The Seaman's Friend

ble diamond. Spritsail sheet knot. Stopper knot. Shroud knot. French shroud knot. Buoy-rope knot. Half-hitches. Clove hitch. Overhand knot. Figure-of-eight. Bowline. Running bowline. Bowline-upon

g. Snaking. Grafting. Foxes. Spanish foxes. Gaskets.

ys, backstays, &c. Those which reeve through blocks or sheave-holes, and are hauled and

ds are called yarns. A number of these yarns twisted together form

is called, with the sun. Occasionally a piece of large rope will be found laid up in four strands, also with

le-laid rope is like three small common ropes laid up into one large one. Formerly, the ordinary three-stranded right-hand rope was called hawser-laid, and the latter cable-laid, and they will be found so distinguished in the books; bu

led with the sun, and cable

is composed. Junk, or old rigging, is first unlaid into strands, and then into yarns, and the best of these yarns made up into spunyarn, which is used for worming, serving, seizing,

the strands, by passing spunyarn along them, to re

in order to secure it from being injured by rain-water lodging between the par

l rope, and serving-mallet for large rope. Small ropes are sometimes served without being wormed, as the crevices between the strands are not large enoug

he strands and placing them into one another, or by putting

a rope-yarn. Take the middle strand, which is free, pass it over the strand which is first next to it, and through under the second, and out between the second and third from it, and haul it taut. Pass each of the six strands in the same manner; first those on one side, and then those on the other. The

ether. Then do the same with two more strands. The two remaining strands are twisted together in the place where they were first crossed. Open the two last named strands, divide in two, take an overhand knot with the opposite halves, and lead the ends over the next strand and through the second, as the whole strands were passed for the sh

e. Put one end through the strand next to it. Put the next end over that strand and through the second; and put the remaining end throu

ing part. Pass the strand which has been unlaid over the end and in the intervals round the eye, until it returns down the stand

rope yarn. Take a piece of wood, the size of the intended eye, and hitch the yarns round i

ds of each rope against the standing part of the other, forming an oblong eye, of the size y

ng the end over the standing part. Then take the long end and carry it twice round the ring, in the crevices, following the lay

art in your left hand. Pass the end of the next strand round this strand. Pass the remaining strand round the end of t

y one end over the top of the knot. Lay the second end over the firs

rneath the part of the first walling next to it, and push it up through the same bight. Do the same with

ands by the sides of those in the single crown, pushing them through the same bight in the single cro

ts own bight; then the next strand underneath, through the bight of the first, and through its own

ft hand. Take the end of one strand and pass it with the lay of the rope over the strand next to it, and up through the bight of the third. Take the end of the second strand ove

ollow the lead of the single knot through two single bights, the ends coming out at the top

over the fifth and through the bight of the first. Then haul taut. It may be crowned by taking two strands and laying them over the top of the knot, and passing the other strands alternately over and under those two, hauling them taut. It may be double walled by next passing the strands under the

d double wall, without crownin

r, as for a short splice. Single wall the strands of one rope round the standin

e rope back upon their own part, and single wall the other three strands round

. Lay the large ones again as before, leaving the small ones out. Single and double wall the small strand

formed by the clove-hitch and put it over the other. Pass the end under, and up through the bight which is underneath. Then cross the bights again, and put

ing part and bring it up through the bight. This is a half-hit

he spar again, and up through its own part. It may then, if necessary, be stopped or hitched to its own part: the only difference between two

e end of a rope over the standi

rope over and round the standing part, up o

ft. Lay the end over the standing part, and with the left hand make a bight of the standing part

round the standing part, and m

your left hand of the ends, which are kept together, over the bight which you hold in your right hand. Pass the bight in your right hand round under the ends and up over the cross. So far, it is like a co

ide of the standing part upon which they came up. Pass one end round the other, and bring it up through the bi

a spar, lead it under and over the standing part, a

er to the standing part. Then carry it across the standing part, over and round the spa

nd-turns round a spar and two half-hitches round the standin

t the bight over the hook of a tackle, letting the hook go through it, the centre of the bight resting ag

er at the other, and letting the standing part and end come together. Turn the bight over from you, three times, and a sma

up through the bight of another, round both

ard. Take two turns round the yard with the end. Hitch it round the stand

ake the end of a second rope and pass it under the standing part of the first, over the e

d of one rope, pass the end of the other through the bight, and take a bowline with it upon its own standing part. Long lines ar

shall overlay one another. Take a half-hitch over the end

em down with spunyarn. These are used for neat block-straps, and a

tanding part so as to form a bight. Lay this bight back over the standing part, putting the

and bring it out between the two last turns, or through the eye, and pass five, seven or nine turns (one less than the lower ones) directly over these, as riders. The riders are not hove so taut. Pass the end up through the seizings, and take two cross turns round the whole seizing between the two, passing the end through the last

turns. A neat way to pass a throat seizing is to pass the turns rather slack, put a strap upon the end of the r

s of a rope together as for a r

ts, to jam them; and sometimes with a round turn before each cross. Th

Lay half the nettles down upon the scraped part, the rest back upon the rope, and pass three turns of twine taut round the part where the nettles separate, and hitch the twine, which is called the warp. Lay the nettles backwards and forwards

er the outer turns of the seizing alternately, passing ov

the strands as before. Pass the warp and nettles belonging to the lower strands along the rope, as

nd, and rubbing them hard with tarred canvass. Spanish foxes are m

ied with the left. Having plaited enough for an eye, bring all the parts together, and work them all into one piece, in the same manner. Take out foxes at proper intervals. When finished, one end must be laid up, the other plaited, and the first h

one arm of the anchor, and haul taut. Take a hitch over the other arm. Or, take

d the other down, around and over the cross, until half of the lashing is expended. Then ride both ends back again