The Human Race

mplexion, which is often yellowish or olive, is never so red as that of the northern Indians; their he

o three families, named respectivel

an F

es:-firstly, the Quichuas; secondly, the A

forehead, and horizontal eyes, which are not drawn down at the outer angle. They inhabit the western parts of Bolivia, Peru, and the State

n, Quichuas or ancient Incas, the Ay

still constitute almost half the free Indian population of South America. In the fifteenth century the

nment and a code of good laws. Orators, poets, and musicians were to be found among them, and their figurative melodious language denoted prolonged culture. Their religion was impressed to the highest degree with a devotional character. They recognized a God, the supreme arbiter and creator of all things. This divinity was the sun,

HIRTEENTH EMPER

rom the genealogical tree of the imperial family,

ly rounded, low, and somewhat retreating; yet the skull is often capacious, and denotes a rather large development of the brain. The face is generally broad; the nose always prominent, somewhat long, and so extremely aquiline, as to seem as if the end were bent over the upper lip, and pierced by wide very open nostrils. The size of the mouth is large rather than moderate, and the lips protrude, although they are not thick. The teeth are invariably handsome, and remain good during old age. Without being receding, the chin is a little short; indeed it is sometimes slightly projecting. The eyes are of moderate size and frequently even small, always horizontal,

UANA, EMPRESS

y so entirely like those of the present day as to prove that during four or five cen

l characteristics are concerned, to the Quichuas, from

We may consider the Aymaras as the descendants of that ancient race which, in far-off ages, inhabited the lofty plains now cov

ain a great development, renders these tribes particularly suited for living on high mountains. In the shape of the head and the intellectual faculties, as well as in

estern declivities of the Peruvian Andes, and the Changos, dwelling on the slopes next the Pacific. Both one and the other are like

ropas, and Apolistas, races which inhabit the Bolivian Andes. Their complexion is lighter th

ccompanied by several sketches representing Antis Indians and some wandering hordes which belong to the same group; and we have reproduced a few of these drawings

s also the wallet, in the shape of a hand bag, carried by him across his shoulder, and containing his toilet articles, namely:-a comb made with the thorns of the Chouta palm; some rocou in paste; half a genipa apple; a bit of looking-glass framed in wood; a ball of thread; a scrap of wax; pincers for extracting hairs, formed of two

ANTIS

er money flattened between two stones, which they pierce with a hole and hang from the cartilage of their nostrils. For ornaments they have necklaces o

ANTIS

een of vegetation. The huts are low and dirty, and pervaded by a smell like that of wild beasts, for the air ca

he running streams with arrows barbed at the ends, or having three prongs like a trident. Othe

cculus. The fish become instantaneously intoxicated; they first struggle, then rise belly uppe

and accept any husband who seeks them, if he has previously made some present to their parents. They prepare their lord and master's food, weave his clothes, look after and gather in the crops of rice, manioc, maize, and other cereals; carry his baggage on a journey, follow him to battle, and pick up the

R SHED OF

the fish caught in the nearest stream, o

S INDIANS

river. They then wreck the dwelling, break the deceased's bow, arrows, and pottery, scatter the ashes of his hearth, devastate his crops, cut down to the ground the trees which he has planted, and final

UVIAN IN

al disdain for the aged, for whom they reserve the refuse of th

notion of the existence of a supreme God, the idea of the two principles of go

ular medley; free will is the ruling law and, as it were, the wi

m, which they speak with extreme volubili

es, from 30 degrees south latitude to the extremity of Tierra del Fuego, and a

domitable warriors, whose heroism is celebrated in the history of the Spanish conquest of

which consist of a head that is large in proportion to the body, a round face, prominent cheekbones, a broad mou

e Araucanian Indians who may be considered as forming the lea

by thick forests from the attacks and invasions of the Americans, they build what are

en chased away by the Peruvians came to relate his Odyssey in Europe, returning afterwards to reconquer his unstable throne. Orélie, the Fir

ARAUC

of Magellan. The life they lead and the ice covering all the interior of the hill

their legs bowed, from continually sitting cross-legged, give them an unsteady

have exhausted the animals and shell-fish of the neighbourhood. Dwelling in a region which is split up into a multitude of islands, they have become navigators, and continually traverse every shore of Tierra del Fuego as

ECHERA

ly their oars, while the men hold themselves in readiness to pierce any fish they perceive, with a dart pointed by a sharpened stone. When in this way they arrive at another island,

ons, and yet they are, it may be said, without clothing. The men's shoulders are barely covered with a

th gewgaws and shells, and paint their bodies, and oftener their faces, with different designs in red, white, and

have among themselves frequent quarrels, and even petty wa

itants of the North Pole, pass the most rigorous period of the winter underground, but pursue their labours in the open air, protecting themselves as best they can against the cold which prevails

uild the cabins, and plunge into the sea, even during the most int

sound, and that of the Araucanians in form. Their weapons and their religion, as wel

an Fa

rizontal eyes which are sometimes contracted at the outer angle. They inhabit the immense plains or Pampas, situated at the foot of the eastern slope

La Plata river; the Charruas, in the vicinity of Uruguay; the Tobas, Lenguas, and Machicuys, who occupy the greater part of Chaco; the Moxos,

ander over the pampas which stretch from that river as far as the Straits of Magellan; while the northern tribes, who bear a physical resemblance to the genuine Patagonians, inhabit that portion of the coun

ng under tents of skins, or who hide in its forests, in huts covered with bark and thatch. Haughty and unconque

g the men composing them we find the tallest stature as well as the most athletic and robust frames. The tribes d

d'Orbigny, who resided for seven months among many distinct divisions of the Patagonians, measured several individuals in each. H

nians is by no means extraordinary. He found them possessed of a brown complexion; coarse straight black hair, little beard; serious countenances-t

e all the tribes in question, the women as well as the men. The Patagonia

t the outer corner; the nose is short, flat and broad, with open nostrils; the mouth big, the chin short, and the lips thick and pr

tinct, they have a certain analogy between themselves;

e years in captivity among the Patagonians. Fate threw him into the hands of the tribe of the Poyu

utlying woody spurs of the Cordilleras, or on the bare, wild soil of the Pampas, they lead identically the same life. Their

ders. They carefully pluck the hair from every part of their bodies, without even sparing the eyebrows. Their faces are painted with volcanic earths which the Araucanians bring them, the colours varying according to taste, but red, blue, black, and white have the preference. The women wear a frock with holes for their heads, arms, and legs; they pull out their hair and eyebrows like the men, an

PATAG

devote themselves to it all through the year. The Chen-elches, one of

GONIAN HORS

unting the Patagonians

, when they fight among themselves with fury. Two religious festivals are observed by

kes place is analogous to that of baptism. The child is laid on a horse, which has been thrown down

ey think fit to get rid of it, it is smothered, and its body carried a short distance, and then abandoned to wild dogs and birds of prey. If the poor littl

heads turned towards the east, a man rips open the victim (fig. 189), tears out the heart and sticks it, still palpitating, on the end of a spear. The eager and curious crowd, with eyes fixe

nimals for a wife. The woman, moreover, is burdened with work, whilst the man

en wrap it in these skins and tie it on the back of his favourite horse, whose left leg they break. All the women of the tribe join the wives of the deceased and utter piercing shrieks. The men, h

ndians of the Grand Chaco, or Great Desert. It will not be uninteresting, in order to give an example of the customs of the wild South American

e north of the river Pilcomayo, in union and amalgamated with the Emmages and Machicuys, within a short distance of the Quartel. Their actual ene

gled with the Machicuys: in fact, they no longer form more than

for wounds and sore places. They interlard this operation with juggleries and songs, accompanied by gourds (porongos), shaken in the invalid's ears.

s always marked by rejoicing. This festival consists of a family gathering, during which the men intoxicate themselves wi

nd from the top of the forehead to the end of the nose, but are not continued on the upp

BOLIVIA

ns. I measured several of these orifices, and found their average length to be two inches and a half, whilst their diameter was somewhat less considerable. The pieces of wood are solid, irregularly rounded, and

f hair, which is always black, straight, and generally very fine and even silky, then falls between the shoulders. The women do not always dress their hair in this way; I saw many who allowed it to hang in loose disorder. Moreover, though the

hand a mahana, or staff, made of hard, heavy wood; and to these is also added a spear tipped with iron, and they sometimes have the bolas and the lasso. They are excellent horsemen, riding barebacked with t

ide mouths, and large lips, give to the countenance of these savages a peculiar look which is not a little enhanced by a pair of ears that come

e part of the Chaco tribes, and that, after an encounter in which two Indians had lost their lives, the troops had been able to recover the stolen cattle and to take some prisoners, who were immediately sent on to the capital, where they we

ty European garments, in tattered ponchos, or draped in antique fashion with wretched blankets. Two boys, one eight and the other fifteen years

e were some Tobas and Machicuys; but although known to the first, my

eet 101?4 inches, 5 feet 81?2 inches, and 5 feet 61?4 inches. Their muscular system is developed, and their well-formed limb

Their long regular nose is rounded at the end, where it becomes slightly enlarged, and their mouth, which is a little turned up at the angles, is better proportioned and smaller than that of th

AT ON THE

ave renounced the us

r ears were not pierced. They allow their hair to grow, letting it float freely without being tied; a

of the Lenguas, and contains no yellow tint; but I confess to the

sting face are attributed by some travellers to the women while still young; but their features deteriorate at an early age, and, like the men, they grow into repulsive

haco plains. We meet its members on the banks of the Pilcomayo, from its mouth to the first spur

rows, makanas, long spears with iron points, and the bolas. Some of their tribes, more settled in their

skins of wild animals. Necklaces and bracelets of glass beads or small shells form the ornaments of the females, while in some tribes the men twine

be nothing more than a tribe of the Tobas, whose language they perhaps speak. According to the first

t they differ in the shape of their barbote, which is said to resemble that of the Charruas. To reiterate an observation we have already made, we say that none of the Machicuys we have seen showed any marks of the opening intended for the reception of this savage ornament, which they are abandoning, after the

they have small eyes, broad faces, large mouths, flat noses, and wide nostrils. Their hair is a

ongly accentuated and full of sounds that require an effort to be forced from the

g north of the Chaco, have been called by the Spaniards the "Provinces of the Moxos and Chiq

y immense streams, on which they are constantly obliged to navigate in their

derable in height, covered with forests and intersected by num

MINADOR

clined to gaiety, and passionately fond of dancing and music. They have become permanently converted to Christianity. Their physical characteristics include a large and spherical head, almost always circular, a round, full face, prominent cheekbones, a low, arched f

t. They have not very vigorous limbs, their nose is short and not very broad, their mouth of medium size, their lips and cheekbones but little pr

us. Superstition made a Moxos sacrifice his wife in case she miscarried, and his children if they happened to be twins. The mother rid herself of her offspring if it wearied her. Marriage could be dissolved at the will of the parties to it, and polygamy was frequent. These Indians were all, m

have broad shoulders, extremely f

for their half wild habits resemble those of the tribes we have just commented on; and for similar reasons we shall pas

ny Fa

mplexion, a little tinged with red, a middle stature, a very heavy frame, a but slightly arched and prominent forehead, oblique eyes turned up at the outer angle

isions only in this family, namel

families. One of these families was that of the Guaranis, diffused over the whole of Paraguay, and allied with the wild tribes of Brazil; the other included the races occupying the more northern provinces, and extending to the gulf of Mexico. The Indians appertaining to both th

which the Jesuits have formed in the country, and others who still roam in freedom throughout the forests of that province. Besides the Guaranis, properly so called who are all Christians, and inhabit thirty-two rather extensive villages situated on the borders of the Parana, the Paraguay, and the Uruguay rivers, there exists

d races of which we are speaking, and the results of his observations were published by him in the "Tour du Monde"

ve been destroyed; those who still struggle will also perish. The nations which chose subjection rather than death, have, by mingling their blood in strong proportions with that of the Europeans, only disappeared as a race in

t another tribe, small in numbers, whose ranks grow thinner every day, and which on the eve of its disappearance, has bequeathed intact

and numerous islands of the Rio Paraguay, towards 21° and 25° S. latitude. Their dwelling places were by no means fixed; masters of the river and jealous of its

'tied to the oar,' a meaning quite in unison with their habits. In the term 'Paraguay,' applied as the denomination of the river, before it became th

uring two centuries the most redoubtable adversary of the Spaniards. The writers on the conquest, the works of Azara, the 'Histori

seem on this point to deserve the reproach of exaggeration more than once and with justice attributed to them, estimate them as no fewer than sev

s, and the fourth, 5 feet 33?4 inches; or an average of 5 feet 11?4 inches. Many conclusions may be drawn from this double series of measurements. On comparing the average stature of the Payaguas with that of mankind in general, which physiologists agree in fixing at about 5 feet 6 inches, it will be seen that the difference in favour of the former is no less than 3 inches. And furt

their chests, arms, and backs display a development produced by constant use of the oar, for they live in their canoes; but, as a sp

RAGUAYAN

an olive-brown shade, which it would be difficult to define more accurately. It seems somewhat

from a monkey skin. A similar custom obtains among the Guatos of Cuyaba, who, we may say incidentally, have more resemblance to this nation than to the Guaranis, though a learned classification has placed them side by side with the latter. Their small, keen eyes, a little contracted but not turned up at the outer angle, have an expression of cunn

eir hands and feet always retain a remarkable smallness, although they walk barefooted and take no care whatever of their persons. I have also observed this delicate formation, a distinction

se as far as the upper lip; and when she marries this stripe is prolonged over the under lip to below the chin. Its shades vary from violet to a slate-coloured blue, and its marks are indelible. Some women add oth

few productions of their ingenuity. Its manufacture devolves upon the women, and they make it with no other help than that of their fingers, without using either shuttle or loom. Some others content themselves with a short shirt, devoid of collar or sleeves, rather like the tipoy o

at rare intervals or at certain epochs, on which solemn occasions long tufts of feathers fixed on the top of the head are seen to reappear, and all manner of fanciful patterns tattooed in bright colours on face, arm, and breast; as we

cipal hut (tolderia) is erected on the river's edge, and consists of a large oblong cabin from twelve to fifteen feet high, and made with bamboos laid on forked poles and covered over with unplaited cane mats. Jaguar

ome early in life very expert sailors. Sometimes they are to be seen in the stern of a canoe, letting it float with the current while watching their lines; at another, standing upright in a row, they bend to their oars in good time and make the little c

AZILIAN

arfare, and grant no quarter except to women and children. Their method of fighting shows no peculiarity. They attack the Indians of the Chaco by falling upon them unawares

AN WOMAN

aguayan Republic, which imposes neither tax nor statute labour upon it, but on the contrary pays the Payaguas for any services that are exacted

as entrusted with these functions, I contrived to get him to come to my house arrayed in the emblems of his high dignity and accompanied by some other Indian

confined in a fillet bordered with beadwork, over which was a tuft of feathers, while nandu plumes waved behind his head; a necklace of bivalve shells was on his neck, and from it hung, as a trophy, a whistle made from the arm-bone of an enemy. He was quite naked beneath his sl

metimes slowly and sometimes rapidly, uttering alternately the syllables 'ta, ta', and 'to, to, to', with extraordinary, inexpressible, reiterations of voice and piercing yells. He gave way at the same time to violent contortions, and executed a measured series of leaps, now on on

oot and a half long, ornamented with gilt nails, and pierced by a tube which was widened at one end and terminated at the other by a mouth-piece. This pipe is also to be found among other neighbouring nations, as well as among the Tobas and Matacos on the banks of the Pilcomayo. It gives an idea of those enormous cigars made from a

E OF MANAO

re are still some hordes of wild Guarayis. The uncivilized Chiriguanos are barbarians, very formidable to their neighbours. The natives of a hundred and sixty villages of the Andes, comprised between the great Chaco r

y, than Portuguese does from Spanish. The Caryis, Tameyi, Tapinaquis, Timmimnes, Tabayaris, Tupinambis, Apontis, Tapigoas, and several other

de," in 1868, M. and Madame Agassiz visited many Indian tribes, and examined their h

unged into a broad and deep ravine through which flowed a rivulet. The ground beyond rose undulating in uneven lines, on which an eye accustomed to the uniformly flat country of the upper Amazon cannot rest without pleasure. Wait for the time of the rains, and the brook, swollen by the increase of the river, will almost bathe the foot of the house, which, from the top of the little eminence, at present commands t

ZILIAN N

hich was occupied at the moment by a hammock of palm fibre, an unfinished work of the 'senhora dona', or mistress of the house, who allowed me to see the way in which she used the machine. She squatted herself on a little low bench, in front of the frame, and showed me that the two rows of cross threads were separated by a thick piece of polished wood in the shape of a flat rule. The shuttle is thrown between these two threads and the woof is drawn close by a sharp

ZILIAN D

hich are covered with thatch, and merely consist of a single apartment (fig. 198). Then comes a larger cottage, with earthen walls and bare floor, containing two or three

f this sitio, where two or three negresses have just bee

GROS OF

together in confusion. But this part of the estate, like all the rest of the establishment, seemed larger and better cared for than those usually seen. As we were departing, our Indian hostess brought me a nice basket filled with eggs and abacatys, or alligator's pears, according to the local

passing from one to the other, as Brazilian songs alternated with Indian airs. Nothing could possibly be imagined bearing the national impress more strongly marked, more deeply imbued with tropical tints, more characteristic, in fine, than this scene on the lake. When we arrived at the landing-place the rosy and gold-tinged mists had become transformed into a mass of white or ashen-grey vapour, the last rays of the sun were fled, and the moon was shining at its f

r class, is not altogether confined to them. More than one senhora delights to puff her cigarette as she rocks in her hammock during the w

ES OF FREN

form one of the nations most widely spread over the northern parts of South America. They were formerly in possessi

scattered of the southern continent, are those celebrated Caribs who in the sixteenth century occupied all the islands from Porto Rico to Trinidad, a

ent day greatly reduced. The same remark applies to the Arawacs or Araocas, to the Guaranns, who are said to build t

gthy, being neither so obliquely set nor so small as those of the Mongolian race. Yet the corners perceptibly slant upwards towards the temples; the eyebrows are black or dark brown, thin, and not much

ar collars of human teeth as ornaments. Perpetually wandering and completely naked, they take a pleasure in adding to their natural ugliness, and impart a more r

BOTOC

ood somewhat larger than a five-shilling piece. He made use of this projection as a little table, cutting up on it, with the traveller's knife, a morsel of smoked meat which had then only to be s