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History of the Jews in Russia and Poland, Volume I (of 3)

Chapter 8 Kahal Autonomy and the Jewish Diets

Word Count: 2958    |    Released on: 06/12/2017

gated by the Government as a separate estate, an independent social body. Though forming an integral part of the urban population, the Jews were not officially included in any one of the general urba

s, administrative, judicial, and charitable institutions. The Government of a country with sharply divided estates could not but legalize the autonomy of the Jewish Kahal, after having legalized the Magdeburg Law of the Christian urban estates, in which the Germans constituted the predominating element. As for the kings, in their

n the newly-elected officials the right of instructing and judging their coreligionists in accordance with the Jewish law. In Cracow, where the Jews were divided into two separate communities-one of native Polish Jews and another of immigrants from Bohemia,-the King empowered each of them to elect its own rabbi. The choice fell upon Rabbi Asher for the former, and upon Rabbi Peretz for the latter, community, and when a dispute arose between the two communities as to the ownership of the old synagogue, the King again intervened, and decided the case in favor of the native community (1519). In 1531 Mendel Frank, the rabbi of Brest, complained to the King that the Jews did not always respect his decisions, and brought their cases before the royal starostas. Accordingly Sigismund I. thought it necessary to warn the Jews

rly defined, the Government gradually receded from its attitude of paternal interference. The magna charta of Jewish autonomy may be said to be represented by the

operty and other acts of a civil character, and to settle disputes between Jews in accordance with the "Mosaic law" (iuxta ritum et morem legis illorum Mosaicae) and the supplementary Jewish legislation. In conjunction with the Kahal elders they are empowered to subject offenders against the law to excommunication and other punishments, such as the Jewish

ferred upon the elective representatives of the Jewish communities extensive autonomy in economic and administrative as well as jud

y," the aggregate of the local Jews, on the one hand, and, on the other, the "communal administration," representing the totality of all the Jewish institutions of

ng to a double-graded system. Several electors (borerim), their number varying from nine to five, were appointed by lot from among the members of all synagogues, and these electors, after taking a solemn oath, chose the Kahal elders. The elders were divided into groups. Two of these, the rashim and tubim (the "heads" and "optimates"), stood at the head of the administration, and

r communal institutions. The Kahal executed title-deeds on real estate, regulated the instruction of the young, organized the affairs appertaining to charity and to commerce and handicrafts, and with the help of the dayyanim and the rabbi settled disputes between the members of the community. As for the rabbi

townlets of their district, as far as the apportionment of taxes and the judicial authority were concerned. This gave rise to the "Kahal boroughs," or gheliloth (singular, galil). Often disputes arose between the Kahal boroughs as to the boundaries of their districts, the contested minor communities submi

Talmud, which made full provision for all questions of religious, civil, and domestic life as well as for all possible infractions of the law. Yet it was but natural that even in this extensive system of law disputed points should arise for which the competency of a single rabbi did not suffice. Moreover there were cases in which the litigants appealed f

e of the father of Polish rabbinism, the above-mentioned Rabbi Shalom Shakhna, who was officially recognized as the "senior rabbi" of Little Poland. As far back as in the reign of Sigismund I. the "Jewish doctors," or rabbis, met there for the purpose of settling civil disputes "according to their law." In the latter part

permits for publishing books, and so forth. Occasionally these assemblies of Jewish notables endorsed by their authority the enactments of the Polish Government. Thus, in 1580, the representatives of the Polish-Jewish communities, who assembled in Lublin, gave their solemn sanction to t

(Lemberg), Volhynia (Ostrog and Kremenetz), and Lithuania (Brest and Grodno). Originally the name of the assembly varied with the number of provinces represented in it, and it was designated as the Council of the Three, or the Four, or the Five, Lands. Subsequently, when Lithuania w

e number of the conferees altogether amounting to about thirty. They met periodically, once or twice a year, in Lublin and Yaroslav (Galicia) alternately.

o all the Jews of the Polish realm, issued preventive measures and obligatory enactments (takkanoth), and imposed penalties as they saw fit. All the difficult cases were brought before their court. To facilitate matters the delegates of the Four Lands appointed [a sp

ther meeting-places of the Polish Diets for the purpose of securing from the king and his dignitaries the ratification of the ancient Jewish privileges,

mmercial integrity among the Jewish people: to pay special attention to the observance of the dietary laws, to refrain from adopting the Christian form of dress; not to drink wine with Christians in the pot-houses, in order not to be classed among the disreputable members of the community; to watch ove

ommunities of the Province of Lithuania" (Waad Kehilloth Rashioth di-Medinath Lita). The organic statute, framed by the first Council, comprises many aspects of the social and spiritual life of the Jews. It lays down rules concerning the mutual relationship of the communities, the methods of apportioning the taxes among them, the relations with the outside world (such as the Polish Diets, the local author

d in the same relation to the Waad as the "Dietines," or provincial Diets, of Poland, to the national Diet of the whole country.[75] Thus the communities of Great Poland had their own Great-Polish "Dietine," those of Volhynia their own Volhynian "Dietine," and so forth. The provincial Kahal conventions met for the purpose of allotting the taxes to

ucational effect on the Jewish populace, which was left by the Government to itself, and had no share in the common life of the country. It provided the stateless na

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1 Chapter 1 The Kingdom of the Khazars2 Chapter 2 The Jews in the Early Russian Principalities and in the Tataric Khanate of the Crimea[15]3 Chapter 3 The Charter of Prince Boleslav and the Canons of the Church4 Chapter 4 and His Sons5 Chapter 5 No.56 Chapter 6 Liberalism and Reaction in the Reigns of Sigismund Augustus and Stephen Batory7 Chapter 7 and Vladislav IV.8 Chapter 8 Kahal Autonomy and the Jewish Diets9 Chapter 9 The Instruction of the Young10 Chapter 10 Water Mark of Rabbinic Learning11 Chapter 11 Economic and National Antagonism in the Ukraina12 Chapter 12 164913 Chapter 13 1658)14 Chapter 14 1697)15 Chapter 15 Social and Political Dissolution16 Chapter 16 A Frenzy of Blood Accusations17 Chapter 17 Government18 Chapter 18 Rabbinical and Mystical Literature19 Chapter 19 The Sabbatian Movement20 Chapter 20 The Frankist Sect21 Chapter 21 Shem-Tob22 Chapter 22 The Hasidic Propaganda and the Growth of Tzaddikism23 Chapter 23 Jewish Attitude of Muscovy during the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries24 Chapter 24 and His Successors25 Chapter 25 The Jews of Poland after the First Partition26 Chapter 26 1791)27 Chapter 27 The Last Two Partitions and Berek Yoselovich28 Chapter 28 (1772-1796)29 Chapter 29 No.2930 Chapter 30 31 Chapter 31 The Jewish Constitution of 180432 Chapter 32 The Projected Expulsion from the Villages33 Chapter 33 The Patriotic Attitude of Russian Jewry during the War of 181234 Chapter 34 Kahal Autonomy and City Government35 Chapter 35 The Hasidic Schism and the Intervention of the Government36 Chapter 36 The Deputation of the Jewish People 37 Chapter 37 Christianizing Endeavors38 Chapter 38 Judaizing Sects in Russia39 Chapter 39 Jewish Legislation40 Chapter 40 The Russian Revolutionaries and the Jews