The Ancient Cities of the New World

and the

ties-Fragments-Malacates-Toltec Palace-Toltec Organisation-Dress-Customs-Education-Marriage-O

wo sides by a natural wall of perpendicular rocks overhanging the river. The plateau is covered with mounds, pyramids, and esplanades, showing that here were the royal villas, temples, and public edifices, but no trace of building, wall, or ruin, is visible, for the whole area i

ays occupied by temples and palaces; the largest here, No. 4 GRO

as basements for the temples of the Sun and Moon. Unfortunately they have been opened and ransacked by treasur

but in the inner rooms the flooring was of red cement. The rubbish was cleared away, and in a few days a complete house was unearthed, consisting of several apartments of various size, nearly all on different level

LL AT TULA (AN

vations. Nos. 4 and 5, Pyramids of Sun and Moon. No. 6, Esplanades and Mounds

ses, enamelled terra-cotta cups, bringing to mind those at Tenenepanco; seals, one of which (an eagle's head) I had engraved for my personal use; bits which were curiously like old Japanese china; moulds,

t on a somewhat modified natural elevation; the various apartm

ce. No. 8, Left Wing. follow the direction of the ground and are ranged on different levels, numbering from zero elevation for the lowest to 8 ft. for the highest.

tar, faced their outer walls with baked bricks and cut stone, had wooden roofs, and brick and stone staircases. They were acquainted with pilasters (we found them in their houses), with caryatides, with square and round columns; indeed, they seem to h

s No. 4, perhaps a reception-room, 32 ft. long, having two openings towards the court. On the other side, to the north, is a smaller, narrower Belvedere, from which an ante-room, on a slightly lower level, furnished with benches, was reached. The main body of the palace consists of ten apartments of different size, with stuccoed walls and floors. The fa?ade, No. 2, 8 ft. high, opens on the courtyard; whilst two winding stone staircases to the right, and an equal number to the left, led to the apartments on the first storey. Brick steps, covered with a deep layer of cement, connected the various chambers. The cells on both sides of the main apartments may have been the servants' quarters. No. 6, are a kind of yards, without any trace of roof, and if we are to judge from Aztec dwellings, they were probably enclosures for domestic and wild animals. The Americans, says Clavigero,51 had no flocks; nevertheless their table was well supplied by innumerable animals to be found about their dwellings, and unknown to Europe; whilst the poor people had an edible do

UINED TOL

agments of pottery, enamels, terra-cotta whorls of different size covered with sunk designs having a hole in the centre. These whorls are called "malacates" by the natives, and used by Indian women to this day. A round piece of wood or spindle-stick is introduced in the hole of the whorl, projecting a

f the game; were it so we should not have found a tennis-court at Chichen-Itza. Mendieta56 relates how Tezacatlipoca came down from his celestial abode on a spider's ladder, and how in his long peregrinations on earth he visited Tula, brought thither by

since the spectators in their precipitancy to run away were drowned, that Quetzalcoatl was a good tennis-player, and that the expression, "he was turned into a tiger," is

sed to a grasping and bloodthirsty priesthood, was one of the chief causes of their downfall.57 "Under the mild rule of Quetzalcoatl, demons tried in vain t

titles, which were bestowed on distinguished soldiers for services in the field or the council, and finally the celebrated order of the Tecuhtlis, which was divided in sub-orders of the "tiger," the

f the deer, etc.; followed by a speech in which he was reminded that he who aspires to the dignity of a tecuhtli, must be ready to perform the duties of his new office. He was henceforth to be distinguished by greater meekness, patience, forbearance, and moderation in all things, together with submission to the laws. After this speech, he was deprived of his rich garments, and dressed in a coarse tunic; the only articles of furniture allowed him were a common mat and a low stool. He was besmeared with a

idol, where the mean garments he had worn so long were taken off by the oldest tecuhtli, his hair bound up in a knot on the top of his head with a red string; whilst a wreath, having a medallion with his motto graven on it, circled his brow. He was next clad in rich and fine apparel, ornamented and delicately embroidered; in his hands he received arrow

education of children entirely in the hands of the priests. That the latter were less influential with the Toltecs seems indicated in the following passage: "Among the various sumptuous edifices at Utatlan was the college, having a staff of seventy teachers, and five or six

CUHTLIS, FROM RAMIREZ

t of the Tiger. No. 3, Teponaztli. No.

tood in the middle of the room, where a bright fire was burning. Then the "marriage-maker," as he was called, stood up and addressed the young people, reminding them of their mutual duties in the life they were about to enter, and, at the termination of his speech, they were given new cloaks, and received the good wishes and congratulations of their friends, who as they came up threw each in turn some perfume on the hea

e dove, you have heard the words which your father has told you. They are precious words, such as are rarely spoken, and which have proceeded from his heart. Speak calmly and deliberately; do not raise your voice very high, nor speak very low, but in a moderate tone. Neither mince, when you speak, nor when you salute, nor speak through your nose; but let your words be proper, and your voice gentle. In walking, see that you behave becomingly, neither going with haste, nor too slowly; yet, when it is necessary to go with haste, do so. When you are obliged to jump over a pool of water, do it with decency. Walk through the streets quietly; do not look hither and thither, nor turn your head to look at this and that; walk neither looking at the skies nor at the ground. See likewise that you neithe

ed up like precious gold-leaf, and taught us that boys and girls are beloved of the Lord. For this reason the men of old, who were devoted to His service, held children in great revere

1

tl (precious stones). They added that this world was preserved for their sake, and that they were our intercessors before Him. Satraps, wise men, and those killed by light

RN INDIAN TYPES AND FATHER D

d birds suffer from dire want. It is pitiful to see the birds, some dragging themselves along with drooping wings, others falling down unable to walk, and others with their mouth still open through hunger and thirst. O Lord, Thou wert wont to give us abundantly of those things which are the life and joy of all the world, and precious as emeralds and sapphires; all these things have departed from us. O Lord God of nourishment, most kind and compassionate, what hast Thou determined to do with us? Hast Thou utterly forsaken us? Shall not Thy wrath and indignation be appeased? Wilt Thou destroy these Thy servants, and leave this city and kingdom desolate and uninhabited? Is it so decreed in heaven and hades? O Lord, grant, at least, that these innocent children, who cannot so much as walk, and those still in the cradle, may have something to eat, so that they may live and die not in this terrible famine. What have they done that they should be so tried, and should die of hunger? They have committed no iniquity, neither do they know what thing it is to sin; they neither offende

of Woden were of bloody fights, and of wassail in which he drank hydromel out of his enemies' skulls; the Arab goes to sleep cradled on the lap of houris; the Red Indian dreams of endless hunting-fields, whilst the starving Bushman hopes for

he honour shown him, Papantzin a few days later sent Xochitl, accompanied by a due?a, with some pulque. Xochitl was introduced alone to the presence of Tecpancaltzin. Bravely the maiden resisted the monarch's protestations of ardent love, but alone and unprotected she was unable to resist the threats and violence used against her. She was then sent to the strongly-guarded palace of Palpan near the capital;" and there, cut off from all communication with parents or friends, she lived as the king's mistress. Her father meanwhile was told that his daughter had been entrusted by the king to the care of some matrons, who would perfect her education and fit her for a high position among the court ladies. Meanwhile the king visited Xochitl, and in 1051 a child was born, who received the name of Meconetzin ("child of the maguey"), and later that of Topiltzin (the "Justicer"64), by which he is known in history. But at las

1

s at Tehuantepec, Guatemala, Goatzacoalco, Tabasco, and Campeche; whilst a few remained at Cholula and Chapultepec.66 Ixtlilxochitl67 places this event in 1008. Sixteen hundred are said to have settled at Colhuacan, intermarried with Chichemec caciques, and founded the family from which the kings of Texcuco were descended. Clavigero writes that the miserable remains of the nation found a remedy in flight (1031-1050), some settling in Yucatan and Guatemala, whi

OM CLAVIGERO, RAMIREZ

rs and thighs; their offensive weapons consisted of spears, light javelins, and clubs studded with steel, silv

to exist as a nation after the disruption of their empire; but that their scattered remnants carried on the work of civilisation in Central Amer

y were absent four years, and in their report (1124) they stated that they had met with some Toltecs in the region formerly held by them; but that the greater proportion had founded important colonies in the far-off provinces of Tehuantepec, Guatemala, Tecocotlan, and Tabasco. Nopal

gh plateaux and in Central America, shown by the flourishing small Toltec state of Colhuacan, where King Architometl (1231) had revived those arts and sciences his ancestors had initiated, and which, since

ical arts, and also for those who made astrology, historical paintings, and the deciphering of ancient manuscripts their particular study.72 And, lastly, in the closing words of Veytia's account, he says: "Among the documents I possess for the completion of my work are several bearing on the Mexicans. I found no difficul

ion of Toltec arts and industries among the primitive

OLTEC HOUSE. (See p

SUN AND MOON