death, sh

NI

H

VN

E-VV

RD

ules for Hea

with their ti

set and

ETH

ry of Bees, publ

ry for euery

rse new Knot

ee at large in

s. 2

Herbe, and euery tree, tha

ND

las Okes for Ioh

e in Pater-nos

CO

SVV

RD

ap

So

xcessiue measure, as trees; and therefore hauing a dryer soyle, the remedy is easie against drought, if need be: water soundly, which may be done with small labour, the compasse of a Garden being nothing so great, as of an

of a garden wanting such helpes, as should stay the water, which an orchard hath, and the rootes of hearbes being short, and not able to fetch their liquor from t

respect of euill weedes: these being strengthened by nature, and the other by art? Gardens haue small place in comparison, and therefore may be more easily be fallowed, at the least one halfe yeare before, and th

ap

he S

good, wholesome, and much fruit ioyned with delight, vnlesse trees be more able to abide the nipping frostes than tende

ap

he F

eeding of more delightsome choyce, and of all those things, where the owner is able and desirous to be satisfied. The number of formes, Mazes and Knots is so great, and men are so diuersly delighted, that I leaue euery House-wife to her selfe, especially seeing to set downe many, had bene but

nd plot

kfo

er-d

Tref

Fr

eng

sse

am

al

a

ap

e Qua

in an Orchard. It is to be graunted, that the Kitchin garden doth yeeld rich gaines by berries, roots, cabbages, &c. yet these are no way comparable to the fruits of a rich Orchard: but

ap

Fen

they both require a strong and shrowding fence. Therefore leauing this, let v

ap

o Gar

without hearbes good for the Kitchen, or the Kitchen garden should want flowers, nor on the contrary: but for the most part they would be seuered: first, because your Garden flowers shall suffer some disgrace, if among them you intermingle Onions, Parsnips, &c. Secondly, yo

Summer

et at Michael-*tide, or somewhat before, that they may be setled in, and taken wit

must be set. Some vie to set slips and twine

, Cowslips, Pyony, Dasies, Cloue Gilliflowers, Pi

Kitchen

ake comely borders with the hearbes aforesayd. The rather because aboundance of Roses and Lauender yeeld much profit, and comfort to the sences: Rose-water and Lauender, the one cordial (as also the Violets, Burrage, and Buglas) t

de, and somewhat forme would be expected: To which it auaileth, that you place your herbes of biggest growth,

ap

on of

yet these are common and suffic

f greate

e, Elly Campane, French mallows, Lillies,

f middle

liflowers, Wall-flowers, Anniseedes, Coriander, Feather fewell, Mar

f smalles

Saffron, Lycoras, Daffadowndillies, Leekes, Chiues, Chibal

s ranke, some hearbs. Their Husbandry follow each

ap

dry of

enewed as Angelica. It

may remoue the rootes the first yeare. The leaues distilled, yeeld water soueraigne to expell pa

he first yeere, and dieth as Coriander: it is goo

r fourth yeare. They require a seuerall vsage, and therefore a seuerall whole plo

is hard to be gathered: they are exceeding good Pot-hearbes, good for Bees

es and walkes. It is sweete

deepe and wet. Looke well in drought for the white Caterpillers worme, the spaunes vnder the leafe closely; for euery liuing Creature

called Cole our Countrie House-wiues giue t

s the first yeere, the excellent vertue thereof I ref

eede the first yeere, and then their roots are naught: the secon

Lillies, &c. and so are they set euery third or fourth

dyes. It is somewhat harsh in taste, a little

n March: it beares the second y

vsage and vses, m

e yeere, or longer time. They flower timely, and after Midsummer, are s

see them grow too thicke or decay. They be good to keepe vp, and str

rely, you may diuide the root, and set the roote, taken in VVint

y renue themselues by seed, as Fennell, and other hearbs. You m

g, or by diuiding one root into many Sets, as Artichoke, it is long of growth and life. You may remoue the roote vnshankt. It is exceedi

against a shaking Feuer, tak

iuide his roots, and set: the

rall cloues, and euery cloue set in the latter end of February, will increase to a great head before September

eedeth and dyeth: the chi

g: young roots are good set, s

st sort of them are called Queene-Iuly flowers. I haue of them nine or ten seuerall colours, and diuers of them as big as Roses; of all flowers (saue the Damaske Rose) they are the most pleasant to sight and smell: they last no

l seeme dead in Summer, and yet reuiue in Winter. They yeeld seed plentifully, which you may sow at any time, or in any broken earth, especially on the top of a mud-wall, but moist, you may set the root befo

sse you remoue them, vsuall to eate with salt and bread, as

ould take best at Michael-tide. This flower is good for Bees, most comfortable for smelling, except Ros

r would be re

and if you would haue them Cabbage for Sallets, remoue them

any Sets, like the Garlicke, Michael-tide is the best: they grow high, after the

e, seed plentifully: sow in March, or before, they a

when they be two inches long. The double Marigold, being as big

nts, but seed is better: one of these seeds put into the eye, within three or foure houres will gathe

long, for Sallets; as also young Parsly, Sage, Chibals, Lettice, sweet Sicily, Fen

seedes plentifully, an hearbe of much vse, as sweet S

t is in the middle) seed broadest and reddest. Parsneps are sustenance for a strong stomacke, not go

like Daisies, because it puts and spreads dayly new roots. Diuide, and remoue the roots,

as they appeare, euery night if you doubt frost, couer them, and water them conti

faire flower, and the S

, and Cucumbers, cast the seeds all Summer long here an

y proue well, so they be sowne in hot weather, somewhat moist, and good earth: for the hearbe, though great, is nesh and tender (as I take it) bro

osemary, Sothernwood, &c. too strong for mine Housewifes pot, vnlesse she will bru

lowreth at Michael-tide, and groweth all Winter: keepe his flowers from birds in the morning, & gather the yellow (or

e first yeere, good for

it not seed it will last the longer. The vse is

o, cum saluia c

Flower-deluce at Michael-tide: the roote is but small and

ther the seed sowne, or the root parted, and remou

e and greene, and ripe, when they be great and soft, some by Midsummer with vs. The v

ill last three or foure yeeres or more, it smelleth comfortably.

that Carrets doe: they are sicke of the same disease that Cabbages be. The roots increaseth much, i

Landtheefe, Stocke-Iuly-flowers, Charuall, Valerian, Go-to bed at noone, Piony, Licoras, Tansie, Garden mints, Germander, Centaurie, and a thousand such physicke Hearbs. Le

ap

Rules in

more safely done, then with vs in Yorkeshire, because

e renued, their mother the earth keeping them in her bowel

e then an handfull aboue the ground,

s you set, if they will abide i

ist, and

kes any time, except at

t roots, as drawing the h

rbs tender and greene, the sap being in

ould once in seuen yeeres be renued, or sound

and seates of Camomile, Peny-royall, Daisi

Cabbages, Turneps, Parsneps, Onyons, Carre

our seeds, dead

earbs, as vsually they doe: for dung

t a foot distance) is profitable, for the hearbs will l

h (except at Midsummer, for then they are to

arbs for the pot, about Lammas, and dry them, and po

rre them to Chap. 3. The skill and paines of weeding the Garden with weeding kniues or fingers, I refer to themselues, and their maides, willing them to ta

p.

bandry

s Bees, well ordered. And I will not account her any of my good House-wiues, that wanteth either Bees or skilfulnesse about them. And though I knowe some haue written well and truely, and others more plentifully

akes rot and reele, raine and weather eate your hiues, and couers, and cold most of all is hurtfull for your Bees. Therefore you must

you would haue it hold more Hiues, two Floores boorded) layd on

or clifts, least in casting tim

n an hand breadth the one of anot

shroud them in winter, as in an house: prouided you leaue the hiues mouths open. I my self haue deuised

d turne Hiues, as shall appeare hereafter. One light entire hiue of straw in that case is better, then one that is dawbed, weighty and cumbersome. I wish euery hiue, for a keeping swarme, to hold three pecks at least in measure. For too little Hiues procure Bees, in casting time, either to lye out, and l

before Iuly is not euill. I much like M Markhams opinion for hiuing a swarme in combes of a dead or forsaken hiue, so they be fresh & cleanly. To thinke that a swarme of your owne, or others, will of it selfe come into such an hiue, is a meere conceit. Expert

ready spelkt, rubd and the hole made for their passage (I vse no hole in the Hiue, but a piece of wood hoal'd to saue the hiue & keep out Mice) shake in your Bees, or the most of them (for all commonly you cannot get) the remainder will follow. Many vse smoke, Nettles, &c. which I vtterly dislike: for Bees loue not to be molested. Ringing in the ti

eeding, if t

id dead young B

ing, till it runne from them;

of ca

y Droanes, by

re season, come forth mustering, as though they w

hall heare two or three, but especially one aboue the rest, cry, Vp, vp, vp

losse: Feeding will not helpe them: for being weake, they cannot come downe to meate, or if they come downe, they dye, because Bees weake cannot abide cold. If none of these, yet will the other Bees being strong, smell the honey, and come and spoile, and kill them. Catching. Some helpe is in casting time, to put two weake swarmes together, or as M. Markham well saith: Let not them cast late, by raising them with wood or stone: but with impes (say I.) An impe is three or foure wreathes, wrought as the hiue, the same compasse, to rase the hiue withall: Clustering. but by experience in tryall, I haue found out a better way by Clustering, for late or weake

be parted. If you so keepe them asunder at Michael-tide, if you like the weight of your swarme (for the goodnesse of swarmes is tryed by weight) so catched, you may set it by for a stocke to keepe. Take heed in any case the combes be not broken, for then the other Bees will smell the honey,

abour, and now sap in flowers is strong and proud: by reason of time, and force of Sunne. And now also in the

can neither abide cold or wet: and showres (which they well fore-see) doe inte

re is great vse of them: Deus, et natura nihil fecit frustra. They hate the Bees, and cause them cast the sooner. They neuer come foorth but when they be ouer heated. They neuer come home loaden. After casting time, and when the Bees want meate, you shall see the labouring Bees fasten on them, two, three, or foure at once, as if they were theeues to be led to the gallowes, and killing them, they cast out, and draw

o quietly, and are so fast, that the Bees feare them not. Looke ea

ore couerings of straw draw them. They will in either at the mouth, or s

n, therefore let your Bees stand neerer yo

Swallowes are enemies t

and some set them in houses, perswading themselues, that thereby they relieue their Bees. First, tossing and mouing is hurtfull. Secondly, in houses, going, knocking, and shaking is noysome. Thirdly, too much heate in an house is vnnaturall for them: but lastly, and especially, Bees cannot abide to be stopt close vp. For at euery warme season of the Sunne they reuiue, and

s haue swarmes, and old Bees kept all together, which is great losse. Smoaking with ragges, rozen, or brimstone, many vse: some vse drowning in a tub of cleane water, and the water we

. Breake your combes small (when the dead empty combes are parted from the loaden combes) into a siue, borne ouer a great bowle, or vessell, with two staues, and so let it runne two o

for honey is maruellously searching, the thicke, and therefore vertuous.) I vse it rather because it w

ith a spoone take off the

, shall yeeld you more commodity cleerely than forty acres of ground. And thus

La

NI

nts of th

wifes

yle. Pag. 77 Be

te. p. 78 H

p. 79 Hiuing o

tity. p. 85 S

s. p. ibid. Ca

rdens. p. 86 Cl

n of herbs. p. 8

ry of herbes. p. ibi

rules. p. 96 Takin

ry of Bees. p. 98 Str

ls. p

T PRO

TRE

ed experien

gating P

n Ha

ap

propagati

pit made at their foote, as shall be sayd hereafter, or vpon a little ladder or Basket of earth, tyed to the bottome of the branch, o

ch we meane to propagate, for they would doe nothing but rot. For to propagate, you must digge the earth round about the tree, that so your rootes may be laid in a manner halfe bare. Afterward draw into length the pit on that side where you meane to propagate, and according as you perceiue that the roots will be best able to yeeld, and be gouerned in the same pit, to vie them, and that with all gentlenesse, and stop close your Siens, in such sort, as that the wreath which is in the place where it is grafted, may be a little lower then the Sie

ap

g in th

h to blow, being from the 7. of February, vnto 11. of Iune. But there must care be had, not to graffe in the barke in

when the trees are strong and lusty, and full of sap and leaues. To wit, in a hot Countrey, from the midst o

at some trees doe withhold their sap, yo

of the Moone, vntill

out hauing regard to the Raine

beginning of Nouember: Cowes dung with

aft in the euening

hurt them, neither yet the sap rising from belowe, be constrained to returne againe vnto the shootes. A little Sawe or hand Sawe, to sawe off the stocke of the plants, a little Knife or Pen-knife to graffe, and to cut and sharpen the grafts, that so the barke may not pill nor be broken; which often commeth to passe when the graft is full of sap. You shall cut the graffe so long, as that it may fill the cliffe of the plant, and therewit

more liberty, by cutting off superfluous

ap

g in th

greater. It is true that in as much as the trees cannot easily be clouen in their stocke, that therefore it is expedient to make incision in some one of t

ch: And you must not thus graft in any tree that is already budded, because a great part of the iuyce and sap would be already mounted vp on high

be a hinderance in the stocke to the rising vp of the sap, which it should communerate vnto the graft, for the making of it to put forth, and whereas this dried part will fall a crumbling, and breaking thorow his rottennesse, it will cause to remaine a concauity, or hollow place in the stock, which will be an occasio

afts into one cleft, you must see th

efore you come to the cleauing of it: then put to your little Saw, or your knife, or other edged toole that is very sharpe, cleaue it quite thorow the middest, in gentle and soft sort: First, tying the Stocke very sure, that so it may not cleaue further then is need: and then put to your Wedges into the cleft vntill such

Plant and graft, be right and euen set one against the other, and so handsomely fitted, as that there may not be the least appearance of any cut or cleft. For if they doe not thus lumpe one with another, they will neuer take one with another

outwardly in the cleft, that so the two saps may in any case be ioyned, and set right the one with the

it cannot be shut, and so not grow together againe; but in the meane time spendeth it selfe, and breatheth out all his life in that place, which is the cause that the Stocke and the Graft are both spilt. And this falleth out most often in Plum-trees, & branches of trees. You must be careful so to ioyne the rinds of your grafts, and Plants, that nothing may continue open, to the end that the wind, moisture of the clay or raine, running vpon the grafted place, do not get in: when the plant cloueth very straight, there is

ocke of the Plant, not direct, but byas, & that smooth and euen, not rough: then apply and make fast thereto, the graft withall his Barke on, and answering to the barke of

ap

like a

y that the Scutcheon-like graft, hauing one eyelet, as the other hath yet the wood of the tree whereupon the Scutcheon-l

t many of his old store or wood, and from thence raise a good eylet, the tayle and all thereof to make your graft. But when you choose, take the thickest, and grossest, diuide the tayle in the middest, before you doe any thing else, casting away the lea

hin, you must take it gently with your thumbe, and in putting it away you must presse vpon the wood from which you pull it, that so you may bring the bud and all away together with the Scutcheon: for if you leaue it behinde with the wood, then were the Scutcheon nothing wo

of the wood within, after the manner of a crutch, but somewhat longer then the Scutcheon that you haue to set in it, and in no place cutting the wood within; after you haue made incision, you must open it, and make it gape wide on both sides, but i

orme a like seruice; and wreathing and binding of the said Scutcheon into the incision of a tree, and it must not be tyed too strait, for that would keepe it from taking the ioyning of the one sap to the other, being hindred thereby, and neither the Scutcheon, nor yet the Hempe must be moist or wet: and the more iustly to binde them together, begin at the backe side of the Tree, right ouer against the middest of the incision, and from thence come forward to ioyne them before, aboue the eylet and tayle of the Scutcheon, crossing your band of Hempe, so oft as the two ends meet, and from thence returning backe againe, come about and tye it likewise vnderneath the eylets: and thus cast about your band still backward and forward,

teth forth his first blossome, it would be a meanes greatly to hinder the flowring of it, and cause also that it should not thriue and prosper so well after that one yeere is past, and that the shoote beginneth to be strong

aforesaid inconuenience. You must note, that the Scutcheon which is gathered from the Sien of a tree whose fruite is sowre, must be cut in square forme, and not in the plaine fashion of a Scutcheon. It is ordinary to graffe the sweet Quince tree, bastard Peach-tree, Apricock-tree, Iuiube-tree, sowre Cherry tree, sweet Cherry-tree, and Chestnut tree, after this fashion, howbeit they might be grafted in the cleft more easily, and more profitably; although diuers be of contrary opinion, as thus best: Take the grafts of sweet Quince tree, and bastard Peach-tree, or the fairest wood, and best fed that you can finde, growing vpon the wood of two yeeres old, 21. because the wood is not so firme n

e of gr

er and Nouember onely excepted). But commonly, graft a

aft later, and in a w

from the first of February

ies be gathered, in

of a yeere old, or at the

icke them into a Turnep newly gath

t them lye a little in the Sunne, and then steepe them in Milke o

ppins, and sow them i

must be set a foot deepe

end downwards, two cubits deepe in th

r the Fruit is eaten, some quantity of the

excellent, graft it afte

ootes of the great Cherry-trees, being remoued, doe grow better and sooner then they which come of stones: b

ents of

ating

Plants. page 109. Ino

rke. p. 111. Empla

. 113. To pricke stickes

haue Cherries or P

& seting. To ma

ng. To set sto

ps in grafting. Dat

ow gathered. To mak

tcheon. p. 116. To

H

AND

FVLL O

ordering of

r due seasons;

meth by care

eare: as also

e by land

r preseru

t cont

e they reduced to two, the early, and the ordinary: the earely are those whose grafts came first from France and Flanders, and are now ripe with vs in May

hes, mount to the tree, and with a gathering hooke, gather those which be full ripe, and put them into your Cherry-pot, or Kybzey hanging by your side, or vpon any

two broad laths going along the bottome: and if you doe transport them by ship, or boate, let not the siues be fil'd to the top, lest setting one vpon anoth

yet when any is ready to drop from the tree, though the other seeme hard, yet they may also be gathered, for they haue receiued the full substance the tree can giue them; and therefore the day being faire, and the dew drawne away;

ange also: for thus they will ripen kindely, and not rot so soone, as if they were full ripe at the gathering. But if your Peares be to be transported farre either by Land or Water, then pull one from the tree, and cut it in the middest, and if you finde it hollow about the choare, and the kernell a large space to lye in: alt

h the Ladder before spoken of, which standeth of it selfe, with a basket and a line, which being full, you must gently let downe, and keeping

les, it is to be done according to the ripening of the

: for the least wet or moysture will make them subiect to rot and mildew: also you must haue an apron to gather in, and to empty into the great baskets, and a hooke to draw the boughes vnto you, which you cannot reach with your hands at ease: the apron is to be an Ell euery way, loopt vp to your girdle, so as it may serue for either hand without any trouble: and when it is full, vnloose one of your loopes, and empty it gently into the great basket, for in throwing them downe roughly, their owne stalkes

hrough ripenesse, and they are best, and may be kept to bake or roast; the other windfals, and before they are ripe, and they must be spent as they are gathered, or else they will with

ruit be gathered faire from your Apple-Loft, them must the bottomes of your Baskets be lined with greene Ferne, and draw the stuborne ends of the same through the Basket, that none but the soft leafe may touch the fruit, and likewise couer the tops of the Baskets with Ferne also, and draw small cord ouer it, that the Ferne may not fall away, nor the fruit scatter out, or iogge vp and downe: and thus you may carry fruit by Land or by Water, by Boat, or Cart, as farre as you please: and the Ferne doth not onely keepe them from bruising, but also ripens them, especially Peares. When your fruit is brought to your Apple-Loft or store house, if you finde th

e gathered, carried, packt,

tree, but neuer ripe vpon the tree. When they are gathered, they must be laid in a basket, siue, barrell, or any such caske, and wrapt about with woollen cloths, vnder

leasurely, that so you may well finde them that be ripest, letting the hard one fall into the other basket, and those which be ripe laid aside: the other that be halfe ripe, se

te, and to those that keepe the fruite or come amongst them: therefore lay them by themselues vpon swe

me, and being gently handled, will ripen with such packing and lying together. If seuerall sorts of app

er, then lay those together that are of equall lasting; but if they haue all one taste, then they need no separation. Apples that are not of the like colours should not be laid together, and if any such be mingled, let it be amended, and those which are

aue more or lesse of the Sunne, or more or lesse of the droppings of the trees or vpper branches: therefore let euery one make most of that fruite which is fairest, and longest lasting. Againe, th

place may be left, to occasion sogging; and you must line your vessell at both ends with fine sweet straw; but not the sides, to auoid heat: and you must bore a dozen holes at either end, to rec

t fruite in March, when the wind blowes bitterly, nor i

Dossers or Panniers, prouided they be euer filled close, and that Cherries and Peares be lined with g

till March: and roomes that are seeled ouer head, and from the ground, are good from March till May: then the Cellar againe, from May till Michaelmas. The apple loft would be seeled or boorded, which if it want, take the longest

will last till Christmas, by themselues: then those which will last till it be Candlemas, by themselues: those that will last till S

Apple in them, diuiding the hardest by themselues, and the broken skinned by themselues to be first spent, and the rotten ones to be cast away; and eu

r that, once a moneth till Whitson-tide; and after that, once a fortnight; and euer in the turning, lay your heapes lower and lower, and your straw very thinne: prouided you doe none of this labour in any great frost, except it be in a close Celler. At euery thawe, all fruit is moyst, and then they must not be touched: neither in rainy

and the moisture gone, which made them looke plumpe: they must needes wither, and be smalle

NI

ND

las Okes for Ioh

e in Pater-nos

riber'

corrections

chard an

le

changed to "c

g.

sible error for "Sir Hen

g.

table," changed to "how

like," changed to "Roses o

g.

to "Of bought Setts." for

g.

Chapter 12 changed from 53 to 51

ounts &c." in Chapter 17 changed from 7

er 1,

ruit" changed to "all

er 2,

ces," changed to "nor s

d," changed to "(

ge

rs" changed to " wil

ge

round" changed to "becom

epe" changed to "15.

er 3,

bed," changed to "(as

ge

and" changed to "in

elvs" changed to "Our

ge

be forced" changed to "chuse your

ge

lers of earth," changed to "(for trees are

r 7, p

mer fruit)" changed to "(for commonl

ge

w" changed to "ari

ge

kind" changed to "I cou

ge

s" changed to "Let

ing" changed to "or

r 8, p

es" changed to "for

low" changed to "alo

ge

rth" changed to "vpw

r 9, p

t," changed to "they

r 10,

ft)" changed to "(comm

r 11,

ens" changed to "(nay

ge

t al" changed to "It st

r 12,

y" changed to "wa

r 13,

for" changed to "take

ge

e" changed to "cl

r 14,

em" changed to "gro

ge

ust" changed to "to

r 16,

eed" changed to "O

r 17,

le Cowslips"

ry Housew

r 8, p

es" changed to "drun

ge

tide" changed to "It fl

ge

cit in horto?" not changed. Possib

r 9, p

are too too ten

r 10,

ut" changed to "

ge

hiue be too too g

ge

ne" changed to "they

ge

ose in the Stap

ge

e" changed to "com

f propaga

r 3, p

has been changed

r 4, p

ay" changed to "and

ee" changed to "s

mans fruit

ge

ke" changed to "Ga

ge

hem" changed to "if yo

kes" changed to "Nec