London Before the Conquest

nd touches the stream. It is a tract of good gravel, well supplied with water, not liable to

f the Walbrook at the head of London Bridge. We have the facts of the position of the Bridge itself, and the suitability of the site; the evidence that important buildings were densely packed in this district, while outside of it they were more and more scattered; and also that no graves have been found within this area. Mr. Roach Smith thought that certain remnants of thick walls found near Cannon Street in the south and Cornhill in the north were probably parts of earlier city walls. He says: "Here and there during excavations, walls of great thickness, which may be referred to walls of circumvallation, were intersected. The extraordinary sub-structures which were cut through in Bush Lane and Scott's Yard indicate a

ment. Drawn in situ

lls of immense thickness have been discovered, proceeding in a westerly direction from Leadenhall Market under the Woolpack Tavern in Gracechurch Street along St. Peter's Alley, a few feet on the south side of the churchyard of St. Peter's, continuing under the banking-house of Messrs. Prescott, Dimsdale, & Co. (50 Cornhill), supposed to continue under the roadway of Corn

t the head of London Bridge, reaching northwards to the "Langbourne." It is not usual to seat such a post on a steep hill-side, it would be curious

o walls existed, for of the still more important Camalodunum he tells us that it had no defences, and the garrison could only fortify the

policy of Agricola, if these shortcomings were so noticed when Tacitus wrote; and it is the opinion of Mr. Haverfield, our be

London dates back to the first century,

an Brick ins

cription fro

Camomile Street bastion and other similar places might be additions and repairs; and some late fragm

rey suburb. There is a gate-tower at the end of the Bridge, then comes the long and narrow passage over the strong, swift river to the grey walls of Londinium. Along the river-front are several wharves formed of timbering, to the left is the creek of the little river which ran under the west walls, and, still further west, some water-side villas.[215] Entering the city the street ascends steeply towards the north gate; others, parallel to its course, lead to two other gates in the north wall, and two chief routes traverse the city longitudinally from west gate to east gate, and from west postern to east postern. A bridge[216] over the Walbrook gives good reason why the street

from outside of the

cription fro

n bright colours with birds, flowers, and figures, and imitations of porphyry and verde antique, while a few are cased with thin slabs of marble. The pavements are patterned mosaic, and raised above hot air chambers; lead pipes supply water, the windows are glazed, and the roofs without are covered with red pantiles. So far there seem to be authentic data for such a pictur

a Roman Tomb f

.-Leade

of figured Glas

Roman Ins

from fragments in the British Museum f

above a civil basilica. This most important inscription was lodged at the Guildhall, but has disappeared. I have Roach Smith's original sketch of it, and a letter asking Fairholt to go and draw it more carefull

St. Peter's upon Cornhill. The Forum, as has been said, probably lay north of London Stone, which may have been the golden milestone

d Lane after the fire, which were "carried round a bath that was

his have been found, and a rough scratching of a house on a tile shows timber construction. This has recently been confirmed by the discovery at Silchester of houses which

marks of one or two British cities appear on coins earlier than the mark of London, in Constantinian days London is the only British city where money seems to have been coined.[220] In the last days of the occupation the city had acquired the name of Augusta. We cannot doubt that the Roman soldiers drawn aw

PE

E CONSTRUCTION OF M

Exact Survey of the Streets, Lanes, and Churches, comprehended within the Ruins of the City of London; first described in six platts in December, Anno Domini, 1666. By John Leeke.... And here reduced into one entire platt by John Leeke." This parchment was engraved by Hollar to a smaller scale, with the unburnt portions of the city added in isometrical projection. On this plan the ward boundaries are carefully laid down. As to the ground-plan of the portions left uninjured by the fire, we can supplement Leeke's Survey by the plan Wren made for reconstructing the city, now at Oxford, which shows the streets and chur

own in it. But as it was known to be the intention to rebuild this famous spire at once, it seems probable that a view even in the interim would not leave it out. It is not quite certain who drew this admirable map. In the preface to a copy of the book which I have examined, George Braun of Cologne, January 1, 1575, speaks of the admirable industry of the painter Hogenburghe, and the living portraitures he had so carefully painted, so that the cities may be seen at a gla

above. About this same time William Smith, the herald, made some drawings of cities; and on one of Bristol, which is drawn according to the same method as the London map we are now considering, he writes:-"Bristow, measured and laid in Platforme by me, W. Smith, at my being in Bristow the 30 and 31 July Ano Dni 1568" (Sloane MSS. 2596). Pictorial views of cities had been known for centuries; this "laying in platform" is, however, new. We may suppose that Smith, the Rouge Dragon, was not the first to make

he gained because a view of Oxford, drawn by Aggas in 1578, and published in 1588, speaks of his having had a desire to publish a plan of London, but (in 30 Queen Elizabeth, 1588) "meantime the measure, form, and sight I bring of ancient Oxford." A trained surveyor like Aggas would hardly have brought out an enlarged copy of Braun's map twenty years after the original. It is probable indeed, considering the spelling of the names, that Bagford's observation on the Anonymous plan, that it seemed to have been "done in Holland," is true. Mr. Thomas Dodd, in a MS. letter in the Crace Collection, points out a passage in Hakluyt where it is advised that the Pit and Jackman Expedition of 1580 should take with them the map of England and the "large Mappe of London." Mr. Dodd goes on to point out that Hakluyt also refers to Clement Adams as an engraver on wood, and he might have been the author of such a large map, which may be the Anonymous woodcut plan. Mr. Overall, in his incon

references in deeds, wills, patents, close-rolls, and Parliament-rolls, etc. etc. I have little doubt that almost every street and lane in London which existed in S

nt form go back as far. It may be noted that a study of the boundaries shows that the parishes are in the main subdivisions of wards, and not that wards are aggregations of parishes. Such gene

its gates, and the site of the Campanile in the north-east corner. The boundaries of the Conventual Establishments can be plotted, and the buildings within them can, in many cases, be laid down in detail. The plan of the Guildhall

E

R. Clark, Limi

H?OLOGY AND

OPLE. By W. R. Lethaby and Harold Swai

. Canon Atkinson, D.C.L. Extra Crown 8vo

Rev. Canon Atkinson. Illustrat

rsity. By Thomas Dinham Atkinson. With an Introduction by John Willis Clark, M.A

MBRIDGE. By W. W. Rouse Ball, Fellow and Tu

Lecturer in Princeton University, and Fellow of the Americ

he History of the Cathedral Churches of the Old Foundation.

, GUILDFORD. By Frederic Harrison. New and

l Lyte, K.C.B., Deputy-Keeper of the Public Records. Thir

, Milton's Cottage, Jordans, the Quakers' Burial Ground

y and Otterbourne. By Charlotte M. Yonge.

W. Warde Fowler, M.A., Fellow and Sub-Rect

C: An Introduction to the Study of Roman Religio

, M.A., formerly Director of the British School of Arch?ology at A

turer and late Fellow of Hertford College, and Lecturer in Anc

H. J. Greenidge, M.A. E

N COINS. By G. F. Hill. Illu

book to the Monuments of the Early Church.

fessor of Classical Arch?ology and Art in the University of Oxford. With thir

An Essay. By Percy Gardn

Rome. By Francis Marion Crawford. Illustrated. New

rofessor R

LIGHT OF RECENT DI

HRISTIAN RO

D ROME. Illustr

ROME. A Companion for Students and Tr

. A Sketch of the History of th

AND CO., L

tno

among the specialists on London. I shall often have to criticise Mr. Loftie's conclusions, but I do so merely because those are

's most recent book

gines C

e, vol. i

tually says i

Taylor, Dict.

l England

, Celtic

ay, vol.

e Ludga

resented by

t. Biog., and De

pe's Anci

Brakelonde, p. 56

SS., Ninth Report Hist

tic Britain; E

ple, settled at Billingsgate, and Mr. W. H. Steve

he sword of St. Paul was carved on the Bishop's Gate. According to Geof

ert of G

ory of Lludd in

sh Hist. R

scopal S

ic Britai

F. Keary

] A

] A

oundations of Engl

Teme, Tean, Teign. See S

th Century Chronic

l. i. p. 105; Surrey Collections, vol

Polyo

Bai

dar of St.

, art. "Temple"; and Roun

don and Middlesex Arch?o

n and Middlesex Fines, vol

n and Midd

re a rivulet of Springs near thereto flowing marks it out (i.e. the moor) from the

Hist. Re

aries give Wylle-

personal names are St. Benet Fink, St

s mentioned in a charter of c

harpe, Let

ical Journal,

posit, and Roman Pavement in Bucklersbury

etter

, Safe Dep

nes Celtic

r J. H.

ea; and the large number of Celtic and Roman antiquities found from time to time

ral authority; but see the Antiquary for 1901-2. The subject is

Tho

compounded of "street," is a s

tary Architectur

d Page, Fines

x Arch?ological Society

n and Midd

s Westminster,

nd Middlesex Arch?ological Soc

awford

rtulary of Westmi

on the Tyburn, the London and Middlesex

y Collecti

Faulkner'

872. See also A

. Hist.

mpiler of the pseudo-itinerary of R.

itish origin. Mr. Boyd Dawkins has recently shown, from objects found in a camp with which the Pilgrim Way from Canterbury is associated, that this ridge-road is

ound in Edgware Road. It was 20 feet wide, 3.6 below surface, and p

le, Codex

and Vigfus

and the bridge. Sir J. H. Ramsay even suggest

Arch?ological Jour

andbook to th

rice's Buc

of England,

Edmund, p. 43; see Eng. H

Counties M

Lel

Charters; and C

Cal.

ch?olog

nds for an underground passage: there is

ch?olog

ric Towns" series; maps in Green's Short H

ened about sixty years before FitzStephen's time. Aldersgate must have been made soon after the Conquest, and Cripplegate, with its covered way to the Barbican, cannot have been much later." In "Historic Towns" volume he says: "The foundations of the North Gate were

esex Arch?ological So

rations of

pe's Anci

le, Land

. Birch, Lon

, Codex Dip

and, Col

d, Calendar of

und, Feudal E

on and th

Pictures o

nry III., the Gildhall of the Cologne Merchants

ents. See also Soc de Waremanshaker and St

r of St. Paul

ale, vol.

dex Dip.

Heimsk

Keary, Vik

rle, Saxon

er of London itself: on the other hand, passages cited in Domesday and Beyond, p. 187, show that earlier it was convertible with castrum or burh, and it is beginning to be believed t

the gild entered Holy Trinity Monastery, bu

red Memor

ish Arch?ological

day and Bey

" (Taliessin). According to a Triad it was Arthur who dis

tland, Domesd

ler under 878 tells how Alfre

, see above, p. 68. I find London "and the Boro" m

Corner, Arch?o

axon Ch

ris Gardens was an embankme

Lewes Priory," Arch?

bey was so named with reference to Eastminster by the

J. H. Ramsay,

ex Fines, p. 3. This volume also shows that Norton Folgate

of St. Paul's D

ntury London documen

n?um, 8th

g the town wall. As late as 1833 the borough of Bedford included "a broad belt of land." For a full account of the commonable fields of Camb

rage of Westminster is

Society Trans., vol. v. See also for th

ands. Mile-End, according to Froissart, was "a fair plain p

ve been connected with this land

s still lasted when Froissart

nd Borough and V

Hudson

king of

een's Conque

rence's Chronicle he speaks more than once of "L

mme, Village Co

says there was anothe

ndar of An

Round, Commune o

ie's two books, French Ch

as the east and west halves of this w

s Calendar of

of Ancient De

ley's Me

e-Conquest) one parish of Holy Rood. Two adjoining parishes are mentioned in a twelfth centu

ia civitati

ber Albu

30 at St. Paul's gives us the n

ber Albu

ical Journal, v

ble, Code

saying it was called a "Palatine tower." St

d that the arms of Fitzwalter, the banner-bearer of London, a fess betw

rence only of a label of five points. From this fact we may suppose that the famil

l's Londino

the Abbey of St. Albans, Newcourt, a

l was the name of a street near Dowgate,

rice, Safe De

Arch?o

e, Arch?ologi

writers. Mr. Joseph Jacobs, in an interesting inquiry as to th

The Wilton Domesday gives

Pare

Middlesex Trans

scribed as Roman by him is not the now existing crypt. But the text and index of Parentalia plainly

n Bucklersbury, and that a Roman road, possibly

St. Paul's Documents, Sharpe's Calendar of Wills, Calendar of Anc

arpe's Calen

ner, History of

d Memorial

ley's Me

] Is

efroi's D

n of the famous monogram of Justin

seem to show that here also the forum was an

Turner's Domestic Archr., vol. i., and of Cant

ons Fishmongers' Street, Ta

e Golden

le Ages the close of St. Pau

Pare

orpes' A

n Charters,

of Cirencest

's London, and Green'

esex Arch?ological Soc

lis, Introducti

ng. Hist. R

t see Round, Geof

ve not drawn upon in this place. Several other churches may be presumed to be ancient from their dedication, such as St. Pancras (destro

Gibbs found work which he thought was Roman under St. Martin's-

ale, under

Welsh stories refer to the bridge in t

eport of St. Paul'

H. Round, Com

ey de Mandev

orpe, pp

Domesday is written Chenictes tenebat la

the lost charter co

amden S

ndon a Lickpenny, as Paris is called a Pick-purse, b

rally, Price's Roman Pavement in Bucklersbury. It is no

ddlesex Arch?ologic

Pare

the meaning of Berefri

day and Bey

Ibid.

a gerefa in the seventh

ffrey de

speaks of a list amongst

Dict. Nat. Biog. an

, Rotuli Curi? Re

gives no conclusive reasons. See also Notes and Querie

n Rolls

nd. and valuable art

r on the Bush Lane site: I am sp

and. The 1681 Catalogue of objects in the Museum of the Royal Soci

ersbury, descr

south end of Bishopsgate Street, in Threadneedle Street, Lombard Street, at the Bank

ndon and Middlesex Arch

f the Roman pavement (Fig. 35) was orig

N. is first found on

mall, and of little use except for giving the extent of