The Social Cancer

thee, anci

ds, that plag

hou so?"-"Wit

the Alb

ERI

ain chose for committing political suicide in the Philippines. Bagumbayan Field was crowded with troops, both regulars and militia, for every man capable of being trusted with arms was drawn up there, excepting only the necessary

his occasion a squad of Peninsular cazadores, armed with loaded Mausers, stood directly behind them to see that they failed not in their duty. Again, there was but one victim; for it seems to have ever been the custom of the Spanish rulers to associate in these gruesome affairs some real criminals with the

ed by his Jesuit confessors. Arrived there, he thanked those about him for their kindness and requested the officer in charge to allow him to face the firing-squad, since he had never been a traitor to Spain. This the officer d

when the military surgeon stepped forward and asked if he might feel his pulse! Rizal extended his left hand, and the officer remarked that he could not understand how a man

ast the body, for the most part silently, while desultory cries of "Viva Espa?a!" from among the "patriotic" Filipino volunteers were summarily hushed by a Spanish artillery-officer's stern rebuke: "Silence, you rabble!" To drown out t

, as Rizal was fitted to be their intellectual leader. Shades of Anda and Vargas! Out there at Balintawak-rather fitly, "the home of the snake-demon,"-not three hours' march from this same spot, on the very edge of the city, Andres Bonifacio and his literally sansculottic gangs of cutthroats were, almost with impunity, soiling the fair name of Freedom with murder and mutilation, rape a

uggle for mutual extermination. Dark Andres went his wild way to perish by the violence he had himself invoked, a prey to the rising ambition of a young leader of considerable culture and ability, a schoolmaster named Emilio Aguinaldo. His Katipunan hovered fitfully around Manila, for a time even drawing to itself in their desperation some of the better elements of the population, only to find itself sold out and deserted by its leaders, dying away for a time; but later, under changed conditions, it re

December

ay: Essay on the S

tolan, Zambales. The walls are overgrown with rank vegetation, but are well preserved, with the exception of a porti

xcerpts are taken from the translation in Blair and Robertson, The Philippine I

He wrote a history of the conquest, and in 1800 accompanied Alava, the General de Marina, on his tours of investigation looking toward preparations for the defense of the islands against another attack of

from the regulars, i.e., mem

slas Filipinas en 1842, translated in Blair and Robe

St. Joh

was written is reproduced in the Vida y Escritos

, La Solidaridad, in 1889–90. This is the most studied of Rizal's purely politica

, under the title The Reign of Greed, has

ist who was at the time in the employ of the friars and contemptuously hostile to Rizal, but who has since 1898 been giving quite a spectacular demonstration of waving a red light after the wreck, having become his most enthusiastic, almost hysterical, bi

ion before the military trib

ours preceding his execution in a chapel, or a cell fitted up as such, where he may d

and her declaration, that she was at the time in such a state of excitement and distress that she is unable to affirm positively that there was a real marriage ceremony performed, can readily be accepted. It must be remembered that the Jesuits were themselves under the official and popular ban for the part they had played in Rizal's education and development and that they were seeking to set themselves right in order to maintain

does no Achilles, ap

e e'en, not an O

e seen there but parsons

ance, ensigns and

ray tell, what can suc

l'd great?-what that

Shakespear

's trans

nt

's Ded

cial G

sostom

The

ic and F

in a Da

pitan

dyl on a

ecolle

cal A

he

he R

All

igns o

o: Lunat

e Sac

I

Bas

ouls In

lmaster's D

ting in th

Story of

ghts an

I Fi

In th

e House o

Eve of

n the T

Corresp

The M

n the

The S

The

Free

The

Com

he Firs

His Exc

The Pr

o?a Con

ht and

Two

he Esp

II

mination of

The

The C

he Two

I The

Voice of

as's

xcha

of the Dead

Dí Si Conos

evela

Catas

ors and

Vae V

The Ac

sm and Priva

ia Cla

Chase on

re Damas

Christ

il

os

's Ded

Fath

he sharpest pains. Thus, how many times, when in the midst of modern civilizations I have wished to call thee before me, now to accompany

with thee what the ancients did with their sick, exposing them on the steps of the

I will raise a part of the veil that covers the evil, sacrificing to truth everything, even van

AU

PE,

pte

al Gat

time Capitan Tiago was considered one of the most hospitable of men, and it was well known that his house, like his country, shut its doors against nothing except commerce and all new or bold ideas. Like an electric shock the announcement ran through the world of parasites, bores, and hangers-on, whom God in His infinite boun

style of many in the country, and fronts upon the arm of the Pasig which is known to some as the Binondo River, and which, like all the streams in Manila, plays the varied r?les of bath, sewer, laundry, fishery, means of transportation and communication, and even drinking water if the Chinese water-carrier finds it convenient. It is worthy of note that in the distance of nearly a mile this important artery of the district, where traffi

ower-pots set upon pedestals of motley-colored and fantastically decorated Chinese porcelain. Since there are neither porters nor servants who demand invitation cards, we will go in, O you who read this, whether friend or foe, if you are attracted by the strains of the orchestra, the lights, or the suggestive rattling of dishes, knives, and forks, and if you wish to see what such a

same time affords a place for the orchestra. In the center a large table profusely and expensively decorated seems to beckon to the hanger-on with sweet promises, while it threat

the walls representing religious matters, such as "Purgatory," "Hell," "T

m, for to judge from the yellow and bluish tints of her face the sick woman seems to be already a decaying corpse, and the glasses and other objects, accompaniments of long illness, are so minutely reproduced that even their contents may be distinguished. In looking at these pictures, which excite the appetite and inspire gay bucolic ideas, one may perhaps be led to think that the malicious host is well acquainted with the characters of the majority of those who are to si

handsome man in full dress, rigid, erect, straight as the tasseled cane he holds in his stiff, ring-covered fingers-the whole seeming to say, "Ahem! See how well dressed and how dignified I am!" The furnishings of the room are elegant and perhaps uncomfortable and unhe

ir mouths to yawn, instantly cover them with their fans and who murmur only a few words to each other, any conversation ventured upon dying out in monosyllables like the sounds heard in a house at night, s

cigars and buyos, to extend her hand to her countrywomen to be kissed, exactly as the friars do,-this is the sum of her courtesy, her policy. The poor old lady soon

or less openly among themselves. In contrast, two foreigners dressed in white are promenading silently from one end of the room to the other with their hands crossed behind their backs, like the bored passengers on the de

aintains a premature gravity. He is the curate of Binondo and has been in former years a professor in the college of San Juan de Letran,2 where he enjoyed the reputation of being a consummate dialectician, so much so that in the days when the sons of Guzman3 still dared to match themselves in

untarily recall one of those three monks of whom Heine tells in his "Gods in Exile," who at the September equinox in the Tyrol used to cross a lake at midnight and each time place in the hand of the poor boatman a silver piece, cold as ice, which left him full of terror.4 But Fray Damaso is not so mysterious as they were. He is full of merriment, and if the tone o

nose, which, to judge from its size, ought not to belong to him. The other is a rubicund youth, who seem

few months you'll be convinced of what I say. It's one thin

ut

speeches, for I know the Indian.6 Mark well that the moment I arrived in the country I was assigned to a toxin, small it is true, but especially devoted to agriculture. I didn't understand Tagalog very well then, but I was, soon confessing the women, and w

only goe

he left he had more attendance, more tears, and more music. Yet he had been m

will al

wn of San Diego twenty years and it has

owed signs

pinched that one, who was courting that girl, what affairs she had had and with whom, who was the real father of the child, and so on-for I was the confessor of every last one, and they took care not to fail in their duty. Our host, Santiago, will tell you whether I am

e tobacco monopoly,"7 ventured the rubicund youth, taking adv

e nearly let his glass fall. He remained fo

it possible that you don't see it as clear as day? Don't you see, my son, th

brows a little more and the small man nodded toward Fray Damaso equivocally. T

at length asked with great seriousness,

believe the Gospel! The

ns all my interest. Does this indolence actually, naturally, exist among the natives or is there some truth in what a foreign traveler says: that with this

ws this country. Ask him if there is any equal

s Se?or Laruja. "In no part of the world can you find any o

ious, nor mor

re unma

y. "Gentlemen," he whispered, "I believe that we

at if he were! These are the nonsensical ideas of the newcomers. Let a few months pass and you will change you

ll tinola a variety of lotus w

ile. "You're getting absurd. Tinola is a stew of chick

ponded the youth

e as a govern

at my own expense to

n expense and for such foolishness! What a wonder! When there are so many books! And with two finge

ence, Fray Damaso, say that you had been twenty years in the town of San Die

, Fray Damaso suddenly lost all his merriment and stopped laughing. "No!" h

r twenty years and which he knows as well as the clothes he wears. I certainly was sorry to leave Kamiling and th

arm of his chair and with a heavy breath exclaimed: "Either Religion is a fact or it is not! That is, either the cu

ad to stare at the Franciscan from under his glasses. The two foreigners paused a moment, stared

reated him with deference," murmured Se?or

ouble?" inquired the Dominican and the lieute

ers support heretics against the ministers of God!"

uired the frowning lieutenant

s I, mean to say that when a priest throws out of his cemetery the corpse of a heretic, no one, not even the King hims

Vice-Regal Patron!" shouted th

"In other times he would have been dragged down a staircase as the religious orders

mit this! His Excellency rep

es that make? For us there is no

he were commanding his soldiers. "Either you withdraw what y

he approached the officer with clenched fists. "Do you think that becaus

in the words of Fray Damaso those of the man from those of the priest. The latter, as such, per se, can never give offense, because they spring from absolute truth, while in those of the man there is a secondary distinction to be made: those which he utters ab irato, those which

dre Damaso from San Diego, his coadjutor buried the body of an extremely worthy individual-yes, sir, extremely worthy, for I had had dealings with him many times and had been entertained in his house. What if he never went to confession, what does that matter? Neither do I go to confession! But to say that he committed suicide

I don't know where. The people of San Diego were cowardly enough not to protest, although it is true that few knew of the outrage. The dead man had no relatives there and his only son was in Europe. But his E

e withdrew f

te a subject," said Padre Sibyla sadly. "But, after

n moving, the letters, and the-and everything that is mislaid?" interr

n elderly Filipina, who was resplendent in frizzes and paint and a European gown. The group welcomed them heartily, and Doctor De Espada?a and his se?ora, the Doctora Do?a

of man our host is?" inquired the rubicund y

as gone out. I have

here," volunteered Fray Damaso. "S

n who invented gunpo

oach, as she fanned herself. "How could the poor man invent gu

you! A Franciscan, one of my Order, Fray What-do-you-call

ry in China, that Padre Savalls," replied the lad

an, se?ora," said Fray Siby

aso said a Franciscan a

The difference of a letter doesn't make him a

," added the Dominican in a tone of correction,

century more or less

e Sibyla, smiling. "So much the better that he did

e fourteenth century?" asked Do?a Victorina with

vidual questioned, two p

ound in the convento at

paniard, called Juan Geronimo Guerrero, who had dedicated himself, with Christian piety, to gathering orphan boys in his house, where he raised, clothed, and su

whose order was founded

the old Roman god Bacchus and two of his satell

was a character well known in Manila, doorkeeper at the Alcaldía, imp

Glos

vernment and to encourage agricultural development. The operation of the monopoly, however, soon degenerated into a system of "graft" and petty abuse which bore heartily upon the natives (see Zu?iga's E

ders were heavily interested, Governor Fernando de Bustillos Bustamente y Rueda met a violent death at the hands of a mob headed by friars, Octo

n the death of Ferdinand, supported the claim of the nearest male heir, Don Carlos de Bourbon, thus giving rise to the Carlist movement. Some writers state that severe measures had to be adopt

o the English, "He'll never

a Carlist leade

k who is said to have inve

pte

stomo

the Captain-General with his staff, that the lieutenant should start from his abstraction and take a couple of steps forward, or that Fray Dam

hands of the priests, who forgot to bestow upon him their benediction. The Dominican had taken off

he son of my deceased friend," went on Capitan Tiago. "The youn

roup, nor did there seem to be any thing extraordinary about him except his mourning garments in the center of that brilliantly lighted room. Yet in spite of them his remarkable stature, his features, and his movements breathed forth an air of healthy youthfulness in

se, "the curate of my native town! Padr

directed toward the Franc

I'm mistaken," added

able to articulate in a changed voice, "but yo

ing greatly surprised, and turned to encounter

the son of Don Rafae

artly rose in his chair and st

was!" exclaimed the officer in a trembling voice. "I knew him well and can sa

estow upon my father removes my doubts about the manne

n the center of the room. His host having disappeared, he saw no one who might introduce him to the young ladies, many of wh

s since I have been in my own country and upon returning to it I cannot suppress my adm

ged to retire. He then turned toward a group of men who, up

so introduce himself. Allow me to adopt this usage here, not to introduce foreign customs when our own are so beautiful, but because I find myself driven to it by necessity. I have al

mes, more or less obscur

id one youth dryly, a

e so much to keep up my enthusiasm for my native land. It is said

f and lie. One writer has been imprisoned for having put a very obvious trut

quire what th

came very near to being exiled for it," replie

o Ibarra and grasped his hand, saying, "Se?or Ibarra, I've been eager to make your acquaintance. Capitan Tiago is a friend of mine and I knew your respected father. I am known a

armed with such amiability, "but tomorr

! Then it will b

mpana, and the guests began to file out toward the table,

pte

Di

le, bago

monosyllables only, as he was somewhat of a stutterer. The Franciscan was in a frightful humor, kicking at the chairs and even elbowing a cadet out of his way. The lieutenant was grave while the others talked vivaciou

any eyes?"

is that I was admiring your frizzes," retorted the

same thing happened that occurs with the competitors for a university position, who openly exalt the qualifications and superiority of thei

u, Fray

u, Fray

-confessor of the deceased lad

the curate of the district," replied Fray Damaso sour

" concluded Fray Sibyla, dispo

rotested the Franciscan

ounter those of the lieutenant. According to clerical opinion in the Philippines, the highest secular official is infer

e seat of honor belongs to you." To judge from the tone of his voice, however, even in the world it really did belo

to their host. Ibarra noticed him watchi

iago, aren't you goin

pied; Lucullus was not to s

his fiesta is for the special purpose of giving thanks to the Virgin for your safe arrival. Oy!

received a plate in which a bare neck and a tough wing of chicken floated about in a large quantity of soup amid lumps of squash, while the others were eating legs and breasts, especially Ibarra, to whose lot fell the seco

n away from the countr

seven

robably forgotte

untry does seem to have forgotten

has forgotten you?" inq

any news from here, so that I find myself a stranger

a sudden exclamation

aph?" asked Do?a Victorina. "When we were

ave been in the northern part of Eu

pportunity to say something. "I-I knew in S-spain a P-pole from W-warsaw, c-called S-stadtnitzk

a in a friendly manner, "but just

ne else," went on the Doctor, taking courage. "He wa

tunately while there I talked Sp

along?" asked the wo

the country serve

n Hongkong, and who was a master of pidgin-English, that adulterati

ear among people who tal

pleased you the most?"

nd fatherland, any co

tell us what do you consider the most notabl

to reflect. "Not

ple-the social, political, religious life-in g

y, I tried to familiarize myself with its history, its Exodus, if I may so speak, and afterwards I found everything quite natural. I have observed that the prosper

of the dinner he had not uttered a single word, his whole attention having been taking up, no doubt, with the

is now satiated," but restrained himself and merely remarked to the others, "Gentlemen, don't be surprised at the familiarity with which our former curate treats me. He treated me so when I

ived and must go away tomorrow morning, there remain some important business matters for me to attend to. The principal part of the dinner is over and I drink but little wine and sel

ill be here. Isabel has gone to get her. The new cu

g. I've a very important visit to

ing his dessert spoon. "That comes from pride. They can't stand to have the curate correct them. They even think that

e frown off his face the whole evening. He did well to leave us so old and still only a lieuten

disturb the merriment of a feast." Among his notes there appeared these observations: "In the Philippines the most unnecessary person at a dinner is he who gives it, for they are quite capable of beginning by thro

ression used in the mongrel Spanish-Tagalog 'market language' of Manila and Cavi

to civil power). Arms should yield to the

The change of n to ? was commo

pte

and Fi

abstraction or freedom from care, directing his steps toward Binondo Plaza and looking about him as if to recall the place. There were the same streets and the identical houses with their white and blue walls, whitewashed, or frescoed in bad imitation of granite; the church continued to show its illuminated clock face; there were the same Chinese shops with their soiled curtains and their iron grati

said that tonight I've dreamed of a seven years' journey in Europe. Good heavens, that pavement is still in the same unrepaired c

ble, a hand was placed lightly on his shoulder. He raised his head to see the old lieutenant gazing at him

from your father!" was the abr

great deal of my father. Can you tell me

know about it?" a

ut he wouldn't promise to tell me

s does everybody else

and gazed searchingly at the lieuten

was in confinement," was t

u talking about? Do you know who my father was? Are yo

I'm not mistaken. He

Ibarra," echoed

compassion as he saw what was passing in Ibarra's mind. "I supposed t

replied Ibarra in a weak voice, after a few moment

"It's strange to me that your family

uneasy if he did not write, as he was very busy. He char

just before he died. It will soo

s my father

me with me to the barracks and I'll

seemed to be in deep thought and to be seeking insp

ll we ought to be. I say this as much on account of one of your ancestors as on account of your father's enemies. The continual changes, the corruption in the higher circles, the favoritism, the low cost and the shortness of the jo

he will roast in hell as a penance-by being cowardly and certainly shameless into the bargain? I have another conception of God,' he used to say, 'for in my opinion one evil does not correct another, nor is a crime to be expiated by vain lamentings or by giving alms to the Church. Take this example: if I have killed the father of a family, if I have made of a woman a sorrowing widow and destitute orphans of some happy children, have I satisfied eternal Justice by letting myself be hanged, or by entrusting my secret to one who is obliged to guard it for me, or by giving alms to priests who are least in need of them, or by buying indulgences and lamenting night and day? What of the widow and the orphans? My conscience tells me that I should try to take the

education at all, a fact of which the natives soon became aware, as it was a marvel for them to see a Spaniard who didn't know how to read and write. Every one ridiculed him and the payment of the tax was the occasion of broad smiles. He knew that he was an object of ridicule and this tended to sour his disposition even more, rough and bad as it had formerly been. They would purposely h

and unable to catch them, he threw his cane and struck one of the boys on the head, knocking him down. He ran up and began to kick the fallen boy, and none of those who had been laughing had the courage to interfere. Unfortunately, your father happened to come along just at that time. He ran forward indignantly, caught the collector by the arm, and reprimanded him severely. The artilleryman, who was no doubt beside himself with rage, raised

ss. Every one abandoned him, and his books and papers were seized. He was accused of subscribing to El Correo de Ultramar, and to newspapers from Madrid, of having sent you to Germany, of having in his possession letters and a photograph of a priest who had been legally executed, and I don't know what not. Everything served as an accusation, even the fact that he, a descendant of Peninsulars, wore a camisa. Had it been any one but your father, it is likely that he would soon have been set free, as there was a physician who ascribed the death of the unfortunate collector to a hemorrhage. But his wealth, his confidence in the law,

luence.' I did so, and the noted lawyer took charge of the case, and conducted it with mastery and brilliance. But your father's enemies were numerous, some of them hidden and unknown. False witnesses abounded, and their calumnies, which under other circumstances would have melted away before a sarcastic phrase from the defense, here assumed shape and substance. If the lawyer succeeded in destroying the force of their testimony by making them contradict each other and even perjure themselves, new charges were a

with that malady which only the tomb can cure. When the case was almost finished and he was about to be acquitted of the charge of being an enemy of the f

door of the barracks, so the soldier stopped and said, as he grasped the youth's hand, "Young man

him with his eyes until he disappeared. Then he turned slowly and signaled to a passi

out of jail," thought the coch

itute the first reading les

a native of Spain who was considered to be mentally

pte

in a Da

e of the heavens spread before him through the open window. The house on the opposite bank was profusely ligh

satyrs, demons, angels, shepherds and shepherdesses, dance, shake their tambourines, and whirl about in rhythmic evolutions, each one placing some tribute at the feet of the goddess. Ibarra would have seen a beautiful and graceful maiden, clothed in the picturesque garments of the daughters of the Philippines, standing in the center Of a semicircle made up of every class of people, Chinese, Spaniards, Filipinos, soldiers, curates, old men and young, all gesticulating and moving about in a lively manner. Padre Damaso stood at the side of the beauty, smiling like one especially blessed. Fray Sibyla-yes, Fray Sibyla himself-was talking to her. Do?a Victorina was arranging in the magnificent ha

d his tears he uttered a name. The old man was alone, but from time to time a groan or the rattle of a chain was heard on the other side of the wall. Far away there was a merry feast, almost an orgy; a youth was laughing, shouting, and pouring wine upon the flowers amid the applause and drunken laughter of his companions. The old man had the feat

w alternated with the strokes of the clocks in the church towers and the mournful cries of the weary sentinels. A waning moon beg

indow sill and his pale, worn cheek resting on the palm of his hand, he was gazing silently into the distance where a bright star glittered in the dark sky. The star paled and disappeared, the

pte

tan

be done

ention to Capitan Tiago. We have never had the honor of being his guest, so it is neither o

our story his countenance always wore a sanctified look; his little round head, covered with ebony-black hair cut long in front and short behind, was reputed to contain many things of weight; his eyes, small but with no Chinese slant, never varied in expression; his nose was slender and not at all inclined to flatness; and if his mouth had not been disfigured by the

te in the city were large, and it is superfluous to state that the opium monopoly controlled by him and a Chinese brought in large profits. They also had the lucrative contract of feeding the prisoners in Bilibid and furnished zacate to many of the stateliest establishments in Manila u through the medium of contracts, of course. Standing well with all the authorities, clever, cunning, and even bold in speculating upon the wants of ot

s, for he was rich and his gold prayed for him. For masses and supplications high and powerful priests had been created; for novenas and rosaries God in His infinite bounty had created the poor for the service of the rich-the poor who for a peso could be secured to recite sixteen mysteries and to read all the sacred books, even the Hebrew B

thing wherewith to occupy their time up there in heaven. Furthermore, to the Virgin of Antipolo he ascribed greater power and efficiency than to all the other Virgins combined, whether they carried silver canes, naked or richly clothed images of the Christ Child, scapularies, rosaries, or girdles. Perhaps this reverence was owing to the fact that she was a very strict Lady, watchful of her name, and, according to the senior sacristan of Antipolo, an enemy of photography. When she was ang

eyebrows, such as are seen painted in the triangle of the Trinity or on Egyptian tombs; St. Pascual Bailon; St. Anthony of Padua in a guingón habit looking with tears upon a Christ Child dressed as a Captain-General with the three-cornered hat, sword, and boots, as in the children's ball at Madrid that character is represented-which signified for Capitan Tiago that while God might include in His omnipotence the power of a Captain-General of the Philippines, the Franciscans would nevertheless play with Him as with a doll. There, might also be seen a St. Anthony the Abbot with a hog by his side, a hog that for the worthy Capitan was as miraculous as the saint himself, for wh

f painted and gilded wood almost four feet high. The Archangel is biting his lower lip and with flashing eyes, frowning forehead, and rosy cheeks is grasping a Greek shield and brandishing in his right hand

, but from his movements it was inferred, at any rate the author of the booklet inferred, that he was announcing the end of the world.5 Was it not reported, too, that the Virgin of Luta in the town of Lipa had one cheek swollen larger than the other and that there was mud on the borders of her gown? Does not this prove mathematically that the holy images also walk about without holding up their skirts and that they even suffer from the toothache, perhaps for our sake? Had he not seen with his own eyes, during the regular Good-Friday sermon, all the images of Christ move and bow their heads thrice in unison, thereby calling forth wails and cries from the women and other sensitive souls des

her locks in the hard rock, where she dried them, resembling exactly those made by any woman who uses coconut-oil, and just as if her hair had been steel or diamonds and she had weighed a thousand tons. We should like to see the terrible Image once shake her sacred hair in the eyes of those credulous persons and put her foot upon their tongues or their heads. There at the very edge of the pool Capitan Tiago mad

the new truths, tie would watch closely the flame of the tapers, the smoke from the incense, the voice of the priest, and from it all attempt to forecast his luck. It was an admitted fact that he lost very few wagers, and in those cases it was due to the unlucky circumstance that the officiating priest was hoarse, or that the altar-candles were few or contained too much tallow, or that a bad piece of money had slipped in with the rest.

consider himself as such, would join in the chorus and speak worse of them; if any one aspersed the Chinese or Spanish mestizos, he would do the same, perhaps because he considered himself become a full-blooded Iberian. He was ever first to talk in favor of any new imposition of taxes, or special assessment, especially when he smelled a contract or a farming assignment behind it. He always had an orchestra ready for congratulati

en canes. The frock coat and the high hat were in evidence at the Ayuntamiento, in the governor-general's palace, and at military headquarters; the high hat and the frock coat might have been noticed in the cockpit, in the market, in the processions, in

a poor student contemplates the worn-out heel of his old shoe, twisted by his manner of walking. In his case there was truth in both the Christian and profane proverbs beati pauperes spiritu and beati possidentes,6 and there might well be applied to him t

, and it was said that wails and sobs might be heard mingled with the weak cries of an infant. More than one young woman was pointed out by her neighbors with the finger of scorn: she had a downcast glance and a faded cheek. But such things never robbe

inia could only gnaw at her lips with her toothless gums, because, being exceedingly nervous, she could not endure the chiming of the bells and still less the explosions of the bombs. While he smiled in triumph, she would plan her revenge and pay the money of others to secure the best orators of the five Orders in Manila, the most famous preachers of the Cathedral, and even the Paulists,8 to preach on the holy days upon profound theological subjects to the sinners who understood only the vernacular of the mariners. The partizans of Capitan Tiago would observe that she slept during the sermon; but her adherents would answer that the sermon was paid for in advance, and by her, and that in any affair payment was the prime requisite. At length, she had driven him from the field completely by presenting to the

knew and could teach. When he had reached the happy stage of being known among his acquaintances as a logician, that is, when he began to study logic, the death of his protector, soon followed by that of his father, put an end to his studies and he had to turn his attention to business affairs. He married a pretty young woman of Santa Cruz, who

so advised her to go to Obando to dance in the fiesta of St. Pascual Bailon and ask him for a son. Now it is well known that there is in Obando a trinity which grants sons or daughters according to request-Our Lady of Salambaw, St. Clara, and St. Pascual. Thanks to this wise advice, Do?a Pia soon recognized the signs of approaching motherhood. But alas! like the fisherman of whom Shakespeare tells in Macbeth, who ceased to sing when he had found a treasure, she at once lost all her m

anity whom we met at the beginning of the story. For the most part, her early life was spent

ers recalled the small and pleasing one of her mother, her skin had the fineness of an onion-cover and was white as cotton, according to her perplexed relatives, who found the traces of Capitan Tiago's paternity in her small and shapely ears. Aunt Isabel ascribed her half-European features to the longings of Do?a Pia, whom she remembered to have s

roses and sampaguitas, with two diminutive wings of silver and gold fastened on the back of her gown, and carrying in her hands a pair of white doves tied with blue ribbons. Afterwards, she would be

the advice of the curate of Binondo, in the nunnery of St. Catherine12 in order to receive strict religious training from the Sisters. With tears she took leave of Padre Damaso and of the only lad who had been a friend of he

pon the marriage of their children and the formation of a business partnership. This agreement, which was concluded some years after the younge

umber of voyages, until in 1672 she was formally installed in a church in the hills northeast of Manila, under the care of the Augustinian Fathers. While her shrine was building she is said to have appeared to the faithful in the top of a large breadfru

counterclaims on the part of St. Francis, although the entire question would seem to have been definitely settled by a royal decree, published about 1650, officially conferring that ho

ta are districts of Manila,

n xvi

nce, noted for the manuf

ulfilled for the author of the booklet and a

in spirit" and "blessed

tion was ascribed the victory over a Dutch fleet in 1646, whence the name. See Guía Oficial de Filipinas, 1885, pp. 138, 139; Montero

l, whose chief business is preaching and teach

province of Batangas, jurisdiction, of Taal, so called beca

pen in order to afford a tabernacle for the Virgin: an idea enchanting to many of the Spaniards established in the

Her discovery, over two and a half centuries ago, is notable in that she was found in the sea during some fisheries, coming up in a drag-net with the fish. It is thought that

enting them was erected at a short distance from the place where her sanctuary is now located."-Buzeta and Bravo's Diccionario, Madrid, 1850, but copied "with proper modifications for the times and the new truths" from Zu?iga's Estadismo,

med to fire salutes in her honor as they passed along the coast near her shrine.-Foreman. The Philippine

r "eagle in half-relief," stands out prominently on the hill

r about," doubtless from the actions of the Lady's

philosophy, by a Spanish

of Sienna ("Santa Catalina de la Sena") was

ter

l on a

Songs, which

ing the holy communion. Scarcely had the priest disappeared from the altar when the maiden expressed a desire for returning home, to the great surprise and displeasure of her good aunt, who believed her niece to be as pious and devoted to praying a

treet, every carriage that passed, caused the maiden to tremble and quickened the beatings of her heart. Now she wished that she were back in the quiet convent among her friends; there she could have seen him without emotion and agitation! But was he not the companion of her

country, for you are pale and need fresh air. What do you think of Malabon or San Diego?"

othes and to say good-by to your friends," he continued, wit

mind when we leave forever a place where we have be

r godfather is no longer in San Diego. The priest that you may have noticed here las

observed Aunt Isabel. "Besides, our house there

aunt for this speech, but hearin

Tiago, and then in a different t

hed, and Ibarra even heard the noise of the door closing. Pale and breathing rapidly, the maiden pressed her beating heart and tried to listen. She heard his voice, that beloved voice that for so long a time she had heard only in her dreams he was asking for her! Overcome with joy, she kissed the nearest saint, which happe

at last able to say as she wiped a tear from her faded eyes. M

ng to your father about you. Come, don't make him wait." Like a child the

hen Aunt Isabel appeared half dragging her niece, who was loo

spoken word is halting, rude, and weak-it is as the harsh, slow roar of the thunder compared with the rapidity of the dazzling lightning flash, expressing feelings already recognized, ideas already understood, and if words are made use of it is only because the heart's desire, dominating all the being and

ttle red cypress flowers? Tell it, you who have fragrance in your breath and color on your lips. And thou, O zephyr, who learnest rare harmonies in the stillness of the dark night amid the hidden depths of our virgin forests! Tell it, O

n the muddy waters of the river and the rattle of carriages and carts passing over the Binondo bridge came up to them distinctly, although they did not hear what the old aunt murmured as she saw where they were: "That's better, there you'll be wat

heart, "Have you always thought of me? Have you never forgotten me on

near to me, you put your hand on my shoulder, that hand which for so long a time you had not allowed me to touch, saying to me, 'You have lost your mother while I never had one,' and you wept with me? You loved her and she looked upon you as a daughter. Outside it rained and the lightning flashed, but within I seemed to hear music

a, gazing at the far horizon wrapped in the warm light of the early dawn. I heard the slow, sad song that awoke in me sleeping affections and called back to the memory of my heart the first years of our childhood, our joys, our pleasures, and all that happy past which you gave life to while you were in our town. It seemed to me that you were the fairy, the spirit, the poetic incarnation of

r voice in the rustling of the leaves. When from afar I heard the songs of the peasants as they returned from their labors, it seemed to me that their tones harmonized with my inner voices, that they were singing for you, and thus they lent reality to my illusions and dreams. At times I became lost among the mountain paths and while the night descended slowly, as it does there, I would find myself still wan

Andalusia with their scent-laden airs, peopled with oriental memories, full of romance and color, told me of your love! On dreamy, moonlit nights, while boating oil the Rhine, I have asked myself if my fancy did not deceive me as I saw y

remember that time when you became really angry at me? Then you made me suffer, but afterwards, when I thought of it in the convent, I smiled and longed for you so that we might quarrel again-so that we might once more make up. We were still children and had gone with your mother to bathe in the brook under the shade of the thick bamboo. On the banks grew many flowers and plants whose strange names you told me in Latin and Spanish, for you were even then studying in the Ateneo.1 I paid no attention, but amused myself by running after the needle-like dragon-flies and the butterflies with their rainbow colors and tints of mother-of-pearl as they swarmed about among the flowers. Sometimes I tried to surprise them with my hands or to catch the little fishes that slipped rapidly about amongst the moss and stones in the edge of the water. Once you

in which were wrapped some dry, blackened leaves which gave off a sweet odor. "Your sage le

ite satin. "You must not touch this," she said, tapping

ote to you be

written me an

id I say to

him to understand how sweet to her those fibs were. "Be quiet now and I'll read i

e youth might not see her face, she began: "'My'-but I

an along s

eat dries it up. Don't you understand? You are almost a young man, and yet you weep!' These reproaches hurt me and I confessed that I loved you. My father reflected for a time in silence and then, placing his hand on my shoulder, said in a trembling voice, 'Do you think that you alone know how to love, that your father does not love you, and that he will not feel the separation from you? It is only a short time since we lost your mother, and I must journey on alone toward old age, toward the very time of life when I would seek help and comfort from your youth, yet I accept my lo

to suspend the reading, for he had gro

What is troubling

duties, that I must leave at once for the town.

picking some flowers, she said with emotion, "Go, I won't detain you longer! In a fe

way accompanied by Capitan Tiago and Aunt Isabel,

g. A pleasant journey!" said Capitan Tiago as Ibarra stepped into the car

th two reals each, one to St. Roch,2 and one to St. Raphael, the protector of travelers. Light the lamp of Our Lady of Peace and Prosperous Vo

ilipino of note in the past generation, received his early education, was f

a's Saint-Antoine. He is invoked f

ter

llec

l speed, the carromatas and calesas, the Europeans, the Chinese, the natives, each in his own peculiar costume, the fruit-venders, the money-changers, the naked porters, the grocery stores, the lunch stands and restaurants, the shops, and even the carts drawn by the

gh while it nearly blinded him. A day of rain formed pools of muddy water, which at night reflected the carriage lights and splashed mud a distance

aps the chill of the iron. Joined two by two, scorched in the sun, worn out by the heat and fatigue, they were lashed and goaded by a whip in the hands of one of their own number, who perhaps consoled himself with this power of maltreating others. They were tall men with somber faces, which he had never see

tretched out one of those unfortunates, lifeless, yet with his eyes half opened. Two others were silently preparing a bamboo bier, showing no signs of anger or sorrow or impatience, for such is the character attributed to the natives: today it is you, tomorrow it will be I, they say to themselves. The people moved rapidly about without giving heed, women came up and

it. The almond trees in the plaza of San Gabriel1 had not grown; they were still in the same feeble and stunted condition. The Escolta appeared less beautiful in spite of the fact that an imposing building with caryatids carved on its front now occupied the place of the old row of shops.

offices, or military officers, or Chinese in foolish and ridiculous attitudes, or Gave friars and canons. In an elegant victoria he thought he recognized Padre Dam

barra was unable to restrain a smile as he thought of the strong odor which about five o'clock in the afternoon used to float all over the Puente de Barcas and which had made him sick when he was a child. T

and much money are needed to make a single leaf grow or one flower open its calyx; he recalled those of the colonies, where they are well supplied and tended, and all open to t

ppiness, weaving their dreams in the morning and disillusioning themselves at the setting of the sun, happy even in the midst of their calamities. Yes, on the farther shore of the boundless se

gless repetitions, they were convictions which had not paled in the light of the most brilliant foci of progress. That man was an old priest whose words of farewell still resounded in his ears: "Do not forget that if knowledge is the heritage of mankind, it is only the courageous who inherit it," he had reminded him. "I have tried to pass on to you what I got from my teachers, the sum of which I have endeavo

therland first, first the Philippines, the child of Spain, first the Spanish fatherlan

ugated iron. Nor was his attention caught by Malate, neither by the cavalry barracks with the spreading trees in front, nor by the inhabitants or their l

over which beat the brilliant sunlight of the tropics. The mournful and monotonous song of the driver mounted on the back of the carabao would be mingled at one time with the screechings of a dry wheel on the huge axle of the heavy vehicle or at another time with the dull scraping of worn-out runners on a sledge which was dragged heavily through the dust, and over the ruts in the road. In the fie

cs, with feet burned by the hot ground in spite of their callousness, to hurry along, or that made the villager pause beneath the shade of an almond tree or a bamboo brake while he pondered upon vague and inexplicable things. W

aza Cerv

and Bagumbayan; s

roper), being the location to which the natives who had occupied the site of Manila moved their town after having been driven back by the Spaniards-hence the name, which is a Tagalog compound meaning "new town." This place is now called Wallace Fi

pte

l Af

victoria, for it was indeed Padre Damaso, and he was

l, who were about to enter a silver-mounted carriage. In the midst o

get my things," a

e friar abstractedly, as with bowed head and slow step he tur

is memorizing it," commented Aunt Isa

s certain that some grave matter filled his mind, for he did not extend hi

I have an important matter to talk to

id not know what to say; but he obeyed, following the he

uated just inside the gate of Isabel II, or of Magellan, according to what family happened to be reigning in Madrid. Without paying any attention to the rich odor of chocolate, or to the rattle of box

sighed a

Reverence," was the young Domi

heir hollow sockets, over which his heavy eyebrows were almost always contracted, thus accentuating their brilliant gleam. Padre Sibyla

n operation, Hernando, at my age! This country, O this

xed them on the sick man's face. "What ha

o much, but-I have made many suffer, I am paying m

t the business which yo

hat ab

with a contemptuous expression, "They've been telling us fairy tales. Young Ibarra is a

belie

es began l

ady?

onclusion, "the young man is going to marry Capitan Tiago's daughter, who was educated in the college of our Sis

e like that and such a father-in-law, we'll own him body and soul. If

ked at the old

d, breathing heavily. "I prefer open attacks to the silly pr

r Reveren

r power will last as long as it is believed in. If they attack us, the government will say, 'They

sten to them? Someti

l not l

ld come to wish for itself what we are taking

e unto t

ed flattery will deceive us and put us to sleep, while outside our walls we shall be laughed at, and the day in which we become an object of ridicule, we shall fall as we fell in Euro

ays have our esta

ll ruin us! The native sees himself obliged to purchase farms in other places, which bring him as good returns as ours, or better. I fear that we are already on the decline; quos vult perdere Jupiter dementat prius.1 For this reason we should not increase our burden; the people a

ce thinks that t

d the sick man with signs of disgust. "You say th

the sherry had gone to his head, and that he believed that Padre Damaso was in the same condition. 'And your threat?' I asked him jokingly. 'Padre,' he

longer on unimportant subjects,

of his aides about the allusions that the Manila newspapers were making to him under the names of comets and celestial apparitions, o

earn this?" asked hi

s telling it this mo

in in this country and I don't want any more quarrels with men who wear skirts. Besides, I've learned that the Provincial has scoffed at my o

ple were not so stupid, I would put a curb on their Reverences," he sighed to hi

erview with Padre Damaso, or rather, to speak m

been avoided if you had consulted me beforehand, if you had not lied when I

happy thought had occurred to him, he ran to the oratory and extinguished the candles and the lam

uld destroy, they

pte

e

San Diego.1 From it sugar, rice, coffee, and fruits are either exported or sold for a small p

ith her numerous breasts, a bending bamboo, an areca palm, or a cross. Yonder is the river, a huge glassy serpent sleeping on a green carpet, with rocks, scattered here and there along its sandy channel, that break its current into ripples. There, the bed is narrowed between high banks to which the gnarled trees cling with bared roots; here, it becomes a gentle slope where the stream widens and eddies about. Farther away, a small hut built on the edge of the high bank seems to defy the winds, the heights and the depths, presenting with its slender

and dies out in the same spot. There are huge points of rock which time and nature are clothing with velvet garments of moss. Layer after layer of dust settles in the hollows, the rains beat it down, and the birds bring seeds. The tropical vegetation spreads out luxuriantly in thickets and underbrush, while curtains o

who claimed to be such presented themselves, and the old man acquired it in exchange for clothes, jewels, and a sum of money. Soon afterward he disappeared mysteriously. The people thought that he had been spirited away, when a bad odor from the neighboring wood attracted the attention of some herdsmen. Tracing this, they found the decaying corpse of the old Spaniard hanging from the branch of a balete tree.2 In life he had inspired fear by his deep, hollow voice, his sunken eyes, and his mirthless laugh, but now, dead by his own act, he disturbed the sleep of the women. Some threw the jewels

a violent disposition, even cruel at times, yet he was energetic and industrious. He surrounded the grave of his father with a wall, but visited it only at rare intervals. When he was along in years, he married a young woman from Manila, and she became the mother of Don Rafael, the father of Crisostomo. From hi

pened that when their sport was at its height, or while they gazed in awed silence at the rotting piece of rope which still swung from the branch, stones would fall, coming from they knew not where. Then with cries of "The old man! The old man!"

y town of this name, but many of

nt forms of the name of the patr

t is able to stand alone. When old it often covers a large space with gnarled and twisted trunks of varied shapes and sizes, thus presenting a weird and grotesque appearance. Thi

pte

Ru

e and

w Machi

e caciques

en one of them. As he was modest and depreciated the value of his own deeds, no faction in his favor had ever been formed i

on him. The finest fruits burdened his table and a quarter of deer or wild boar was his share of the hunt. If he found the horse of a debtor beautiful

Nevertheless, he had to answer to the alcalde for having commanded, ordered, and driven, just as if he were the originator of everything. Yet be it said to his credit th

He might have been mentioned in a sermon, surely they would have sighed longingly, "Oh, that only there were a God!" To the good Lord they paid little attention, as the s

own times with the difference that in place of marble monuments and colosseums it had its monuments of sawali and its cockpit of nipa. The curate was the Pope in the Vatican; the alferez of the Civil Guard, the King of Italy on th

e about each neck four or five scapularies and around each waist a knotted girdle, and to behold the procession of corpses and ghosts in guingón habits. The senior sacristan made a small fortune selling-or giving away as alms, we should say-all things necessary for the salvation of the soul and the warfare against the devil, as it is well known that this spirit, which formerly had the temerity to contradict God himself face to face and to doubt His words, as is related in the holy book of Job, who carried our Lord Christ th

h fines. In this respect he was very different from Padre Damaso, who had been accustomed to settle everything with his fists or a cane, administering such chastisement with the greatest good-will. For this, however, he should not be judged too harshly, as he was firm in the belief that the Indian could be managed only by beating him, just as was affirmed by a friar who knew enough to write books, and Padre Damaso never disputed anything that he saw in print, a credulity of which

lf would flee from the curate, because, having one day dared to tempt him, he was caught, tied to a bedpost, soundly whipped with a rope, and set at liberty only afte

he made a tank of himself, or by ordering his soldiers to drill in the sun while he remained in the shade, or, more frequently, by beating up his consort, who, if she was not a lamb of God to take away one's sins, at least served to lay up for her spouse many torments in Purga

oster. They called him a grafter, a hypocrite, a Carlist, and a miser: he merely smiled and recited more pr

ocolate which I doubt-but if he offers it remember this: if he calls to the servant and says, 'Juan, make a cup of chocolate,

itor would ask, "does he

n, not

t th

and rich, while 'chocolate,

art of the alferez, since the same story is told of many c

nd preach until the very saints closed their eyes and even the wooden dove above his head, the image of the Holy Ghost, murmured for mercy. But the alferez, like all the unregenerate, did not change his ways for this; he would go away cursing, and as soon as he was able to catch a sacristan, or one of the curate's servants, he would arrest him, give him a beating, and make him scrub the floor of the barracks and that of his own house, which at such times was put i

n her mouth, would take her stand at the window. She could not endure the young people, so from there she would scrutinize and mock the passing girls, who, being afraid of her, would hurry b

rulers of the t

sh priest and on his left a clerk, who also acts as interpreter. All the cabezas de barangay, the gobernadorcillo, and those who have formerly occupied the latter position, seat themselves on benches. First, there are chosen by lot six cabezas de barangay and six ex-gobernadorcillos as electors, the actual gobernadorcillo being the thirteenth. The rest leave the hall. After the presiding officer has read the statutes in a loud voice and reminded the electors of their duty to act in accorda

pte

Sa

selves to the living. It is also related that the people of New Guinea preserve the bones of their dead in chests and maintain communication with them. The greater part of the peoples of Asia, Africa, and America offer them the finest products of their kitchens or dishes of what was their favorite food when alive, and give banquets at which they believe them to be present. The Egyptians raised up palaces and the Mussulmans bu

e. The most optimistic fancies his forefathers still roasting in purgatory and, if it turns out that he himself be not completely damned, he will yet be able to as

ss set on a stone pedestal. The storms have doubled over the tin plate for the inscription INRI, and the rains have effaced the letters. At the foot of the cross, as on the real Golgotha, is a confused heap of skulls and bones which the indifferent grave-digger has thrown from the graves he digs, and there they will probably await, not the resurrection of the dead, but the coming of the animals to defile them. Round about may be noted signs of recent excavations; here the earth is sunken, there it forms a low mound. There grow in all their luxuriance the tarambulo to prick the fee

al that is hard to convince, who shows his small eyes and pulling back his head from a great gap in the fence, st

works with indifference, throwing about bones as a gardener does stones and dry branches, wh

"wouldn't it be better for us to dig i

s as recent

bone you're just cut in two has blo

f you were a town clerk! If, like myself, you had dug up a corpse

anion sh

half-way out, it stunk-and supposing y

hy did you

m in surprise. "Why? How do I

rdered

u're like a Spaniard, for afterwards a Spaniard asked me the same questions, but in secret.

the corpse afterwards?" furthe

ly a Spaniard of the Civil Guard, since you ask questions just as he did. Well, the fat curate ordered

e and jumped out of the hole. "I've cut a skull in two and I'm afraid that it won't let me sleep t

unable to agree, they scattered about, each kneeling where he thought best. Others, who had niches for their deceased relatives, lighted candles and fell to p

ions as he went toward a pile of skulls and knelt to look earnestly for something among the bones. Then he carefully removed the skulls one by one, but apparently without finding what he s

he meat of a coconut, with a complete set of teeth, which

ger shrugged

er coin, "I have only this, but I'll give

nsider, and staring toward the heap of bones he said,

ll give you more," continued the old man. "It was

on't know! But if you wis

hized the old man nervously. "You don't know the

w?" replied the o

a cor

y smile. "You don't know what you throw away nor what you receiv

of fresh red earth at the sides of the grave. He took some buyo from his salako

ter

s of

red appearance and sweating horses, seemed to have come from a great distance. Followed by an aged servant, Ibarra

ld see that a niche was constructed, but I planted some flowers on the grave and set up a cross carved by my own hands." Ibar

fully to avoid stepping on any of the graves, which were easily distinguishable by the hollow places in the soil. In other times he had walked on them carelessly, but now they were to be respected: his

ugh his teeth. "No, there! But

him a look

grave was rather short. The grave-digger was sick, so a farmer ha

s watching them with curiosity. He removed

grave there that had a cross

toward the place and r

ant eagerly, with a significant loo

up with rattan?" cont

med the servant in answer as he drew on t

owers scattere

e-nots, yes!" the servant added joyfu

the grave and wh

r and answered with a yawn: "Well

Why did yo

t curate ordere

fat curate?"

that beats people

ad. "But at least you can tell us wher

e answered quietly, "But the

hat you'r

in a half-jesting tone. "I buried

servant. "It hasn't been

he fat curate ordered me to do so and to take it to the cemetery o

o had caught him by the arm and was shaking him. "Did yo

. "I didn't bury him among the Chinamen. Better be drowned than lie

e with an indefinable expression. Then, with the ejaculation, "You are only a miserable slave

adre caned me for allowing it to be buried while I was sick, and this fellow almost tore

but no tear wet his eyes nor did any sigh escape from his breast. He moved as if fleeing from something, perhaps the shade of his father, perhaps the approaching storm. He crossed through the town to the outskirts on the opposite side and turned toward the old house which

It was the curate of San Diego, the pensive Franciscan whom we have seen before, the rival of the alferez. The breeze folded back the brim of his wide hat and bl

m head to foot; Fray Salvi avoided the look and tried to appear unconcerned. After a moment of hesitation Ibarra went

he deep feelings that flushed the youth's f

ather?" again demanded the

heavy hand that pressed upon his shoulder, made a great effort

the youth, forcing h

was my predecessor,

ately to his brow; then, leaving poor Fray Salvi, he turned away and hurrie

pte

Lunatic

rned and forget God, so she had given him his choice of entering the priesthood or leaving college. Being in love, he chose the latter course and married. Then having lost both his wife and his mother within a year, he sought consolation in his books in order to free himself from sorrow, the cockpit, and the dangers of idleness. He beca

xcessively sultry. Tasio had apparently already forgotten his beloved skull, and now he was smiling as he looked at the dark clouds. Near the church he met

erry?" he greeted

itan, I'm merry becaus

do you h

sto

" asked the gobernadorcillo in a jesting way a

er some trash!" answered Tasio in a similar, though somewhat more offens

t, t

ill people and burn down house

ask for the d

lightning-rods. Every one laughs at me, and buys bombs and rockets and pays for the ringing of bells. Even you yourself, on the day after I made my proposition, ordered from the Chinese founders a bell in honor of St. Barbara,1 when science

aría, y José! Holy St. Barbara!" exclaimed the g

y of your patroness," he remarked dryly in Spanis

ooden sockets. Two large tables had been placed one above the other and covered with

n, but noticing two boys, one about ten and the other seven, he

sked them. "Your mother has prepared

ght o'clock, sir," answered the larger of the two bo

ere are you

r, to ring the kne

take care! Don't go near

irway into the organ-loft. He passed his hand over his eyes, looked at the sky again, and murmured, "Now I should

invited a voice in

aw a man of thirty or thirty-f

asked Tasio, pointing to a b

Suffered by the Blessed Souls in Purga

n altered tone as he entered the house.

his young wife, Do?a Teodora Vi?a. Don Filipo was the teniente-mayor of the town and leader of one of the partie

son of the deceased Don Rafael,

as he alighted f

for his father's grave. It mu

hrugged hi

ortune affect you?"

the Captain-General when I saw that no one, not even the authorities, said anything about such an out

el

mother I believe a little like the Chinese: I honor the father on account of the son and not the son on account of the

, as I advised you yesterday?" asked the youn

d the old man

e exclaimed with

ng the prayers of the living, and that during these days one mass is equivalent to

ave a period without paying, wh

lipo, "you know that Don Anastas

the old man, partly rising from his seat.

claimed the couple, full of su

Well, as it has begun to rain and threatens to continue, we shall have ti

d and Doray sat down at his side determined not to

stete; or somewhere near Cluny, according to the monk of whom Padre Girard tells us. But the location is of least importance here. Now then, who were scorching in those fires th

in potentia and not in ac

y be, it is certain that Zarathustra talked of a kind of purgatory and showed ways of getting free from it. The living could redeem the souls of those who died in sin by reciting passages from the Avesta and by doing good works, but under the condition that the person offering the petitions should be a relative, up to the fourth generation. The time for this occurred every year and lasted five days. Later, when this belief had become fixed among the people, the priests of that religion saw in it a chance of profit and so t

t up and exclaim, as she crossed herself: "Jesús, María, y José! I'm going to

good Catholic, and I don't care to root out the faith from her heart. A pure and simple faith is as distinct from fanaticism as the flame from smoke or music from discords: only the fools and the deaf confuse them

may have given Rome her Charon and her Avernus, had anything like this idea. I won't speak now of the religions of northern Europe, for they were religions of warriors, bards, and hunters, and not of philosophers. While they yet preserve their beliefs and even their rites under Christian forms, they were unable to accompany the hordes in the spoliation of Rome or to seat themselves on the Capitoline; the religions of the mists were dissipated by the southern sun. Now then, the early Christians did not believe in a purgatory but died in the blissful confidence of shortly seeing God face to face. Apparently the first fathers of the Church who mentioned it were St. Clement of Alexandria, Origen, and St. Irenaeus,

Don Filipo. "He wasn't satisfied with wha

f Trent under Pius IV in 1563, in the twenty-fifth session, issued the purgatorial decree beginning Cura catholica ecclesia, Spiritu Santo edocta, wherein it deduces that, after the office of the mass, the petitions of the living, their prayers, alms, and other pious works are the surest means of freeing the souls. Nevertheless, the Protestants do not believe in it nor do the Greek Fathers, since they reject any Biblical authority for it and say that our responsibili

oks. If they should steal them to read I wouldn't object, but I know that there are many who wish to burn them in order to do for me an act

ith a smile, as she appeared carrying in a brazier the dry palm

an thoughtfully. "When I die I will commit myself to Him without f

hought

would result that after damning millions and millions of men during the countless ages that passed before the Saviour came to the earth, after a Son of God has died for us, it is now possible to save only five in every t

h? Divine Justic

py and condemn hundreds to eternal misery, and all in a moment, for hereditary faults! No! If that be true, strangle your baby son sleeping there! If such a belief were not a blasphemy against that God, who must be the Highest Good, then the Phenician Mol

flash, followed by frightful thunder and filling the air with deadly currents, lighted the old man as he stretched his han

came more frequent and the

thunder-storms as the special pr

(i.e., latent) an

various pena

ung to bleach

waters, others

are drained, and al

irgil's A

be with me in paradi

some light faults there is a purg

shalt bind on ea

up to p

pte

Sacr

and that the eternal arch of heaven was trembling with fear. The rain, whipped about in a different direction each moment by the mournfully whistling wind, fell in torrents. With a

ild of seven years with large black eyes and a timid countenance, was huddling close to his brother, a boy o

which extended upward and was lost amid the shadows above. The wind-driven rain reached them and snuffed the piece of candle

le brother, who did as he was told, so that from above was hea

her," sighed the younger, as he gazed at

watching the melting wax of the c

went on Crispin. "Mother wouldn't all

ead, and clutching the thick rope pulled violently o

'd like to fall into a long sickness so that mother might take care of me and not let me come back to the con

"we should all die: mother

a moment, then asked, "How m

They're fine

tolen, so that they won't call

g to eat. The senior sacristan says that you've stole

Six hands and two fingers over and each finger a peso!" h

red and

d and sixty times a cuarto? Goodness!

ands," answer

finger a cuarto-goodness, what a lot of cuartos! I could hardly count them in three days; and with them could be bought shoes for our feet, a hat fo

t I didn't steal!"

reproached

y doesn't appear, and if I had stolen it I could make it appear. Anyhow, if I

me he replied with a sigh: "What I'm afraid of is t

show the welts on my back and my torn pocket. I had only one cuarto, which was given to me last Easter, bu

curate s

bs, "Then go home alone! I don't want to go. T

ther won't believe it-don't cry! Old Tasio t

appear. But, if mother believes it? You must tell her that the senior sacristan is a liar but that the curate be

ds on the child's lips. It was a long, narrow head covered with black hair, with blue glasses concealing the fact that one eye was sigh

n time," he said in a voice so hollow that his throat seemed to lack vocal

s brother as if plea

-mother expects us at eight o'c

o home at eight, you

no one is allowed to be out an

ed the man irritably, as he caught Crispi

seen our mother," begged Basilio, catchin

spin, who began to weep as he fell to the floor, crying out

shadows below Basilio stood speechless, listening to the sounds of his brother's body striking agains

e and the cries of "Mother! Brother!" were at last completely cut off by the sound of a closing door. Trembling and perspiring, he paused for a moment with his fist in his mouth to keep down a cry of anguish. He let his gaze wander about the dimly lighted church where an oil-lamp gave a ghostly light, revealing the catafalque in the ce

the balustrade, and without even remembering to put out the light let himself down into the darkness outside. A few moments later

pte

i

of the souls, and had burned many wax tapers before the sacred images. The rich and powerful had discharged the duties their positions imposed upon them. On the following day they woul

novenas, nor do they know the responsories, versicles, and prayers which the friars have composed for those who lack original ideas and feelings, nor do they understand them. They pray in the language of their misery: their souls weep for them and for those dead beings whose love was their wealth. Their lips may proffer the salutations, but their minds cry out complaints, charged with lamentations. Wilt Thou be satisfied, O Thou who blessedst poverty, and you, O suffering souls, with th

dly desires," says the voice that she heard in the pulpit, "it is necessary that you make sacrifices." Yes, it is necessary. The Church does not gratuitously save the beloved souls for you nor does it distribute indulgences without payment. You must buy them, so tonight instead of sleeping you should work. Think of your daughter, so poorly clothed! Fast, for heaven is dear! Decidedly, it seems that the poor

the chirp of the little lizard which has come out in search of food, while the big gekko, no longer fearing the wate

hem, are convinced that they see spirits and ghosts. But neither the dogs

hims, he had begun to maltreat her. Weak in character, with more heart than intellect, she knew only how to love and to weep. Her husband was a god and her sons were his angels, so he, knowing to what point he was loved and feared, conducted himself like all false gods: daily he became more cruel, more inhuman, more wilful. Once when he had appeared with his countenance gloomier than ever before, S

ipod, or tunko, was a small pot of boiling rice and upon the red coals lay three little dried fishes such as are sold at three for two cuartos. Her chin rested in the palm of her hand while she gazed at the weak yellow glow peculiar to the cane, which burns rapidly and leaves em

regular and her pale lips curved pleasantly. She was what the Tagalogs call kayumanguing-kaligátan; that is, her color was a clear, pure brown. In spite of her youthfulness, pain and perhaps even hunger had begun to mak

ed it but had received only a promise of payment. All that day she had been anticipating the pleasures of the evening, for she knew that her sons were coming and she had intended to make them some presents. She had bought some small fishes, picked the most beautiful tomatoes in her little garden, as she knew that Crispin was very fon

d nothing, although she felt as if she herself were being eaten. His hunger at length appeased, he remembered to ask for the boys. Then Sisa smiled happily and res

p his game-cock

asio told me that they would be a little late. Crispin now

waver, but his good angel triumphed. "In that c

rice and prepared the only three fishes that were left: each would have one and a half. "Th

. She put the fishes inside the pot to keep them warm and went to the threshold of the hut to look toward the road. To keep herself company, she began to sing in a low voice, a voice usually so sweet and tender that when her sons listened to her singing the kun

n by the light. Night favors credulity and the imagination peoples the air with specters. She tried to pray, to call upon the Virgin and upon God to watch over her sons, especially her little Crispin. Then she forgot her prayers as her thoughts wandered to think about them, to recall the features of each, those features that

en, mother!" cried the voi

olently and the v

ter

si

da es

er alone. She wanted to speak but could make no sound; she wanted to embrace her son but lacked the strength; to weep was impossibl

Basilio reassured her. "Cri

e stayed at the con

rom the depths of sorrow to the heights of joy. She wept an

But why are you wounded, my son? Have you had a f

I ran away. In the town the soldiers challenged me, I started to run, they fired, and a bullet grazed my forehead. I was af

for bandages, water, vinegar, and a feather, she went on, "A finger's breadth more and they woul

ree so that no one will know they

" asked Sisa, after dr

mingling, he related little by little the story of the gold pieces, without

have to endure everything!" murmured Sisa, staring through her tears at the light of t

y supper yet? Here

nything, only a

that you don't like dried fish. I had prep

instinctively examining the

he added hastily: "He came and asked a lot about you and wanted to see you, and he was ve

silio's contracted lips interrupt

"But aren't we three better off-you, Crispin,

overed the few coals with ashes so that the fire would not die out entirely, just as a man does with his inner feelings; he covers

brother who that night had expected to sleep in his mother's lap and who now was probably trembling with terror and weeping in some dark corner of the convento. His ear

ind the sacristan, who caught and held him, thus exposing him to the curate's fury. The unfortunate boy fought, kicked, screamed, threw himself on the floor and rolled about. He picked himself up, ran, slipped, fell, and parried the blows with his hands, which, wounded, he hid quickly, all the time shrieking with pain. Basilio saw him twist himself, strike the floor with his head, he saw and heard the rattan whistle. In desperat

ck to reality. "What's the

covered with perspiration. "It was a dream! Tell m

id you

g his tears and wiping away the persp

" repeated Basilio

I can't sleep," said his mo

ere there were many flowers-the women had baskets full of rice-stalks the men too had baskets full

in dreams, so sh

lan tonight," said Basilio a

mble in everything, even with her own sons,

to be a sacris

ha

n in the church when no one else was about, kneeling and praying, believe it. So, mother, I'll stop being a sacristan. I earn but little and that little is taken away from me in fines. Every one complains of the same thing. I'll be a herdsman and by performing my tasks carefully I'll make my employer like me. Perhaps he'll let us milk a cow so that we can drink milk-Crispin likes milk so much. Who can tell! Maybe they'll give us a little calf if they see that I behave well and we'll take care of it and fatten it like our hen. I'll pick fruits in the woods and sell them in the town along with the vegetables from our garden, so we'll have money. I'll set snares and t

r son. She noted, however, that in their future the bo

ence of the years that see only what they wish for.

d other fruits in the woods; they clambered from branch to branch, light as butterflies; they penetrated into the caves and saw the shining rocks; they bathed in the springs where the sand was gold-dust and the stones like the jewels in the Virgin's crown. The li

mother, who was not of his age and w

happened to any Franciscan, but something similar is re

as taken prisoner by the insurgents and by them made "bishop" of their camp. Having taken advantage of this position to collect and forward to the Spanish authorities in Manila information concerning the insurgents' preparations and plans, he was ti

e rare, and the only wild carniv

ter

in T

mass, having offered up three in the space of an hour. "The padre is ill," commented t

king at any one. "Attention!" whispered the sacristans among themselves. "The dev

omen seated upon benches and a man who was pacing back and forth. Upon seeing him approach, the women arose and

jesting laugh, offended at such a reception. "Not to give his hand to me,

Sister Sipa, a toothless old woman. "I wanted to confess

h a frank face. "This week I earned three plenary indu

lenary indulgence was enough to get him out of purgatory.

," answered the simple Sister Juana

d, chewing at the buyo meanwhile: "I don't misspend one holy day! Since I've belonged to the Sisterhood I've earned four hundred and fifty-seven plenary indulgences, seven

e man who was pacing back and forth remarked with some disdain, "Well, this year I've gained four plenary i

indulgences or nine hundred ninety-four thousand eight hundr

years more and a few months over," answered the man,

at last admitting defeat. "You're a

wonderful that I earn more than you do. Why, I can al

hem, sir?" asked four or f

h a gesture of proud disdain

know very well that for every idle word one must suffer forty days in fire, according to the curate; for every

from the flames! How many saints have I made! Besides, even in articulo mortis I can still earn, if I wish, a

st do as I do, for I don't lose a single day and I keep

do you do?"

ar-neither a day more nor a day less.' Then I play heads and tails: if it comes heads, no; if tails, yes. Let's suppose that it comes tails, then I write down paid; if it comes heads, then I keep the indulgence. In this way I arra

better way," rema

onished Rufa. "That can't be! My

e convinced, Sister," said ol

's hear!" excla

w very well that by saying the Bendita sea tu pureza and the Se?or mío Jes

!" "Five!" interrup

up the pieces; and for every scrap, even the very smallest, he has to recite for me one of those prayers. The indulge

ed by the servants and not by y

ad to pay for them in that way and it suits me also. I never re

!" "I'll do the same!" "An

nto two or three pieces, then you earn

cite the prayers anyhow. Then I glue the

ad no more ob

ese matters of heaven, purgatory, and hell, while I confess that I'm ignorant. Often I find in the n

, we

succession, three Ave Marias in succession, and three Gloria Patris in success

paternoster

other way. You mustn't mix up males and females. The paternosters are m

, Ave Maria, and Gloria are like rice, m

or you who pray that way wil

ay won't get anything from yo

I lost a little pig, I prayed to St. Anthony and

your neighbors was saying t

less one! Perha

pig, Sisters! The Holy Scriptures give us an example to follow. The heretics and Protestants didn't quarrel with Our Lord for driving into the water a herd of swine that belonged

e, changed his tone and continued: "Soon the curate will send for us. We must tell him which preacher we've chosen of the three that he suggested yes

r," murmured

now how to preach," declared S

disdainfully. "He hasn't any voi

e Damaso surely does know how to

nderstand him,"

ry deep! And as

isa, who was carrying a basket on her head. She

bles, which she placed in a basket among banana-leaves and flowers; then she had looked along the bank of the river for the pakó which she knew the curate liked for salads. Putting on her best clothes and without awakening her son, she had set out for the town with the basket on her head. As she went up the stairway she, tried to make a

bles?" she asked, not taking

rdly looking at her as he busied himsel

placing the flowers above them. Smiling, she then addressed one of the servants,

was the whi

e servant looked surprised and wrinkled his eyebrows. "

spin stayed here," answered

s. Early this morning the curate ordered me to go and report it to the Civ

her mouth to speak, but her lips

s plain that you're a faithful wife, the sons are so like

ter weeping and let her

"Don't you know that the padre's si

making conjectures about the curate's illness, so she hid her face in her pa?uelo and suppressed the sounds of her grief. Upo

pte

aster's D

cio y pues lo

ecio para dar

DE

ght awoke on its surface the phosphorescent spirits, there were outlined in the distance, almost on the horizon, the gray silhouettes of the little bankas of the fishermen who were taking in their nets and

your father's body was thrown into the water. Here's wh

nowing any one, without recommendation, and having neither name nor fortune, just as at present. My predecessor had abandoned the school to engage in the tobacco trade. Your father protected me, secured me a house, and furnished whateve

a time. Then he turned to his companion: "Did you s

as possible and write when t

s the r

heir torn camisas and

u now?" asked Ibarra wit

e roll but only about twenty

es that

answered, "To tell you the reasons w

n to weep for him, and far better than to revenge him. Sacred nature has become his grave, and his enemies were the people and a priest. The former I pardon on account of their ignorance and the latter because I

ion will never amount to much; in the very first place because, even when we have the pupils, lack of suitable means, and other things that attract them more, kill off their interest. It is said that in Germany a peasant's son studies for eight years in the town sc

see the evil, not tho

e of the padre's carriage. There the children, who like to read aloud, very naturally disturb the padre, and he often comes down, nervous, especially when he has his attacks, yells at them, and even insults me at times. You know that no one can either teach or lear

dren because, in addition to the fact that the government so orders, I thought also that it would be of advantage for everybody. I used the simplest method of words and phrases without paying any attenti

nt upstairs at once, saluted him, and wished him good-morning in Spanish. His only greeting had been to put out his hand for me to kiss, but at this he drew it back and without answering me began to laugh loud and mockingly. I was very much embarrassed, as the senior sacristan was present. At the moment I didn't know just what to say, for the curate continued his laughter and I stood staring at h

nable to rep

e I saw far, far away. I advanced to reply to him without knowing just what I was going to say, but the senior sacristan put himself between us. Padre Damaso arose and said to me in Tagalog: 'Don't try to shine in borrowed finery. Be content to talk yo

ugh he insulted me, I had to remain silent, for if I replied he would have had me removed from my position, by which I should lose all hope in my chosen profession. Nor would the cause of education gain anything, but the opposite, for everybody would take the curate's side, they would curse me and call me presumptuous, proud, vain, a bad Christian, uncultured, and if not

ourage you for all time?

nsult to my mind, causing me hours of great bitterness. But what was I to do? I could not undeceive my mother, I had to say to her that her three years of sacrifice to give me this profession now constituted my happiness. It is necessary to make her believe that this profession is most honorable, the work delightful, the way strewn with flowers

re in prospect. Fear and terror disturb the most serene, and a child's imagination, besides being very lively, is also very impressionable. As it is on the brain that ideas are impressed, it is necessary that there be both inner and outer calm, that there be serenity of spirit, physical and moral repose, and willingness, so I thought that before everything else I should cultivate in the children confidence, assurance, and some personal pride. Moreover, I comprehended that the daily sight of floggings destroyed kindness in their hearts and deadened all sense of dignity, which is such a powerful lever in the world. At the same time it caused them to lose their sense of shame, which is a difficult thing to restore. I have also observed that when one pupil is flogged, he gets comfort from the fact that the others are treated in the same way, and that he smiles with satisfaction upon hearing the wails of the others. As for the person who does the flogging, while at first he may do it with repugnance, he soon becomes hardened to it and even takes delight in his gloomy task. The past filled me wit

e careful and to return to the old system, otherwise he would make unfavorable report about me to the alcalde of the province. Nor was this the end of my troubles. A few days afterward some of the parents of the children presented themselves under the convento and I had to call to my aid all my patience and resignation. They began by reminding me of former times when teachers had character and taught as their grandfathers had. 'Those indeed were the times of the wise men,' they declared, 'they whipped, and straightened the bent tree. They were not boys but old men of experience, gray-haired and severe. Don Catalino, king of them all and founder of this very school, used to administer no less than twenty-five blows and as a result his pupils became wise men and priest

d to spare the whippings and to administer them with all the moderation possible, yet the children felt the change keenly, they became discouraged and wept bitterly. It touched my heart, and even though in my own mind I was vexed with the stupid parents, still I was unable to take any spite out on those innocent victims of their parents' prejudices. Their tears burned me, my heart s

ecovery. It would have been the same to them whether I got well or not, or they might have preferred that I continue sick since my substitute, although he whipped them more, rarely went to the school. My other pupils, those whose parents had obliged them to attend school, had gone to other places. Their pare

looking after your new

h varies according to the religious order to which the curate belongs. These books are generally novenas, canticles, and the Catechism of Padre Astete,4 from which they learn about as much piety as they would from the books of heretics. Seeing the impossibility of teaching the pupils in Spanish or of translating so many books, I tried to substitute short passages from useful works in Tagalog, such as the Treatise on Manners by Hortensio y Feliza, some manuals of Agriculture, and so forth. Sometimes I would myself translate simple works, such as Padre Barranera's History of the Philippines, which I then dictated to the children, with at times a few

now know the mysteries and the canticles, but I fear that my efforts will come to grief with the Catechism of Padre Astete, since the greater part of the pupils do not distingui

as sent me an invitation to attend a meeting in the town hall. Wh

d: "You'll see how the plan of which they talked to me

nce it pays for it, it is proper to

nfluence intact, do not look favorably upon the spread of Castilian. About the only ones who know Spanish are the Indians who have been in the service of Europeans. The first reading exercise is some devotional book, then the catechism; the reader is called Casaysayan. On the average half of the children between seven and ten ye

reference to Maestro Ciruela in Spanish is somewhat similar to

Gaspar Astete, was prescribed as the text-book for primary schools, in the Philippines. See Blair and Roberts

pte

ng in the

en about a dozen old flint-locks among rusty swords and talibons, the armament of the cuadrilleros.1 At one end of the hall there hung, half hidden by soiled red curtains, a picture of his Majesty, the King of Spain. Underneath this picture, upon a wooden platform, an

ndent villages. The faction of old men does not mix with that of the youths, for they are mutually hostile. They represen

of the liberal faction, was saying to his friends. "It was a deep-laid scheme, this thing of putting of

hold a conference with the curate, who

have everything prepared. Just so the plan

pted Don Filipo, "as I shall prese

saying?" asked his

first I shall present

t about

ilipo with a smile, turning toward a youthful cabeza de b

r," said his hearers, starin

o your ideas. Do you wish that a thing shall not be done? Then propose it yourself, and though it were more useful than a miter, it would be rejected. Once they have defea

ut

ggerate it to the point of making it ridiculous.

es, entered with a look of disgust on his face. Upon his entrance the murmurs ceased, every one sat down, and silence was gradually established, as he took his seat under the picture of

r this meeting-ahem! Ahem! We have to celebrate the fiesta of our patron saint, San Diego, on the twelft

an Basilio, the direct contrast of Don Rafael, Ibarra's father. He was a man who maintained that after the death of St. Tho

es, the things that I have to say are of such importance that they should not be put off or last spoken of, and accordingly I wish to speak first in order to give them due weight. So you will allow me to speak first in this meeting where I see so many notable persons, such as the present se?or capitan, the former capitan; my distinguished friend, Don Valentin, a for

e notables alluded to and some others who considered Capitan Basilio a great orator. The elders coughed in a satisfie

. In imagination I fancy myself in the midst of the august Roman senate, senatus populusque romanus, as was said in those happy days which, unfortunately for humanity, will nevermore return. I propose to the Patres Conscripti, as

ce of superiority toward Ibarra, who was seated in a corner, and a significant look at his friends as if to say, "Aha! Haven'

" began the gobernadorcillo, but a repetitio

the Conscript Fathers, since no one rose. Then Don Filipo seized the opportunity an

the fiesta," he began. "We can't allow it," commented a c

I haven't yet made known the plan which we, the younger men, bring here. We feel sure that this great

ed the minds of the conservatives that they swor

o. "Now then, with such a sum we shall be able to celebrate a fiesta that will eclipse in

town of A--- has five thousand, B-

he unterrified speaker. "I propose that we erect a theater in

ake one hundred and sixty," ob

contract with a troupe of comedians from Tondo for seven performances on seven successive nights. Seven performa

stared in amazement. Only tho

and old maids, nothing of the sort. We want big bombs and immense rockets. I propose two hundred big bombs at t

so bomb doesn't frighten or deafen m

esos for two hundred bombs

oney," continued the speaker, raising his voice and casting a rapid glance at the whispering group of elders, "I propose: first, four hermanos mayores3 for the two days of the fiesta; and second, tha

a," repeated the flat

se steadil

os, his best game-cocks, and his playing-cards, I propose that the cockpit r

ng, thinking that he had gone craz

may not neglect the p

ll over the hall drowned his voice

on't want him to flatter himself over having run

als. "We'll vote against his plan. He has gon

er, did nothing to restore order, but rather

nd was granted permission to speak, but he did not o

ated. So many bombs and so many nights of theatrical performances can only be desired by a young man, such as he is, who can spend night after night sitting up and listening to so

ers with one voice. The youths were

e lake? 'Humbug!' our neighbors would say. And afterwards we should have to fast for six months! What have we to do with Sylla and the Romans? Have they

Capitan Basilio prompted him in a low voice. "

em to throw their food into the sea so that they might commit no sin. But, in s

ir chief rival had been defeated, even the worst of the irreconcilable insurgen

ed for their age and prudence and judgment in affairs, but since the eloquent orator, Capitan Basilio, has re

ion, remarking to one another: "This young man talk

iculate," observed Capitan Basilio. "But there's time y

t perfect or that you will accept it, but at the same time that I once more bow to the judgment of all of you, I wish to prove to ou

how he should stand and how he ought to move his arm. The only one remaining impassive was the gobernadorcillo, who w

ary, such as we see every day, and endeavor that the money collected may not leave the town

ented the youths. "

!" added t

se people, they would hang us on Bagumbayan. What are those princesses who mingle in the battles, scattering thrusts and blows about in combat with princes, or who wander alone over mountains and through valleys as though seduced by the tikbálang? Our nature is to love sweetness and tenderness in woman, and we would shudder at the thought of taking the blood-sta

s right!" exclaimed

tered several old

thought of that," mur

ing to do it?" aske

resent. The other is in nine acts for two nights and is a fantastical drama of a satirical nature, entitled 'Mariang Makiling,'4 written by one of the best poets of the province. Seeing that the discussion of preparations for the fiesta has been postponed and fearing that there would not be time enough left, we have secretly

er!" shouted Capitan Ba

ros, I'll lend you min

is needed-" stammered anot

cepted!" crie

with emotion and his

ted! Accepted without discussion!" Thus satisfied with revenge and the com

ustoms we must have some fireworks; wheels and fire castles are very beautiful and entertaining, but I don't believe it necessary to have bombs, as the former speaker proposed. Two bands of music will afford sufficient merriment and thus we shall avoid those rivalries and quarrels between the poor musicians who come to gladden our fiesta with their work and who so often behave like fighting-cocks, afterwards going

ough the hall, as nearly eve

novations! Innovations

ng and humiliate that fellow," s

adorcillo. That worthy official was perspiring and fidgeting about. He rubbed his hand over

he hall listen

asked Capi

ree-I mean-yes, but-" Here he rubbed his eyes with the back of his hand. "

n a cuarto for it?" exclaimed a penetrating voice. All looked toward

onless with his eyes fix

rate want?" asked

, three high masses, and if there is any money left,

t," said the youths an

gobernadorcillo. "I've promised him

you have us

purpose of tel

ou tell us so

Capitan Basilio spoke and I haven't ha

eyed," echoed

calde will put us all in jail," a

ta yourselves," exclaimed the youths,

y been collected," sai

ificed my pride in favor of a good cause; you are sacrificing your di

s there anything that I can do for you at the capit

some busin

there!" answered I

o said to him: "The blame is ours! You didn't protest when they gav

rm is a disaster; they go barefoot; on horseback, they hold the reins in the right hand and a lance in the left. They are usually good-for-nothing, but to their credit it must be said that they do no damage. Lacking military instru

he kind supposed to have been used by the first emigrants to the Philippines. Hence, at first, the "head of a barangay" meant the leader or chief of a family or group of famili

it great honor and importance, but also entailing considerable expense, as the appointee was supposed to furnish a l

town of Kalamba, the author's birthplace. About this mountain cluster a number of native legends havin

pte

ry of a

ierto-vola

stante-sin

AE

thing seems to grow dark around us, and, if we do see some faint light shining from afar, we run toward it, we follow it, even though an abyss yawns in our path. The mother wanted to save her sons, and

rything. She was not ignorant of the boldness of those men, who did not lower their gaze before even the richest people of the town. What would they do now to he

n fattening. She breathed more freely and took heart again. "How good they are and what kind hearts they have!" she murmured, almost weeping with joy. Had the soldiers burned her house but left her sons at liberty she would have heaped blessings upon them! She again looked gratefully toward the sky through which a flock of herons, those light clouds in

her way. They called her again, this time with a yell and an insulting epithet. She turned toward them, pale and trembling in spit

u to that tree and shoot you," sai

stared a

the thieves, aren't

ieves!" repeated

y your sons broug

The m

e other. "We've come to arrest your sons, and the older

it has been many days since I've seen Crispin. I expected to see

ces. "All right!" exclaimed one of them. "G

we are used to that kind of suffering. Basilio didn't bring me a single cuarto. Search the whole

gaze on Sisa's eyes, "come with us. Your sons will show

s she stepped backward and gazed fearf

s to offer you. The only thing I had you've already taken, and that is the hen which I was thinking of

, and if you don't move alo

e. "At least, let me go ahead of you some distance," she begged,

e until we get into the town, you might be able to escape, you'll walk between us. Once there you may walk ahead twen

w about the air and the light of day? True shame encounters eyes everywhere. She covered her face with her pa?uelo and walked along blindly, weeping in silence at her disgrace. She had felt misery and knew what it was to be abandoned by every one, even her own husband, but unt

drink of water and had presented her with some fishes. Now as they passed her they seemed to beat and trample upon her while their compassionate or disdainful looks penetrated through her pa?uelo and stung her face. When these travelers had finally passed she sig

basket of fruit and vegetables. Alas, all that was past, like a dream! The lover had become her husband and a cabeza de barangay, and then trouble had commenced to

upon which she might dash herself to pieces! Now she regretted that she had come so far with the soldiers; she longed for the deep river that flowed by her hut, whose high and rock-strewn banks would have offered such a sweet death. But

as a complaint and a lament, a prayer and a reproach, sorrow condensed into sound, "Now we're in the town." Even the soldier

to escape encountering them. With a bitter smile she saluted two of her acquaintances, who merely turned inquiring glances upon her, so that to avoid further mortification she fixed her gaze on the ground, and yet,

camisa of blue gauze, easily recognizable from her costume as a querida of the soldiery. Sisa felt as if she had received a slap in the face, for that woman had exposed her before the crowd. She raised her eyes for

or where a sentinel stood and tried to enter it, but a still more imperious voice called her aside. With wavering steps she sought the direction of that voice, then felt herself pushed along by the shoulders;

while their thighs furnished pillows for their queridas, who were reclining on benches, smoking and gazing wearily at

ly the old hen!" commented one woman to the new arrivals,-whe

he chicks," Sisa herself answered when sh

the guards in a disgusted tone. "Has

swer, for no one was going to trouble himse

ead hidden in her arms and her hair falling down in disorder. At noon the alferez wa

eleased and that no one should pay any attention to the matter. "If he wants to get b

ed to hurry toward her house, with her head bared, her hair disheveled, and her gaze fixed on the distant horizon. The sun burned in its zenith with never a

spin, stopping every few minutes to listen attentively. Her voice came back in an echo, for the soft murmur of the water in the neighboring river and the rustling of the bamboo leaves were the only sounds that broke the stillness. She called again and again as she climbed the low clif

nding, or wall, that overlooked the precipice. She seized and examined it in the sunlight. There were blood stains on it, but Sisa hardly saw them, for she went outside and continued to raise an

uld hear moans and sighs which you might suppose to be the soughing of the wind as it beats on the high towers and moldering walls to fill you with terror and make you shudder in spite of yourself; as mournful as those unknown sounds of the dark night when the tempest roars were the accents of that mother. In this condition night came upon her. Perhaps Heaven had granted some hours

wandering flight, for an

ter

and S

ta, commenting and murmuring at the same time. While all were enjoying the prospect of the pleasures to come, some spoke ill of the gobe

during the holy services, nor does he talk much with us, and he is thinner and more taciturn than usual," commented his penitents. The cook noticed him getting thinner and thinner by minutes and complained of the little honor that was done to his dishes. But that which caused

thought him a prisoner on account of his treatment of Padre Salvi on the afternoon of All Saints, but the comments reached a climax when, on the eveni

sons were for

r than the aromatic odors that floated through the garden. It was the hour when the sirens of the lake take advantage of the fast falling twilight to show their merry heads above the waves to gaze upon the setting sun and sing it to rest. It is said that their eyes and hair are blue, and that they are crowned with white and red wa

l be fulfilled. I'll arrange everything

ends to come. But arrange it so

hy

odd, such strange, such incomprehensible things! He asked me once if I have ever dreamed of letters from my mother. I really believe that he is half-crazy. My frie

has conducted himself nobly toward me. When the alcalde consulted him about the business of which I've told you, he had only praises for me and di

he said, "and when one catches cold one generally doesn't get rid of it until the hot weather. Aren't you afraid of

" answered Ibarra. "During these months we have our autumn and o

alvi s

g," continued Ibarra. "In February the buds on the trees will burst open and in M

e things, of the weather, of the town, and of the

ne that we are going to celebrate tomorrow. It is to be a picnic

ill it b

in the neighboring wood, near to the old bal

I accept it to prove to you that I hold no rancor against you. But I shall have to g

ngements for the picnic on the next day. The night was dark and

you?" ask

answered the unknown, "but I've

hat pu

I'm an outlaw, sir. But I've lost my two sons, my wife is insa

critically as he asked,

r pity upon my

f you wish to come, you can tell me as

quickly disappeared in the shadow

ter

sh

followed by some old women and by servants who were carrying gracefully on their heads baskets of food and dishes. Looking upon the laughing and hopeful countenances of the young women and watching the wind blow about their abundant black hair and the wide folds of their garments, we might have taken them for goddesses of the night fleeing

sleep," Aunt Isabel scolded. "When we were

r would the old folks have been such

lk in low tones, but soon forgot themselves and aga

alk to him," Sinang was advising Maria Clara.

exacting,"

bey while he's only engaged, for after he's your hus

that, child?" her cousin

uiet, for he

th large bamboo torches, now came up, march

who maintained a serious and formal attitude, just as if they had never known how to laugh,

think we'll have good we

now how to swim well," answere

ass first," sighed Aunt I

h, pointing to the tall, thin one who had first spoken. The latter, who had a clownish countenance, threw himself into an att

uined cotton of many colors. Little paper lanterns hung from an improvised canopy amid flowers and fruits. Comfortable seats with rugs and cushions for the women had been provided by Ibarra. Even the paddles and oars were decorat

re the men," ordered the mothers upon embarking. "

," advised Aunt Isabe

a grimace. "Ourselves alone?" This question was

while in the eastern sky the first tints of dawn were just beginning to appear. A deep silence reigned over the party

student, in a loud tone to another youth. "

ha

the water in. This banka

o sink!" cried the

ssured them to calm their fears. "The banka you are in is

u want to drown us?" excl

cal student assured them, indicating the circle formed with his index

ming in," cried an old woman who

some screamed, while others th

repeated Albino, pointing towar

For pity's sake come here, for we don'

w, as danger by the side of each of the dalagas; all the old ladies together did not have a single dangerous hole near them! Still more strange it was that Ibarra ha

our yet early, it was decided to abandon the oars so that all might partak

o mass," said Capitana Tika, mother of the merry Sinang. "Drink some salabat

red the youth addressed. "I'm

rink some coffee to b

e, because I fe

Drink some tea and eat a few crackers.

swered the complaisant youth, "since fortu

you-" Vict

Well, I guess so, since br

hout producing a shadow, a bright, fresh clearness permeated with color, such as we get a hint of in some marine paintings. All were now merry as

r, before we were married? In little boats made from banana-stalks there drifted down with the current fruits of man

without letting her go on. "We found the bamboo bridges

get wet than to uncover my feet," said Capitana Tika, "for I kne

ked and smiled, while the others were so occupied w

h large, sad eyes and compressed lips. His black hair, long and unkempt, fell over a stout neck. A dark striped shirt afforded a suggestion through its folds of t

pilot gave her a surprised stare, which, however, lasted for only a second. He took a cracker and thanked her briefly in a scarcely audible voice. After this no one paid any more attention to him. The sallies and merry laughter of the young

in contemplative attitude on the tops of the bamboo posts, while a number of white birds, which the Tagalogs call kalaway, flew about in different directions, skimming the water with their wings a

n?" she asked the pilot, not so much from a desi

nswered, "but no one up to this

hey have

e them, otherwise they w

e tone of sadness with which

y have the power of rendering invisible any one who possesses one of them. Just as the soul can only be see

hile, they had reached the first fish-corral

platform of the corral with his panalok, or fish-net fastened on the end of a stout bamboo pole.

eological student. "She doesn't want th

ellent cook, so she set about preparing a soup of rice and vegetables, helped and hindered by some of the young men,

Iday got out the harp, for Iday not only played well on that instrument, but, besides, she had very pretty fingers. The young people appl

a fine voice, complained of hoarseness. The "Hymn of Marriage" is a beautiful Tagalog chant in

This protest, however, was overruled so she held back no longer. Taking the harp, she p

hours in one

dear the su

breezes swee

soften'd by l

play on mo

, tender br

r neck the so

s smile, all l

th for one's

dear the su

eeze that swee

her, home, or

; no one applauded. The young women felt their eyes fill with tears, and Ibarra seeme

gical student blowing with all the strength of his lungs on the tambuli, or carabao horn. Laughter and cheerful

poor trumpeter on the banks of the Rhine who, by playing

gen!" exclaimed Ibarra, unable to resi

en more force into the resounding horn, holding it close to the ears of the girls who looked saddest. As might be expected

distance there is between the Philippines and the banks of the Rhi

Sinang, she of the smiling eyes, whispered to Mari

might be written for the fishes, were they able to read and understand Italian, "Lasciate ogni speranza voi ch' entrante,"2 for no fish that gets in there is ever released

ith a pole and line," commented Sinang

the fishes wriggling about in the net and showing their glitterin

bino, "for it has been over fiv

drops reflecting the sunlight seemed to mock his efforts with a silvery smile. An exclamation of surprise, displeasur

up into the pen of the corral and taking the net from the

e business either, for the net again came u

let themselves be caught. This net must be torn." But on e

the fence was in good condition, examined the net and being satisfied w

st time was on the

lake is enchanted or

ured on his countenance. Silently he looked off toward the mountain and moved

cay

word ran from mouth to mouth in the

ou say?" th

ued: "Don't you hear that sound? That's not sand, but a tough hide, the back of a cayman. Don't you see how the posts shake?

we do?" was

!" prompte

And who'll

down into the trap, f

long in triumph," suggested Sinang. "The idea of

en a live cayman," m

him. With the exception of Maria Clara, no one had taken any notice of him, but now all admired his shap

a wide Toledo blade, but already the water was splashing

laimed the old women. "We'r

boatman, "for if there is any one in t

s name?" t

's the best I've ever seen, onl

struggle seemed to be going on in the depths. All were silent and hard

ull on it. The monster soon appeared above the water with the rope tied in a double band around its neck and underneath its front legs. It was a large one, as Leon had said, speckled, and on its back grew the green moss which is to the caymans wha

s body, struck the floor with its powerful tail, and jerking free, hurled itself with one leap into the water outside the corral, dragging its captor along with it. A cry of horror broke from the lips of all. But like a

and and was followed by his father, but they had scarcely disappeared when Crisostomo and the pilot reappeared clinging to th

ld women were beside themselves between laughter and prayers. Andeng forgot that her sinigang had boiled ove

owe my life to you," said the latter to Ibarra, who was wrapping himself up i

answered Ibarra. "Do

in-" murmured the still pal

e thought in his own way, "in the bottom of the lake, I should still have bee

turn, saying that the day had begun inauspiciously and that many more

adies?" asked Ibarra. "The cayman see

its sinful life this unfortunate reptile has never attended mass-at least,

he cayman, raising "mountains of foam whereon the smooth, rich sunlight glitters," as the poet says. The music again resounded; Iday played on the harp, while the men handled the accordions and guitars with gre

nature is ever a jester, and the nets came up full at each haul. Aunt Isabel superintended the sorting of the fish a

illed with music while the smoke from the fires curled up in slender wreaths. The water bubbled cheerfully in the hot dishes as though uttering sounds of consolation, or perchance of sarcasm and irony, to the dead fishes. The body of t

oft leather sole, heelless, with only a vamp,

e." The words inscribed over the gate

ter

the

dozen sinful souls in a few moments. Then it seemed that the reading of some letters which he had received firmly sea

ng another cup. "For days he hasn't eaten; of the six dishes

ightmares since he changed his bedroom. His eyes are becoming more s

, he paced thoughtfully about the spacious sala, crumpling in his bony hands the letters, which he read from time to time. Finally, he call

d flowers, many of which have as yet no Latin names, but which are doubtless well-known to the gilded insects and butterflies of all shapes and colors, blue and gold, white and black, many-hued, glittering with iridescent spots, with rubies and emeralds on their wings, and to the countless beetles with t

, and the roots of the trees that protruded from the soil to form stumbling-blocks at every step for this wanderer unaccustomed to such places. But

iful, sweet voice, which the curate recognized. "I'd like to see

trunk of a large tree and

th you?" asked a laughing voice. "He watches you everywhere. Be care

silvery voice, while the laughing one repeated, "Yes, j

g myself invisible, I'd make him so,

s to do if we find the nest would be to present it to the curate so that he co

another voice, "but if at any time I should be jealous

rhaps like a

ool-days provoked anothe

w she's fooled,

king the enchanted nest of the heron, wet to their knees so that the wide folds of their bathing skirts revealed the graceful curves of their bodies. Their hair was flung loose, their

cles, untired of staring at those white and shapely arms and at that elegant neck and bust, while the small rosy fee

aggering, covered with perspiration, Padre Salvi left his hiding-place and looked all about him with rolling eyes. He stood still as if in doubt, then t

es in plucking chickens, washing rice, and roasting a pig. On the opposite bank in a cleared space were gathered men and women under a canvas covering which was fastened partly to the hoary trees and partly to newly-driven stakes. There were gathered the alferez, the coadjutor, the gobernadorcillo, the teniente-mayor, the schoolmaster, and many other personages of the town, even includi

ere has your Reverence been?" asked the latter, as he noticed the curate's scratched

ed Padre Salvi, lowering h

itself. The girls all received in addition rosaries of sampaguitas, intertwined with roses and ilang-ilang blossoms, to perfume their flowing tresses. Some of the company sat on the ground or recli

that the gaping wound had been inflicted by Ibarra. The celebrated and unknown pil

first morning when the dew sparkling on its fair petals glistens like diamonds. Her first smi

te-mayor, and the other dignitaries took their seats at the table over which Ibarra preside

the bankas," said Leon to the quondam student of

re as whole as this pla

!" exclaimed the s

criminal who assaulted Padre Damaso?

ilitary man, staring at the friar over

who struck Padre Damaso in

Damaso?" asked

Padre Damaso is now confined to his bed. It's thought that he may be

wine the alferez's

a joking manner, "that you, the alferez of the

nterrupted by the appearance of a pale, thin, poorly-clad woman. No one had noticed her app

thing to eat," cried the o

where the curate was seated. As he turned his face

something to eat,

wandering woman, but at sight of the alferez, who spoke t

she?"

ne from fear and sorrow," answered Don Fi

sa?" asked Ibar

bitterly, to the alferez. "They marched her through the town on a

rning to the curate, "she isn't t

nodded in a

about them," added Don Filipo with a severe lo

ordered the servants. "I promised

y?" asked the alferez. "Your

glass of wine before

nge. "A few pesos of your Reverence's disappear and my sergeant is routed out early to hunt for them-tw

laugh as he buried his spoon in

upon what he was saying, replied, "That'

!" interrupted the alferez with his mouth

fort and said with a forced smile, "Then you don't know, sir, what is s

d the alferez, a

ight they disappeared se

round at the other guests, who nodded their he

nals nor do you know what is going on in your own house, yet you try to set yourself up as a preacher to

like to have your opinion about a project of mine. I'm thinking of putting this crazy woman under the

, whom they had been unable to find, brought pe

scattered about in different groups. Some took the chessmen, others the cards, whil

a lawsuit fifteen years old, and there isn't a judge in the Audiencia

eplied the youth. "Just wait a

who were not familiar with the game. The old women, however, surrounded the curate in order to converse with him about spiritual matters, but Fray Salvi apparently

f this game ends in a draw, it's understood th

face to become pale. He put it into his pocketbook, at the same time glancing toward the

e king!" cal

er recourse than to hide t

th as he threatened that piece with

raw the piece on account of the king behind i

s very minute to those young people in that group over there." He aros

written the forty-eight questions, w

so!" cried Sina

atter?" asked

rn-out priest read from the book, 'When the frogs raise hair.' What do you think of

er cousin Victoria asked her. "To ask

l. "We're decided that whoever gets the best answer shall receiv

the bes

made her ask, willy-nilly, 'Is your sweetheart

a put her hands over Sinang's mo

tomo, smiling. "My question is, 'Shall

question!" exc

ordance with the resulting numbe

dreams," r

s. "This time your book is wrong!" he exclaimed joyfully. "Rea

it mean?"

eceiving the best answer?" he asked in a voice shaking wit

s,

piece to Maria Clara. "A school for boys and girls is

r part, what

the one who has recei

n, to me!"

er piece of the telegra

the happy youth was already at a dis

y her tears of joy, the laughter ceased, and the talk died away. The curate stared at the

h asked, picking up the bo

une, a book of gam

believe in these things?" he scol

nd anger escaped fr

e wish of the owner," contradicted Albino, rising. "Padre, tha

yes at the remnants of the book which a few moments be

hirled about, some falling in the wood, some in the water, then he staggered away with his hands over his head. He stopped f

rmured Sinang. "He has a face that seems to s

or a careful examination of the positions of the pieces. The result was that although Capitan Basili

t peace!" exclaimed Ca

h, "whatever the decision of the court m

arties were tired, the sudden arrival of a sergeant and four soldiers of the Civil Guard,

shouted the sergeant. "

Ibarra arose and approached the ser

inal named Elias, who was your pilot t

t? You must be mista

just been accused of putt

that th

s. You admit persons of bad charact

unt of my actions! At our fiestas all are welcome. Had you yourself come, you would have found a place at

weaker party, ordered the soldiers to institute a search, especially among th

his description fits nine tenths of th

ee either banka or man that could be called suspicious-looking, so the sergeant m

by little restored, ami

ew the alferez into the mudh

How was it?" asked som

y load he was carrying on his shoulder, had little relish for going back nor did he want to be swallowed up in the mud, so he continued on his way forward. The alferez in irritation tried to knock him down, but he snatched a piece of wood from his bundle and struck the pony on the head with such great force that it fell, throwing its rider into the mud. They also say that the man went on hi

isan?" asked Vic

he fought against some tulisanes on

ok of a criminal,

't see him smile the whole morning

by the mysterious tomb of Ibarra's ancestors. Afterwards, the merry talk was resumed in a lively manner, full of warmth, beneath those branches so little

road to the town. The groups grow smaller, the lights are extinguished, the songs die away, and the guitar be

acts as spy and monitor over the

en la ajena." The fool knows more in his ow

pte

ouse of

ness reigned in the garden, for even the swallows circling about the eaves scarcely made any noise. Moss grew on the old wal

. The first sight that met his gaze was the old man bent over a book in which he seemed to be writing. On the walls were collections of insects and plants arranged among maps and stands

ith a strange expression. "Excuse me," answe

t it's not urgent, and I want to

swered Ibarra, dra

him to exclaim in surprise, "What, are

"I don't understand Egyptian or Coptic either, but I know some

Why?" exclaimed the youth, do

cannot be

He examined the book rapidly to learn if he was telling the truth and saw neatly drawn

rite if you don't

n that deciphers these characters will be an intelligent generation, it will understand and say, 'Not all were asleep in the night of our ancestors!' The mystery of t

you write?" asked I

own, T

oglyphical si

Latin alphabet such as is used in Spanish. For example, in this word mukha," he went on, pointing to the book, "I transcribe the syllable ha more correctly with the figure of a fish than with the Latin h, which in Europe is pronounced in different ways. For a weaker aspirate, as for example in this word haín, where the h has less force, I avail myself of this lion's head or of these three lotus flowers, accordin

s from Chin

ows. This year one of them is missing-some ba

hat they come from

d nearly everywhere. For years my slips brought no reply, so that at last I had it written in Chinese and here in the following November they have returned with other notes which I have had deciphered. One is written in Ch

a matter of importance," said t

aught that p

? How did you k

use of the C

he Civil Guard

band into the mudhole and who assaulted Padre Damaso. As she reads all the reports that her husband is to receive, scarcely had he got back home, drunk and not knowing what he was doing, when to revenge herself on you she sent the sergeant with the soldiers to disturb t

ad only to congratulate himself on following your advice. I have on hand a little enterprise, the success of which I must assure." Here he explained brief

win over in order to assure the success of the undertaking. You know the inhabit

to do has been my dream, the dream of a poor lunatic!" he exclaimed with emotion. "

azed at him

o their rules, my principles and ideals are different. The gobernadorcillo enjoys among them the reputation of being a wise man because he learned nothing more than to serve chocolate and to put up with Padre Damaso's bad humor, so now he is wealthy, he disturbs the petty destinies of his fellow-townsmen, and at times he even talks of justice. 'That's a man of talent,' think the vulgar, 'look how from nothing he has made himself great!' But I,

the curate, the gobernadorcillo, and all persons in authority. They will give you bad, stupid, or useless advice, but consult

ouldn't I go ahead with my idea without a shadow being thrown upon it? Couldn't a worthy ent

began by wounding the vanity of a priest who is regarded by the people as a saint, and as a sage among his fellows. God grant that such a misstep may not have already determined your future! Because the Dominicans and Augustinians look with disdain on the guingón habit, the rope girdle, and the immodest foot-wear, because a learned doctor in Santo Tomas1 may have once recalled that Pope Inn

barra with a smile. "I believe that those fears are somewhat exaggerated and I hope t

as waves his girdle or shakes his habit; tomorrow the alcalde will on some pretext deny you what today he has granted; no mother will allow her son to atte

xist and making allowance for it, I should still have on my side the sensible people and the government, which is

for its salvation wholly on them, that it is sustained because they uphold it, and that the day on which they cease to support it, it will fall like a manikin that has lost its prop. They intimidate the government with an uprising of the people and the people with the forces of the government, whence originates a simple game, very much like what happens to timid persons when they visit gloomy places, taking for ghosts their own shadows and for strange voices the echoes of their own. As long as the government does not deal directly with the countr

ith observing that our people do not complain or suffer as do the people of o

those who found their strength on ignorance and fanaticism! Woe unto those who rejoice in deceit and labor during the night, believing that all are asleep! When the light of day shows up the monsters of darkness, the frightful reaction will come. So many sigh

ous and loves Spain, the Philippines will realize how much the nation is doing for her. There are abuses, yes, there are defects, that cannot

cy does not understand the character of the Indians, your Excellency is going to ruin them, your Excellency will do well to trust So-and-so,' and his Excellency in fact does not know the country, for he has been until now stationed in America, and besides that, he has all the shortcomings and weaknesses of other men, so he allows himself to be convinced. His Excellency also remembers that to secure the appointment he has had to sweat much and suffer more, that he holds it for only three years, that he is getting old and that it is necessary to think, not of quixotisms, but of the future: a modest mansion in Madrid, a cozy house in the country, and a good income in order to live in luxury at the capital-these are what he must look for in the Philippines. Let us not ask for miracles, let us not ask that he who

nment even less. There are useless officials, bad ones, if you wish, but there are also good ones, and if these are unable to do anything it is because they meet with an inert mass, the people, who

e here you must either lo

r to carry out a good purpose? I love my native land, the Philippines, because to it I owe my life and my happiness, because every man should love his country. I love Spain, the fatherland of my ancestors, because in spite of everything the Philippi

ession of your enemies and against them you are powerl

t among them they killed my father and threw his body from the tomb! I who am his son do not fo

you are undertaking and seek in some other way the welfare of your countrymen. The enterprise needs another man, because to make it a success zeal and money al

still would not be discouraged. The thought of Maria C

st any other than this hard me

e, the precursor of the north wind, was blowing, and before their eyes s

cally waves its light foliage wherein the eagle builds his nest. I brought it from the forest as a weak sapling and braced its stem for months with slender pieces of bamboo. If I had transplanted it large and full of life, it is certain that it would not have lived here, for the wind would have thrown it down before its roots could have fixed themselves in the soil, before it could have become accustomed to its surroundings, and before it could have secured sufficient nourishment for its size and height. So you, transplante

e education that contests with the conventos the wealth of the country? Can they not pretend friendship, make a show of protection, and yet underneath in the shadows fight i

t you had done what was expected of you and thus something would be gained. You would have placed the first stone, you would have sown the seed, and after the storm had spent itself perhaps some grain would

tion and saw that with all the old man's pessimis

an understanding with the curate, who, after all is said, has done me no wrong and who must be good, since all of them are not like the pe

followed him with his gaze, he muttered: "Now let's watch how Destiny will unfold the drama th

Benavides, O. P., second archbishop of Manila. By royal decree and papal bull, it became in 1645 the Royal and Pontifical Unive

eed lest

of Spain's greatness, are known in Span

ter

of the

ven itself over to unwonted activity in house, church, cockpit, and field. Windows are covered with banners

there is ordering, whispering, shouting. Comments and conjectures are made, one hurries the other,-all is commotion, noise, and confusion. All this effort and all this toil are for the stranger as well as the acquaintance, to entertain every one, whether he has been seen before or not, or whether he is expected to be seen again, in order that the casual visitor, the foreigner, friend, enemy, Filipino, Spaniard,

forced laborer, the tool a dull knife, and the taskmaster's voice the inspiration. Around this toothpick-holder are placed glass fruit-trays from which rise pyramids of oranges, lansons, ates, chicos, and even mangos in spite of the fact that it is November. On wide platters upon bright-hued sheets of perforated paper are to be seen ha

ceable; the prismatic glass pendants shake to and fro, they clink together harmoniously in song, and even seem to take part in the fiesta as they flash back and break up the rays of light, reflecting them on the white walls in all the colors of the rainbow. The

y stones of brilliant hues. These are heaped with cigars, cigarettes, and diminutive buyos prepared by the delicate fingers of the maidens. The floor of the house shines like a mirror, curtains of pi?a and husi festoon the doorways, from the windows hang lanterns covered with glass or with paper,

ed on their sides, at the sight of which alone the hearts of the children rejoice. About the front of the church, where the procession is to pass, is a large and costly canop

in improbable miracles, there will sing and dance Marianito, Chananay, Balbino, Ratia, Carvajal, Yeyeng, Liceria, etc. The Filipino enjoys the theater and is a deep

ere played; the local poet composed a piece in which there must necessarily be a fight every second minute, a clown, and terrifying transformations. But since the Tondo artist have begun to fight every fifteen seconds, with two clowns, and even greater marvels than befor

and mortars rend the air, for the Filipino pyrotechnist, who learned the art from no known instructor, displays his abili

famous because it was directed by the maestro Austria, the vagabond "Corporal Mariano" who, according to report, carried fame and harmony in the tip of his baton. Musicians praise his funeral march, "El Sauce,"2 and deplore his lack of musical education, since with his genius he might have brought glory to h

strangers, the gamblers with their best game-cocks and their bags of gold, rea

ousand. There'll be liam-pó: Carlos the Chinaman will set it up with ten thousand. Big stakes are coming from Tanawan, Lipa, and Batangas, as well as from Santa Cruz.3 It's going to be on a big scale, yes,

he visitors respond,

ch in the morning and s

! Then there

en up also." Here the chubby individual works hi

ed chickens, wild pigs, deer, and birds. Some load firewood on the heavy carts, others fruits, ferns, and orchids, the rarest that

ch and yells are heard amid the metallic sound of iron striking upon stone, hammers upon nails, of axes chopping out posts. A crowd of laborers is digging in the earth to open a

is wound the cord of a plumb-bob. This is the foreman of the work, ?or Juan, architect, mason, carpenter, painter, locksmith, stonecutter,

" he says to some masons who are shaping a large square b

the girls. Here in the middle a big garden with three fountains, there on the sides shaded walks with little plots for the children to sow and cultivate plants in during their recess-time, that they may improve the hours and not waste them. Look how deep the foundations are, three meters and seventy-five centimeters! This building is going to have storerooms, cellars, and for those wh

ask, "Who was the great artisan that built this?" and all would answer, "Don't you know? Can it be that you've never heard of ?or Juan? Un

d to a yellowish man who was overseeing some laborers. "I should have eno

importance, so they'll say, 'How hard they've worked!' You'll see, you'll see what a derrick I'll put up! Then I'll decorate it with banners, and garlands of leaves and flowers. You'll say aft

banana leaves. The schoolmaster and some thirty boys were weaving crowns and fa

criptions. "The alcalde is coming, many curates will be present, perhaps even the Captain-Ge

us a bla

distributed among you as prizes. Leave those flowers in the water and tomorrow we'll make the bouquet

water-lilies and a basket

three cartloads of

pay a teacher," added a

ched Ibarra with an offer of all the fees for masses that the devout would pay until the building was finished. Even more, the rich and economical Sister Rufa had declared that if money should be lacking she would canvass other towns and beg for alms, with the mere condi

ys happens, when we wish to imitate great men, that we copy only their foibles and even their defects, since we are capable of nothing else, so many of the

n dissipated forever. So Ibarra observed to him one day, b

lúbong sa iy

aukha't may p

?gata't kaaw

o less a think

before the setting of the sun

ombats between Moros and Christians, in which the latter were, of course, invariably victorious. Typical sketches of them m

e Wil

before, which is a populous and important district in the city of Manila. Tanawan,

at you have a secret enemy."-From the Florante, being the advice given

ople about him as a crack-brained dreamer. He was educated in the Dominican school of San Juan de Letran, one of his teachers being Fray Mariano Pilapil, about whose services to humanity there may be some difference of opinion on the part of those who have ever resided in Philippine towns, since he was the author of the "Passion Song" which enlivens the Lenten evenings. This "Passion Song," however, seems to have furnished the model for Baltazar's Florante, with the

ter

e Twi

nilan imposed the necessity of humiliating the provincials with his splendor. Another reason, too, made it his duty to eclipse all o

ed young gentleman and rich capitalist;" two lines further on, "The distinguished philanthropist;" in the following paragraph, "The disciple of Minerva who had gone to the mother country to pay his respects to the

his daughter kissed his hand, had presented her with a beautiful locket set with diamonds and emeralds, containing a sliver from St. Peter's boat, in which Our Savior sat during the fishing. His first interview with his future son-in-law could not have been more co

ck quickly," said Capitan Tiago to his daughter, when she asked his permissio

thoughtful, he said, "You dine with us

to be at home in case visitors come," stammered

rtily. "In my house there's always plenty to eat. Als

nswered Ibarra with a forced smile, a

of her promising youth. In less than a fortnight she had succeeded in recovering that frank confidence, that childish prattle, which seemed to have been benumbed between the narrow walls of the nunnery. It might be said that on leaving the cocoon the butterfly recognized all the flowers, for it seemed to be enough for her to spread her wings for a moment and warm herself in the sun's rays to lose all t

the windows in an atmosphere of music and flowers, moving about to the sounds of piano, harp, or orchestra. Swarming in the streets were Chinese, Spaniards, Filipinos, some dressed in European style, some in the costumes of the country. Crowdin

e merry voice of Sinang as she ran down the stairs put an end to all excuses. "Come up a moment so that I may

et Ibarra, for his name was now well known. All gazed in ecstasy at the beauty of Maria

favor, so, not wishing to be outdone in generosity, he had tried to set aside the decision of the chess-match. But when Ibarra would not consent to this, he had proposed that the money which would have been spent in court fees should be used to pay a teacher in the new school. In

anist. "When I listen to him in the church," exclaimed Sinang, pointing to the organist, "I

rra's ear as they were leaving. "Padre Damaso is going to set up a litt

Victoria, indicating with a rapid g

f mine," she answered

the o

," put in Sinang merril

er not to waste kerosene. Loud talk and resounding bursts of laughter might be heard as the friars moved slowly about, nodding their heads in unison with the big cigars that adorned their lips. The laymen with them, who from their European garments appeared to be offi

visitors are going to cost. But you'll see how he'll not pay it himse

scolded

ce he tore up the Wheel of Fortune. I

ut lights and with all the windows closed-that of

irrepressible Sinang. "What has she to do with our merrymakings? I imagine

" again her c

-guards. If I were the Archbishop I'd marry Her to Padre Salvi-then think what children! Loo

ces. Wretched sandals covered his feet. His countenance remained hidden in the shadow of his wide hat, but from this shadow there flashed intermittently two burning rays. Placing a flat basket on the ground, he would withdraw a few paces and utter strange, incomprehensible sounds, remaining the while standing entirely alone as if he and the

me misfortune there, and full of interest

ht only see his home! It's a tumbledown shack, through which the wind and rain pass like a needle through cloth. He has been forbidden to touch anything belonging to the people. One day when a little child fell into a shallow ditch as he was passing, he helped to get it out. The child's fath

ng what she was about to do, went up to the wretch's baske

u done?" her

he answered, trying to conc

ve him some money, but he pushed it away with a stick; why should he want it wh

icked up the jeweled locket, which glittered in his hands, then fell upon his knees, kissed it, and taking off his salakot buried hi

in the light of the torches could be recognized the extremely emaciated features of the crazy Sisa. Feeling the touch

ll Souls' day! Those lights are the s

oman will get the disease!" cried the c

not going to see them because the curate is sick and had many gold pieces and the gold pieces are lost! Pray, let us pray for the soul of the curate! I

ran away singing, "I had a garden and flow

o do for that poor woman?"

des, I have been very busy. But don't let it trouble you. The curate has promised to help me, but advised that I proceed w

that he would have sea

e said this when they saw the crazy woman being led, or rath

ng her? What has she

raising a disturbance?" was the repl

p his basket hurri

murmured. Arriving at her door, she felt her sadness increase when her fiancé declined to go in, excusing himself on the

ter

espo

de la feria com

how the Filipinos celebrate their fiestas. For this reason we shall faithfully reproduce in this chapter several letters, one of them being that of the correspondent of a noted Manila newsp

see in the provinces, a religious fiesta so solemn, so splendid, and so impressive as tha

or this town with his presence, a distinction which its worthy inhabitants should never forget. I have also seen a great number of the best people of Cavite and Pampanga, many wealthy persons from Manila, and many bands of music,-among these the very artistic one of Pagsanhan belonging to the escribano, Don M

ging multitude which, with the noise of bombs and rockets, preceded by the leading citizens of the town, came to the convento to escort us to the place prepared and arranged for us that we might witness the spectacle. Such a

nando Sibyla and the virtuous curate of Tanawan, with other Spaniards, were guests in the house of the Filipino Croesus. There we had the good fortune of admiring not only the luxury and good taste of the host, which are not usual among the natives, but also the beauty of the charming and wealthy heiress, who showed herself to be a polished disciple of St. Cecelia by playing on her elegant piano, with a mastery th

y were admirable. The Indians were greatly pleased with the Tagalog drama, especially the gobernadorcillo, who rubbed his hands and informed us that it was a pity that they had not made the princess join in combat with the giant who had stolen her away, which in his opinion would have been more marvelous, especially if the giant h

ostomo Ibarra, who, as you know, will tomorrow preside at the laying of the corner-stone for the great edifice which he is so philanthropically erecting. This worthy descendant of the Pelayos and Elcanos (for I have learned that one of his paternal ancestors was from our heroic and noble northern provinces, per

tron, San Diego, and it will be observed principally by the Venerable Tertiary Order. Between these two societies there exists a pious rivalry in serving God, which piety has reached the extreme of holy quarrels among them, as has just happened i

ers, headed the procession. Behind them came the tall silver candelabra, the municipal corporation, the precious images dressed in satin and gold, representing St. Dominic and the Virgin of Peace in a magnificent blue robe trimmed with gilded silver, the gift of the pious ex-gobernadorcillo, the so-worthy-of-being-imitated and never-sufficiently-praised Don Santiago de los Santos. All these images were borne on silver cars. Behind the Mother of God came the Spaniards and the rest of the clergy, while the officiating priest was protected by a canopy carried by the cabezas de barangay, and the procession was closed by a squad

enraptured and hanging on his words, especially the Spaniards, during the exordium in Castilian, as he spoke with vigor and in such flowing and well-rounded periods that our hearts were filled with fervor and enthusiasm. This indeed is the term that should be used fo

pecially honored by the refinement, attention, and prodigality that characterize the Very Reverend Fray Salvi, there being set before us cigars and an a

ace in order that sadness and ill-humor be banished thence. Then homage was paid to Terpsichore in many homes, but especially in that of the cultured Filipino millionaire, where we were all invited to dine. Needless to say, the banquet, which was sumptuous and elegantly served, was a second edition of the wedding-feast in Cana, or of Camacho,3 corrected and enlarged. While we were enjoying the meal, which was directed by

ence the ceremony of tomorrow. He has expressed regret over the poor health of the distinguis

me and made me somewhat deaf I am tired and falling over with sleep. While, therefore, I recover my strength in the arms of Morpheus-or rather on a

ectionat

GO, Nov

RRESPO

. Now let us see what Capitan Marti

the first turn of the cards each time, so that Capitan Manuel, the owner of the house, is growing smaller every minute from sheer joy. Padre Damaso smashed a lamp with his fist because up

Don Rafael, but it seems that he wishes to imitate his father, for he does no

for he complains constantly of headaches and keeps his head bandaged, and when the wheel of the liam-pó is slowing down he le

re well and my wife is hap

fri

ARIST

ria Clara's foster-sister, delivered to him on the e

ts to play on the piano and by invitations to dance. I didn't know before that there are so many tiresome people in the world! If it were not for Padre Damaso, who tries to entertain me by talking to me and telling me many things, I would have

A CL

e tomorrow, I won't go

he fiesta according to

ion in the Constituent Cortes of 1869 to the clause in

ein a wealthy man named Camacho is cheated out of his br

t with a long train. The name mestiza is not inappropriate, as well from its composition as its use, since the firs

ter

Mo

y. The Brethren of the Venerable Tertiary Order were more numerous than those of the Holy Rosary, so they smiled piously, secure that they would humiliate their rivals. They had purchased a greater number of tapers, wherefor the Chinese dealers had reaped a harvest and in gratitude were thinking

and gamblers all shone in embroidered camisas with large diamond studs, heavy gold chains, and white straw hats. Only the ol

accosted him. "Don't you want us to be happy n

y of every year! And all for no end but to squander money, when there is so much misery a

po, half jestingly and half in earnest. "I have defended it, b

ld man's curt answe

he muttered as he made his way toward the church. "Resign! Yes, i

ckers made the women run and scream, the children laugh. One band played in front of the convento, another escorted the town officials, and still others marched about the streets, where floated and waved a multitude of banners. Variegated colors and lights distracted the sight, melodies and

did he who gave the feast of which the Gospel tells us. Almost by force were urged invitations to partake o

Salvi, and that the alcalde of the province, with many other Spaniards and persons of note, was to attend it in order to hear Padre Damaso, who enjoyed a great reputation in the province. Even the al

so that the correspondent wrote befor

oly orator occupied the pulpit of the Holy Ghost and preached a most eloquent and profound sermon, which edified and left marveling all the faithful who had waited so anxiously to see spring from his fecund lips the restoring fountain of eternal life. Sublimity of conception, boldness of imagination, novelty

he life and miracles of San Diego,-the curate knew them, it is true, but it was his place to celebrate mass,-the other priests unanimously declared that the tone of Padre Damaso's voice could not be improved upon and that it would be a great pity for him to forego delivering such an eloquent sermon as he had written and memorized. Accordingly, his former housekeeper prepared for him lemonade, rubbed his chest and neck with li

rting us!" exclaimed the Tertiary Sisters, much a

he Sisters of the Holy Rosary, unable to forgi

anciscan friars. All these sacred garments were genuine, having come from the convento in Manila, where the people may obtain them as alms at a fixed price, if a commercial term may be permitted; this fixed price was liable to increase but not to reduction. In the convento itself and in the nunnery of St. Clara1 are sold these same garments which possess, besides the special merit of gaining many indulgences for those wh

hough rather thin, had an ivory bust which gave him a severe and majestic mien, in spite of a

king half bent over with lowered eyes and hands crossed in mystic attitude. The bearers of the canopy were the same cabezas de barangay, sweating with satisfaction at seeing themselves at the same time semi-sacristans, collectors of the tribute, redeemers of poor erring humani

ith light enough for four nights of card-playing. Devoutly the curious spectators knelt at the passage of the float of the Mother of God, reciting Credos and Salves fervently. In front of a house in whose gaily decorated windows were to be seen the alcalde, Capitan Tiago, Maria Clara, and Ibarra, w

and ruddy while she was brown and had hair blacker than jet. Upon seeing the curate the tender infant held out its arms, laughed with the laugh that neither causes nor is caused by sorrow, and c

, while the natural pallor of Padre Salvi changed to the hue of poppies. Yet the people were wr

order of nuns affiliated with the Franciscans, and was taken under the royal patronage as the "Real Monasterio de Santa Clara"

pte

he C

pbraid some one, but the pushing would continue. Some old people might succeed in dipping their fingers in the water, now the color of slime, where the population of a whole town, with transients besides, had washed. With it they would anoint themselves devoutly, although with difficulty, on the neck, on the crown of the head, on the forehead, on the chin, on the chest, and on the abdomen, in the assurance that thus they were sanctifying those parts and that they would suffe

s, as the sermon was costing the town two hundred and fifty pesos. Old Tasio had said: "Two hundred and fifty pesos for a sermo

rtiary Brethren. "With the drama souls go to hell but with the sermon to heaven! If

he Sage, "for the sermon is more amu

ven by the drama!" yel

e impious old man moved away without paying any attention to the insults and the d

which kept the sacristans busy putting them out of the sacred edifice. Such action brought to the dull and conscientious leader of the Brotherhood of th

side, "O lost one, give heed, for you're going to hear a sermon like that of Good Friday!" Here the old lady gave

o believe that he was mumbling prayers, so, running her fingers rapidly over the beads of her rosary-as that w

der the sacristans to clear for her. Capitan Tiago, in a frock coat, sat on one of the benches provided for the authorities,

magnificent chairs placed on strips of carpet. The alcalde wore a full-dress uniform and displaye

stic. "A civil-guard

m with his elbow. "It's the Prince Villa

n the popular estimation by becoming an

f, whose voice trembled somewhat, even getting out of tune at times, to the great wonder of those who knew him. Still he moved about with precision and elegance while he recited the Dominus vobiscum unctuously, dropping his head a little to the side and gazing toward heaven. Seeing him receive the smoke from the incense one would have said that Galen was right in averring the passage of smoke in the nasal canals to the head through a screen of ethmoids, since

hemselves in their chairs in an edifying attitude, as the worthy correspondent would say, th

eauty, the first thing that she did upon awaking was to whack her granddaughter on the neck, as the child had also fallen asleep. The latter screamed, but soon consoled herself at the sig

k, followed immediately by his body. Coughing slightly, he looked about him with assurance. He noticed Ibarra and with a special wink gave to understand that he would not overlook that youth in his prayers. Then he turned a look of s

g stenography and who idolizes great orators, took it down; thanks to this f

a's La Vida es Sue?o. There is also a Tagalog co

ter

Se

isti eis in siti. And thou gavest thy good Spirit to teach them, and thy manna thou didst not withhold from their mouth, and thou gavest them w

or whether he was still hoarse, the fact is that he coughed several times as he placed both hands on the rail of the pulpit. The Holy Ghost was above his head, f

his gaze over the congregation, with whose a

o be in Spanish and the other in T

uddenly passing from calmness to action, threw back his head and made a sign toward the main door, sawing the air with his open hand so forcibly that the sacristans interpreted the gesture as a command

with the fetters of lust and avarice, and who toil in the galleys of the infernal Satan, look ye here with reverent repentance upon him who saved souls from the captivity of the devil, upon the intrepid Gideon, upon the valiant David, upon the triumphant Roland of Christianity, upon the celestial Civil Guard, more powerful than all the Civil Guards together, now existing or to exist!" (The alferez frowned.) "Yes, se?or alferez, more valiant and powerful, he who with no other weapon than a wooden cross boldly vanquishes the eternal tulisan of the shades and al

ending him for not running down the tulisanes. San Diego and St. Francis would be commissioned in this duty and justly so, as is proved by a picture existing in the convento at Manila, representing St. Francis, by means of his girdle only, holding back the Chinese invasion in the first yea

who opens his mouth makes mistakes, as they say in my country then the result is that there are profound truths which History does not record. These truths, most honorable sir, the divine Spirit spoke with that supreme wisdom which human intelligence has not comprehended since the times of Seneca and Aristotle, those wise

leader of the Tertia

dre Damaso wished to startle his audience, and in fact his holy ghost was so fascinated

yes-" prompted th

e night,-in the land of the blind the one-eyed man is king; by night may shine a light, a tiny star,-so the greatest merit is to be able to shine even in the middle of the day, as the sun does; so shines our brother Diego eve

n dozing and dreaming that the carbineers were demanding the patent, or license, that he did not ha

holy race in the whole world, in the remote places, in the cities, in the towns, without distinction between black and white" (the alcalde held his breath), "suffering hardships and

ening to the sermon, for she knew that Ibarra was near and was thinking about him while she

know such important and necessary things as the Lord's Prayer, although many of you have forgotten it, living now as do the Protestants or

looking angrily at the preacher, who continued to extem

en should flee from you, the rulers should hang all of you so that the seed of Satan be not multiplied in the vineyard o

nalyzing a picture, of the blessed souls in purgatory, souls in the shape of men and women dressed in hides, with miters, hoods, and cowls, all roasting in the fire and clutching St. Francis' girdle, which did not break even

it. He licked all the sores, saying to an astonished brother, 'Thus is this sick one cured!' O Christian charity! O matchless example! O virtue of virtues! O inimitable pattern! O s

thout speaking it! To speak Latin is a gift of God and therefore the Church uses Latin! I, too, speak Latin! Was God going to deny this consolation to His beloved Diego? Could he die, c

n, credulous with sincerity, chaste with love, reserved with secrecy; long-suffering with patience, brave with timidity, moderate with desire, bold with resolution, obedient with subjection., modest with pride, zealous with disinterestedness, skilful with capability, ceremonious with politeness, astute with sagacity, merciful with piety, secretive with modesty, revengeful with valor, poor on account of thy labors with true conformity

housand bees. The alcalde laboriously bent one knee and wagged his he

e!" muttered one of two yout

ed his companion. "His

paragraphs; at the same time he consumed a couple of cakes and a glass of Malaga, secure of encountering therein greater in

an again gave her granddaughter a hearty slap. The chil

on't go to sleep again!" an

l Filipinos ignorant of rhetoric, he was not afraid of making blunders before them. With Spaniards the case was different; he had heard rules of oratory spoken of, and it was possible that among

so profound, as Sister Rufa said, that the audience waited in vain for an opportunity to weep, and the lost grandchild of the blessed old wo

untranslatable phrases. He talked of the soul, of Hell, of "mahal na sant

out through the sacristy, to the great scandal of the people and especially of the preacher, who turned pale and paused in the midst of his sent

e talked of the sinners who did not attend confession, who died in prisons without the sacraments, of families accursed, of proud and puffed-up little half-breeds, of young sages and little philosophers, of pettifoggers, of picayunish

ward calm, he turned his eyes to God and the authorities, but saw n

the side of your head in order not to ruffle your nicely combed hair! You content yourself with saying, 'good day, among,' and there are proud dabblers in a little Latin who, from having studied in Manila or in Europe, believe that they have the right to shake a priest's hand instead of k

an are both on horseback, then the Indian should stop and take off his hat or salakot reverently; and finally, if the Indian is on horseback and the curate on foot, the India

arabao?" asked a scrupulous

" answered the latte

the sins of the wicked; they had to desist in the attempt from lack of supporters. Even Sister Puté was thinking of something quite different. A man beside her had dropped off to sleep in such a wa

choked the words in his throat and he was able only to bellow, while he pounded the pulpit with his fists. This had the desired effec

o I preach to you the whole morning, savages! Here in the house of God you quarrel and curse, shameless ones! Aaaah! Y

since she had no more paintings or images to study, nor anything else to amuse her. On Ibarra the words and allusions made no more impression, for he was

maso became stubborn and prolonged the sermon. Fray Sibyla gnawed at his lips and repeatedly adjusted his gold-m

pit. All knelt to render thanks to God. The alcalde rubbed his eyes, stretched ou

ng sung, a man murmured in Ibarra's ear, "At the laying of the cornerstone, don't move away fro

ho, as soon as he had said th

uay vers

num est": "To

ese "d" and "l" look and

hers in

ble patro

ter

De

nament, a grand and imposing ornament. Over eight meters in height rose the confused and complicated scaffolding. Four thick posts sunk in the ground served as a frame, fastened to each other by huge timbers crossing diagonally and joined by large nails driven in only half-way, perhaps for the reason that the app

o form with a similar hole in the lower stone, already in place, the little space intended to contain the records of contemporaneous history, such as newspapers, manuscripts, money, medals, and the like, and perhaps to transmit them to very remote generations. The cables extended downward and connected with another equally large

I can raise and lower the great stone. It's so well arranged that at will I can regulate the rise or fall

ker, who was smiling in his peculiar way. Curious bys

u mechanics?"

," was the answer, accompa

ght your

he grandfather of

now that Do

d them out in the sun, but he also knew how to wake the sleepers and put th

dividual smiled again

objects that were to be kept in the tomb-like receptacle and a glass case with thick sides,

a language spoken by all mankind, 'Gentlemen, after studying and examining carefully the objects found in the depths of our soil, after deciphering some symbols and translating a few words, we can without the shadow of a doubt conclude that these objects belonged to the barbaric age of man, to that obscure era which we are accustomed to speak of as fabulous. In short, gentlemen, in order that you may form an approximate idea of the backwardness of our ancestors, it will be sufficient that I point out to you the fact that those who lived here not only recognized kings, but also for the purpose of settling questions of local government they had to go to the other side of the earth, just as if we should say that a body in order to move itself would need to consult a head existing in another part of the globe, perhaps in regions now sunk under the waves. This incredible defect, however improbable it may seem to us now, must have existed, if we take into consideration the circumstances surrounding those beings, whom I scarcely dare to call human! In those primitive times men were still (or at least so

of all the corrupt men of the future. Perhaps, as may easily be

ool children there was not a single bottle of wine but an abundance of fruits. In the arbors joining the two kiosks were the seats for the musicians and a table covered with sweetmeats and confections,

e ceremony better, making up in this way for their short stature. They looked with envy at the clean and well-dressed school children, who occupied a place especially assigned to them and whose parents were overjoyed, as they, p

ny, but in his salakot and rough attire he was almost unrecognizable. He had secured a very good position almost at the side of the windlass, on the edge of the excavation. With the music came the alcalde, the municipal officials, the friars, with the exception of Padre Damaso, and the Spanish employees. Ibarra was conversing with the alcalde, of whom he had

alcalde was saying to Ibarra. "I will give you whatever appro

there. He saw the yellowish individual salute him respectfully and gaze at him fixedly for a moment. With surprise he

nd an acolyte the hyssop and jar of holy water. The rest stood about him uncovered, and maintained such a profo

pts, newspapers, medals, coins, and the like, and the whole enc

ts place? The curate is waiting," murmur

ut that would be usurping the honorable duty of the es

the bottom of the excavation and with due solemnity placed it in the hole in the

n the trench, in order that the other might be fitted and fastened to it. Ibarra handed the alcalde a mason's t

We tell you of it. A school is being founded, and the school is the basis of society, the school is the book in w

h these fertile isles, protected beneath her glorious mantle! Thank God, who has taken pity on you and sent you these humble priests who enlighten you

, King of the Spains, in the name of the illustrious Spanish government and under the protection of its spotless and ever-victorious banner, We consecrate this ac

in answer, adding, "Long

began to play, deposited several trowelfuls of mortar on the st

e raised his eyes to look at the stone, which hung fastened by the stout cables, but this was only for a second, and he then went on dow

llantry offered it to Maria Clara, who smilingly refused it. The friars, the employees, and the alferez went down one after another, nor was Capitan Tiago forgotten. Ibarra only was le

o put on your trowe

are the meal and eat it myself," an

ntly. "Otherwise, I'll order that the stone be no

such an indefinable expression that on seeing it one might have said that his whole life was concentrated in his eyes. The yellowish individual stared into the trench, which opened at his feet. After directing a r

, who, leaning over the trench, was anxiously following the movements of Ibarra. There was heard the noise of the trowel sc

mbers shook, the fastenings flew apart, and the whole apparatus fell in a second with a frightful crash. A cloud of dust arose, while a cry of horror from a thousand

and the heavy stone, which in its rapid descent had shaken and crushed everything. The youth still held the trowel in

For God's sake, speak!" cried several

A miracle!"

is poor devil!" exclaimed Ibarra l

her strength leave her and fell half

ticulating, running about, descending into the t

? Is he still alive?

t of the yellowish individual wh

rk!" was the first thing that

lood was flowing from his nose, mouth, and ears. On his neck were to be noticed some peculiar marks, four deep depressions toward the ba

Franciscan of humble aspect who had served as holy ghost for Padr

down there!" said one of the employees to Ib

on end!" remarked anothe

to you and not to me," murm

exclaimed some

. If I had not been crushed, I should have di

distance informing himself a

"Praise God, the dead man is neither a priest nor a Spaniard! We

!" exclaimed the escribano. "I've said so before!

an is only

Music! Sadness will nev

ion shall be m

the dire

on the work! To th

sic! To the stocks

ad, much less will arresting this man about whose guilt we know nothing. I wil

t don't let hi

r and in his parish. There were not lacking those who added that they had seen descending into the trench, when everything was tumbling down, a figure in a dark robe like that of the Fra

her son. "If I hadn't whipped you to make you go you woul

pped up in a mat, was in fact being carried to the

h!" commented old Ta

o Padre: Very

go, paid to the religious orders "a lump sum of $7,239,000, more or less," for the bulk of the lands claime

ter

Tho

im. Supposing it to be one of his laborers, he ordered that he be brought into his office, or study, which was at the same time a li

rt of surprise. "I have partly paid the debt and you have nothing to

in the same language, puzz

, "When human courts try to clear up this mystery, I beg of you no

a rather disgusted tone. "I know that

xclaimed Elias with some vigor and haughtiness. "I

was new and did not seem to harmonize with either his condition or his fortune. "Wh

clearly; for your greater security, it is better tha

. "My enemies?

up to man, from the poorest and humblest to the ri

or a while, then murmured, "You

are planning a great undertaking, you have a past. Your father and your grandfather had enemies becaus

w who my en

known said. These words caught my attention not only by their meaning but also on account of the person who uttered them, for he had some days before presented himself to the foreman on the work with the express request that he be allowed to superintend the placing of the stone. He didn't ask for much pay

not answering him or saying a word. "I'm sorry that that man is dead!" h

embling hand of blind human justice. God has judged

muscular arms covered with lumps and bruises. "Do you also believe in the miracl

e and likeness," the mysterious pilot answered solemnly. "But I believe in Him, I have felt His hand more than once. When the whole apparatus was falling down and

o it wa

his crime, and I say this to you: let God be the sole judge among men, let Him be

in this i

it with impunity and uses the strength of others to execute his judgments, which after all may be mistaken or erroneous. But I, in exposing the cr

n't believe

cident? An event that no one has at all foreseen. What is a miracle? A contradiction, an overturning of natural laws. L

barra again aske

u ever s

because I have lost faith in men," an

ce, he refused to recognize the right of man to judge his fellows, he p

of the many ministers He may have on earth, cannot, or rather does not, pronounce His judgments clearly to settle the mil

y the evil he has done. But," he added with a change of tone, "this discussion is beyond my powers and I'm detaining you, who are being waited

see you again?

when I can be of service to

ter

Di

young man's right sat Maria Clara and at his left the escribano. Capitan Tiago, the alferez, the gobernadorcillo, the friars, the employees, an

lly requested the permission of the others, who very naturally begged him to do so. The worthy capitan at first kni

-General is coming this evening to honor my house." Thereupon he se

uld not have produced greater effect. "But, listen!" "When is he coming?" "

s!" exclaimed some without taking into consideration the

n't be better," a

ng another one of his tricks, he is slighting us, for he ought to stay at the convento," but

the alcalde, "but at that time his

g the Captain-General thinks of stay

His Excellency like

lferez, and the gobernadorcillo, and contained the same announcem

e alcalde solemnly. "So we can finish our meal in peace." Leonidas at Thermo

again resumed its

yee of inoffensive aspect who had not opened his mouth up to the time

and winked, as if to say, "Get out! Fools rush in-" But some o

ust be exhausted, and as they say here

on-wonderful!" s

found!" added th

lungs that he has," observed Padre Manuel Martin. The

y of expression!"

e best cook in the province?" remarke

doesn't wish to honor the table, for she is scarc

eman, he troubles himself too much on m

eing present," concluded the gallant

observed that during the whole day your

observer," remarked Fray

ed the Franciscan. "It pleases

re to win and not to lose," sai

brightened a moment as he replied, "The alferez knows very wel

de with a forced laugh, preten

young ladies who honor us with their company think of us? For me the young women are like the ?olian harps in the middle of the night-it is necessar

exclaimed the escribano gleefully,

portunity, while it doesn't always make the thief, makes the

e Muses to follow Themis," emphatically decla

was always my dream. Yesterday I was gathering flowers and singing s

to warm yourself by it in the winter of life, and ta

o spend the summer, a mansion in Madrid, and some property in Andalusia for the winter-there we shall live remembering our belov

of the friars did likewise, since they did not know that the Voltaire mentioned was the same Voltaire whom they had so often cursed and cons

on. Perhaps one who was using the tableware improperly would be corrected by his neighbor and from this there would arise a noisy discussion in which each would have his partisans. Some would say the spoon, others the knife or the fork, and a

work, and if necessary we'll beg alms. There are not lacking those who will give money so that the poor may take holy orders. Does not Brother Mateo, a man who does not lie, say that Pope Sextus was a

of buyo. "If Andoy gets to be Pope we'll go to Rome

y won't forget that you taug

ned the business in a shorter time. Yes, he'll remember me when as Pope or bishop he entertains himself in making baskets

take away all our sins and send us to Heaven!' Then we shan't need to pray a

" cried the old man enthusiastically,

urate, being nothing more than a curate, only works in the mass-when he turns around! The Archbishop doesn't even tur

o sell hats and cigar-cases so that he wouldn't have to beg alms, as the curate does here every year in

saying, "It's all settled, cumare,1 my son has got t

ut, cumpare?" retorted Petra. "Th

octor makes lots of money, the s

ns and saying deminos pabiscum,2 eats God and makes

tor sees all that the women have, he feels the pulses o

ur doctor sees? Better still, you know the saying, 'the

s eat dried fish? Do they so

do? He has great estates and when he works he w

sing, cumare? I

are doing, the curate does nothing more than take a seat and they tell him everything. Sometimes he falls asleep, but he l

ust look how the fat curate was sweating this morning," obj

with everybody, without any one daring to reply, and be getting paid for it besides. I'd just like to be the curate for one morning

that Ibarra, upon seeing him, lost the thread of his talk. The padre was greeted with some surprise but with signs of

stomo's right. He took a seat beside the alcalde and said in the midst of a

as mentioning all who have helped him in his philanthropic ent

ho employ them. Here you have it-I drew the plan of this church and it's perfectly constructed, so an English jeweler

rra was silent, "when we consider certain buildings,

ts! One must be more of a brute than the Indians, who build their own houses, not to kno

turned pale, but he continued as i

verence shou

s constructed a hospital, good, pretty, and cheap. He made them work hard and paid only eight cuartos a day even to those who had to come fr

ght cuartos? Impossible!" The alcalde was try

since the Suez Canal was opened, the corruption that has come in here. Formerly, when we had to doubl

Padre

as he gets a little learning he sets himself up as a

ted the alcalde, who was becoming nervo

midst of it all, and one must be blind not to see it. Even in this life the fathers of such v

this allusion to his father jumped up and dropped a heavy hand on the priest's head, so that he fell ba

rp knife and placed his foot on the neck of the friar, who was recover

teningly in their sockets. Fray Damaso arose with an effort, but the youth caug

rez himself, dared to approach the gleaming knife, when they considered the

od brings me to it-let God be the judge!" The youth was breathing laboriously, but wit

and humiliation that he hates his memory? You see? You understand this silence? Priest of a God of peace, with your mouth full of sanctity and religion and your heart

hinking that he was about to c

ver oppressed the unprotected or afflicted those in trouble. To this man here he opened his doors, he made him sit at his table and called him his friend. And how has this man repaid him? He calumniated him, persecuted him, raised up against him all the ignorant by availing himself of the sanctity of his position; he outraged his tomb, dishonored his memory, and persecuted him even in the sleep of death! Not satisfied with this, he persecutes the son now! I have fled from him, I have avoided his presence. You this morning heard him profane the pulpit, pointing me out to popular fanaticism, and I held my

d the avenging arm. It was Maria Clara. Ibarra stared at her with a look that seemed to reflect madness. Slowly his clenc

logous to the English "gossip" in its original meaning of "sponsor in baptism." In the Philippines

nus vo

ter

mm

credulous, but, having to yield to the fact, they broke out into exclamati

n they picked him up his face was cover

ed his debts!" exclaimed a young man. "Look what he did

Did he beat up th

e do? Tell

o go out through the sacrist

. Padre Damaso t

alog, Padre,' was the reply. 'And why did you joke about it, saying that it was Greek?' yelled Padre Damaso,

to me-" hissed a stu

a penance. But I am almost glad of it, for I know that young man, I know that he's from San Pedro Makati and that he talks Tagalog we

them and they

"To remain silent would be to assent to the abuse, and what has happened

ero was a great artist, while Padre

al of the Captain-General in a hut outside the town, the gobernadorcillo was saying, "To tell who

erhaps!" interrupted Don Filipo. "The bad thing about it is that they exchanged

ked Capitan Martin. "None of the friars, nor the alcalde? Ahem! Worse and worse! I shouldn't like to be

" asked Capitan B

desert him. We must keep in mind what his family has done and what he is trying to do

llo, "what can we do? What can the people do?

answered Don Filipo impatiently, putting double stress on th

od! You don't seem to realize yet what country we're in, you don't know your countrymen. The friars are rich and united

ce are synonyms. More attention is paid to a possible evil than to a necessary good. At once fear, and not confid

ou'll see how they'll leave you in the lurch. Don

n selfishness and ends in shame! This very day I'm going to hand in my resignation to

pinions of stil

d mother were alive, what would she say? When I think that the like may happen to my

"It wouldn't cause me any shame if suc

tana Maria!" exclaimed the

. What would you say if some day when you were a widow you heard your husban

essing!" exclaimed a th

not to say that! But I don't know what I should do-I don't know-I believe I'd die-bu

t not be forgotten that it's a great si

na Maria. "No one, not even the Pope himself, much

nay, admiring the wisdom of both. "

good name in this life if in the other we are damned? Everything passes away quickly-but th

hat if that young man comes to my house I will receive him and talk with him, and if I had a daughter I would wa

appear to be right, I'll always rather believe the curate. Before

n't know, I'm only a foolish woman. What I'm going to do is to tell my son not to study any more, for th

ou thinking

hall die, the learned and the ignorant alike must die, and the only question is

ung and will some day be men. I have only a little while to live, we should see one another in the other lif

onished Capitana Tinay, clasping her hands. "It must

ave nurtured and reared them in spite of our poverty, I do not wis

your children as God commands," said

her loves them for her own sake and another loves them for thei

eaching, "are but little religious. Become a sister of the H

of men then I'll try to be a sister of

ntry folk thought of the incident, we will now go to the plaza, where under the large awning some rust

d he, "is that the school

sked the bystand

t a carter, nothing more! No

" asked a rough and robust countryma

led Don Crisostomo plibastiero.2

ningly at each other; tha

me?" the rough countr

hat one Christian

tarantado an

led those names several times and th

orse than 'indio,' a

r a son became gloomier, while the

that the alferez's old woman says. W

ccording to what the telegrapher and the directorcillo said, plibustiero, said by a Christian, a curate, or a Spaniard to another Christian like us is a santusdeus with requimiternam,6 for if they ever call you a plibustiero then you'd better get your

I ever let myself be called pelbistero!" swore the countryman, clenching his fists. "What, rich as Don Criso

call palabistiero, then I'll go to confession at once," murmured

ent to the English "Birds of

"filib

ad," "bungler." Saragate (or zaragate) is a Mexican p

and use as the English slang, "Tell it to the policeman,"

o, "a suspiciou

am (so called from their first wo

ter

irst

ling words of her aunt and of Andeng, her foster-sister. Her father had forbidden her to speak to Ibarra until the priests should absolve him from the

rs with a piece of chamois. "They'll withdraw the excommunication, they'll write now to

ay talk with him. What are confessionals for if not that we

questions, and it announced discouragement. The poor fellow was perspiring;

Santiago?" asked A

sighing and wip

e, speak! What

ouse against him, and I owe him over fifty thousand pesos! I told the padres this, but they refused to take any notice of it. 'Which do you prefer to lose,' they asked me, 'fifty thousand pesos or your life and your soul?' Ay, St. Anthony, if I had only known,

, are you crazy? To talk to her of another sweetheart now! Do you t

ove of money. But what do you want me to do? They've threatened me with another excommunication.

ore disconsolate! Isn't the Archbishop

eyes are all red. Ay, I was thinking to spend a happy evening! Without this misfortune I should be the happiest of men-every one would envy me! Be calm, my child, I'm more un

and the clank of sabers and spurs resounded on all sides, the afflicted maiden reclined half-kneeling before a picture of the Virgin represented in that sorrowful loneliness perceived only by Delaroche, as if he had surprised her returning from the sepulcher of her Son. But Maria Clara was not thinking of that mother's sorrow, she was thinking of her own. With her head hanging down over her

ection which until this moment she had hardly suspected. It had been like a river gliding along peacefully with its banks carpeted by fragrant flowers and its bed covered with fine sand, so that the wind hardly ruffled its current as it moved along, seeming hardly

"My God," cried her heart, "why dost Thou thus cut a man off, why dost Thou deny him the love of others? Thou dost not deny him thy sunlight and thy air nor

love to that pure heart that knew only the love of daughter and of mother. In her despair she turned to that deified image of womanhood, the most beautiful idealization of the most ideal of al

mother!"

since she was being asked for by some friends and

the frightened girl. "They're going t

. Are you going to put yo

nt, and threw back her shapely arm

phrase she began to make he

ter

Exce

n," said his Excellency to an aide

oduced. We told him that your Excellency had no time for interviews, that you had not come to give audiences, b

taken," said the latter with a slight bow, "he is the young man

ince or does he think that he governs here? Show the young man in."

hboring towns, standing in groups conversing or disputing. There were also to be seen all the friars,

moment," said the aide. "Come in, young man!" The Manilan who had

tly irritated to dare to make the friars wait! Padre Sibyla remar

added an Augustini

asked Padre Salvi. "We should avoid a scandal, and sho

de as he ushered out the youth who did not understand Gree

l made respectful bows with the exception of Padre Sibyla, who even in bending preserved a cer

nary greeting, neither asking them to be seated nor inquiring about their health nor addr

r," replied Fray Sibyla in the same dr

of informing ourselves concerning your Excellency's health, as is the duty of all good subjects of the King and of eve

and smiling nervously, "if all the servants of my Excellency were like hi

e standing up physically, did s

d?" he added after a brief paus

and leading by the hand Maria Clara, who entered timidly and

daughter?" asked the Ca

, General," answered C

spect and admiration and have wanted to see you and thank you for your beautiful action of this afternoon. I am informed of everything and when I make my report to his Majesty's government I shall not forget your noble conduct. Meanwhi

d the tremblin

of your fellow-countrymen, with the faith which is its own best reward and beyond which we should not aspire. But you must not deprive me of an opportunity to show t

aits the orders of your Excellency!"

lara sh

aving the town, as I still have some very important things to say to you. Se?or Alcalde, you will accompa

form you," began Padre Salvi humbly,

so, for whom I sincerely desire a complete recovery, since at his age a voyage to Spain on account of his health

alvi as they retired. "We'll see who makes tha

ce," declared the in

ither the Dominican nor the Augustinians could endure the thought

en the friars had withdrawn the alcalde greeted him familiarly, although the entrance of the aide looking for the young man left no time for c

a profound bow, even though the visit of the friars had not appeared to him

. Permit me to receive you in all confidence." His E

uch kin

that you had not expected to be well received.

ignificant subject of his Majesty lik

satisfied with your conduct and have already recommended you to his Majesty for a decoration on account of your philanthropic idea of erecting a

it worth while troubling your Excellency with it in the midst of your numerous

peak to the Archbishop, since it is necessary for us to adjust ourselves to circumstances. Here we can't laugh at such things in public as we can in the Peninsula and in enlightened Europe. Nevertheless, be more prudent in the future. You have placed yourself in opposition to

uickly, he asked, "I'm told that you have ju

, several

heard my fami

t when I had the honor of bei

u came without bringing a

I have heard your Excellency so well spoken of that I thought a letter of recommendati

ucceeds in none.' Besides, we generally come here knowing little about the country and leave it when we begin to get acquainted with it. With you I can be frank, for it would be useless to try to be otherwise. Even in Spain, where each department has its own minister, born and reared in the locality, where there are a press and a public opinion, where the opposition frankly opens the eyes of the government and keeps it informed, everything moves along imperfectly and defectively; thus it is a miracle that here things are not completely topsyturvy in the lack of these safeguards, and having to live and work under the shadow of a most powerful oppositio

to the mother country and to the efforts of my fellow-citizens, the two united by the eternal bonds of common aspirations and common intere

hich Ibarra sustained with naturalness. "You are the first man that I'

t visited the slandered huts of our towns or your Excellency would have been able to se

the young man also rose, "perhaps within a month I shall leave. Your education and your mode of thinking are not for this

xcellency's kindness," replied Ibarra with emotion, "but I

mber," he exclaimed with a change of tone, "you are going to marry an adorable young woman and I'm detaining you here! Go, go to her, and th

it is possible for one to be a good Spaniard without ceasing to be a good Filipino and to love his country. Today I showed their Reverences that we are not all puppets of their

fternoon, scenes that I regret, as they hurt the prestige of the government and of all good Spaniards, allow me to recommend to your especial care Se?or Ibarra, so that you may a

he reprimand and bowed t

. Also, investigate whether that gentleman has affairs of his own that are not san

you on the happiness of having a daughter such as the Se?orita de los Santos; now let me congratulate you on your future son-in-law. The m

Tiago, wiping the persp

ll take the greatest pleasure in being one of them. That's for the purpose of ridding myself of the feeling of

itan Tiago with a smile

so many things to tell her. Hearing merry voices i

asked the voice

I

hushed and the d

called the young man, his

e merry voice of Sinang murmured through the keyhole, "Crisostomo, we'

ted again as rapidly

ed Ibarra thoughtfully as he

offer it to any person who asks about it with the conventional phrase,

er XX

Proc

ral, who had gone out on foot in company with his two aides, Capitan Tiago, the alcalde, the alferez, and Ibarra, preceded by civil-guards and officials who opened the way and cleared the s

cession from Capitan Tiago's house, where Maria Clara had remained with some of her friends, but his Excellency w

d decorated according to the caprice of each boy, since this illumination was furnished by the children of the barrios, who gladly performed this service, imposed by the matanda sa nayon,2 each one designing and fashioning his own lantern, adorning it as his fancy prompted

rods, with blows from which, administered opportunely and with sufficient force, they endeavored to add to the glory and brilliance of the procession-all for the edification of souls and the splendor of re

do they administer those blows as a punishment

rhearing the question. "This barbarous sight is a wonder to all

ior's cousin did not amount to much among the people, for while it is true that he had the feet and legs of a maiden and the face of an anchorite, yet

our austerity avail you nothing, nor the fact that you died for the truth and your convictions, all of which men forget when they consider nothing more than their own merits. It avails more to preach badly in the churche

many glass lanterns! Never did I see you surrounded by so many luminaries, Giovanni Bernardone!3 And what music! Other tunes were heard by your followers after your death! But, venerable and humble founder, if y

?uelo of embroidered pi?a held by fingers covered with rings, and a silk gown decorated with gilt spangles. Lights and incense surrounded her while her glass tears reflected the colors of the Bengal lights, which, while giving a fantastic appearance to the procession, also made the saintl

he gobernadorcillo to her visitors. "I've lent him

id the same; either they or their bearers wished to hear the verses. Those who were carrying

ay scold!" obje

they leave him in a co

the ground, became

s filled up the lines to the car of the Virgin, behind which came the curate under his canopy. This practise they had from Padre Damaso, who said: "To the Virgin t

e morning when he followed St. Francis. His float was drawn by six Tertiary Sisters-whether because of some vow or on account of some

of gowns, hoods, girdles, and nuns' veils, from which arose a monotonous and snuffling prayer, there were to be seen, like white jasmines or fresh sampaguitas among old rags, twelve girls dressed in white, crowned with flowers, their hair curled, an

Everybody kept his eyes fixed on the half-drawn curtain until at length a sigh of admiration escaped from

rodigy of creation began to recite a poem like

oyed Padre Damaso's sermon of the morning and we do not wish to spoil them by too many wonders. Besides, the Franciscan might feel hard tow

the archangel. It was a voice tender, melodious, pleading, sighing out the Ave Maria of Gounod to the accompaniment of a piano that prayed with it. The music of the procession

w where he stood. He comprehended what that suffering soul was expressing in a song and yet feare

latter said to him. "There we'll ta

man, staring without seeing the Captain-G

al of the hero who is to be eulogized. He then commences to recite his loa, carrying himself like a clown in a circus, while he sings the praises of the person in whose honor the fiesta has been arranged. This loa, which was in rhetorical verse in a diffuse style suited to the Asiatic taste, set forth the general's naval expeditions and the honors he had received from the King, concluding with thanks and acknowledgment of the favor that he had conferred in passing through their town and visiting such poor wretches as they. There were not lacking in it the wanderings of Ulysses, the journeys of Aristotle, the unfortunate death of Pliny, and other passages from ancient history, which they delight in introducing into their stories. All these passages are usually filled with fables touching upon the marve

of the village,

rancis of Assisi, founder o

ter

Conso

hick veins that appeared to conduct not blood but vinegar and gall, and the thick cigar that made a fit ornament for her purple lips, and her envious leer, and yielding to a generous impulse had she wished not to disturb the pleasure of the populace by her sinister a

from beneath which escaped thin locks of tangled hair, a camisa of blue flannel over another which must once have been white, and a faded skirt which showed the outlines of her thin, flat thighs, placed one over the other and shaking feverishly. From her mouth issued little clouds of smoke which she puffed wearily in whate

that his mate dressed ridiculously and had the appearance of what is known as a "querida of the soldiers," so he did not care to expose her to the gaze of strangers and persons from the capital. But she did not so understand it. She knew that she was beautiful and attractive, that she had the airs of a queen and dressed much

other, silently, as if meditating something terrible or malign. Her glance reflected the look that springs from the eyes of a serpent when caught and about to be crushed; it was cold, luminous, and penetrating, with something fasc

Everything about her folded up as do the flowers at the first breath of the hurricane, so she met with no resistance nor found any point or high place to discharge her evil humor. The soldiers and servants kept away from her. That she might not hear the sounds

pend the night there seated on a bench in an abandoned attitude. The next day the alferez saw her, and fearing for her in those days of confusion nor caring to r

sing in a sweet and melancholy voice the kundíman of her youth. The soldiers heard her and fell silent; those airs awoke old memories of the days before they had been corrupted. Do?a Consolacion al

is wounded the vanity of the Muse, who endeavored to inspire respect and fear. She coughed, made a sign to the soldiers

o appear not to know it. Speaking it the worst possible, she would thus give herself the air of a genuine orofea,3 as she was accustomed to say. But she did well, for if she martyrized Tag

er wedding, when she was talking with her husband, who was then a corporal, she had said Pilipinas. The corporal thought it his duty to correct her,

, so he increased the slaps and reprimanded her thus: "But, woman, can't you pronounce Felipe? Don't forget it; you know the king, Don Fe

uises and repeated with symptoms of losing her patienc

elipi! So that day he very prudently dropped the subject. Leaving his wife, he went to consult the books. Here his astonishment reached a climax:

o Saavedra gave the country that name in honor of the prince, Don Felipe? How

and answered with great pompousness, "In ancient times it was pronounced Filipi instead of Felipe. But since we moderns have become Frenchified we can't endure two i's in succession, s

cause of his failure to understand the riddle: what th

s not yet cultured! In the ancient style,

d. What he had just learned his spouse must also know, so he proceede

it? Just what you ta

ced it even better in the modern style, but now it's prope

o ancient! What are

nd! Say F

ely thirty years old!" she replied, rolling up

or I'll throw th

ected, then began to stammer with

; she grabbed his goatee, but was unable to bite because of her loose teeth. He let out a yell, released her and begged her pardon.

n how to talk, and this was about what really came to pass. When they were married she still knew Tagalog and could make herself understood in Spanish, but now, at the time of our story, she no longer

sa smoothed out her eyebrows a little, while a smile of satisfaction lig

ng! She doesn't understand me,

n. She understood it well: "The sadness, the cold, and the moisture that descend from the sky when wrapped in the mantle of night," so ran the kundíman, seemed to be descending also on her heart. "The withered and faded flower which during the day flaunted her finery, seeking applause and full of vanity, at eventide, repentant and disenchanted, makes an effort to r

fect Tagalog, as she rose with agitati

tress, who, realizing that she had given herself away, was ashamed of it, and as her nature was not that of a woman, the

around the room, then stopping suddenly in front of the crazy

she repeated in

tance was to be heard the music of the procession playing a grave and majestic march, but Do?a Consolacion danced furiously, keeping other time to other music resounding within her. Sisa gazed at her without moving, while her eyes expressed curiosity and something like a weak s

y with the whip. Sisa's face drew up with pain and

exclaimed with savage joy, passi

e a cry of pain and qu

you Indian-!" The wh

dly-staring eyes. Two sharp cuts of the whip on her shoulder made her stand up, and it was not merely a cry but

, damn you, dance! Evil to the mother who bore you!" she cried. "Dance, or I'll flog you to de

tion curled the lips of her teacher, the smile of a female Mephistopheles who succeeds in getting a great pupil. Ther

the door with a loud kick. The alferez appeared pale and gloomy, and when he saw what was going on he

r of the strange dancer and made her stop. The crazy woman si

im with questioning eyes. She picked up the whip and asked in a smooth, soft

tell Marta to get her some other clothes and attend to her. You give her something to eat and a

nd approached his wife. "You're tempting me to

you?" she asked, rising

up before her a sheet of paper covered with scrawls. "Didn't you write this letter to the alca

he replied with a jeering laugh. "The one who beats

hrew it at her head, but she, accustomed to such fights, dodged quickly and the

d to come near me!" And to exaspera

, hit him across the face with the whip and ran hurriedly into an inner room, shutting and bolting the door violently beh

, open, or I'll break your head!" he howle

trunks as if she was building a barricade with the furniture

alled the sour voice inside. "If

contented himself with walking up and do

he woman continued to jeer at him, as she now seem

ch you, even God won't

o to mass! You didn't let me attend to my religious duties!"

se, having taken off his shoes. The servants, accustomed to these brawls, were usually bored, but this novelty of the shoes attracted their attention, so t

from time to time, changing the epithets and raising the tone. At last she be

ter gone out?" cri

ez the boy answered, "Ye

he pulled back the bolt. Slowly her hus

wls, curses, blows, hoarse voices-who can tell

e made a significant sign to the cook,

will! She asked me if he had go

sions giving anything but a complimentary picture of the character and conduct of the Spaniards in the Islands, and in a rather naive and perhaps unintentional way throwing s

-ca!" "(You

European

of the Prince of the Asturias, afterwards Felipe II (Philip II), was first applied to what is probably the present island of Leyte by Ru

tangas, noted for the man

pte

and

houses, so there might be seen on the ridges of the roofs men armed with pails of water and long poles with pieces of cloth on the ends. Their black silhouettes stood out in the vague clearness of the air like phantoms that had descend

l lights fantastically illuminating the merry groups while the boys were availing themselves of torches to hunt in the grass for

e roof, or sowed the floor with pyramidal clusters. An alguazil was looking after these, and when h

the town, the Spaniards, and the rich visitors occupied rows of chairs. The general public, the nameless rabble, filled up the rest of the place, some of them bringing benches on their shoulders not so much

ground amid the laughter of the crowd. They were visitors who had come from afar to observe and now found themselves the observed. Over there they quarreled and disputed over a seat, a little farther on was heard

f monte. He was talking with old Tasio. "What can I do? The alcalde was unwilling to acce

you ans

emanates from higher spheres. The King himself receives his strength from the people and the people theirs from God. That is ex

you!" said the old

want to see

n to the character of our people? Peaceful, yet fond of warlike shows and bloody fights; democratic, yet adoring emperors, kings, and princes; irreligious, yet impover

. Behind them came the curate with another Franciscan and some Spaniards. Following the priests were a number of the townsmen w

watching Maria Clara, whose sadness gave to her beauty an air so ideal and interesting that it was easy to understand how she might be looked upon with rapture. But the eyes of the Franciscan, deeply hidden in t

ntion was fixed on him and the curate. But the young man seemed not to notice anything

im was Sinang. "Did you see

I had to go with t

tories of the damned-can you imagine it!-to fill us with fe

he began an animated conversation. The former spoke in

o, "but Se?or Ibarra is one of the heaviest contributors and h

od Christians? It's letting a wolf enter the fold.

a slight bow. "But my little authority does not empower me to mix in religious affairs. Those w

y for danger, and he who lo

General, my superior officers, have been talking with him al

t him out of her

s too late to retract, so he made a sign to his companion, who arose with regret, and the two went

people approached the young man and said to him,

by them?" Ibarra

t left to avoid c

void conta

that you're e

about him and saw that Maria Clara was hiding her face behind her fan. "But

a change of tone, "Excuse me, I've forgotten

Yeyeng is going to dance La C

nd, but I'll be back.

rvajal was answering her, "Pase usté adelante," when two soldiers of the

he teniente-ma

d his wife have been fi

at against such permission no one in the town has any authority,

ilipo turned his back and they went away. In order not t

lt arose. The orchestra suddenly ceased playing, threw their instruments away, and jumped up on the stage. The valiant Villardo, not expecting them and taking them for allies of the Moros, dropped his sword and shield, and started to run. The Moros, seeing that such a doughty Christian was fleeing, did not consider it improper to imitate him. Cr

order to break up the performance. The teniente-mayor, with the aid of the cuadrilleros, wh

" cried Don Filipo. "Take ca

e frightened girls clung to him pale and trembl

ves with indignation. Stones rained on the squad of cuadrilleros who were conducting the two offenders from the scene, and there w

hing out her arms. "To disturb the town! They don't chase any but honest folks!

talking at the same time. There was Chananay dressed as Leonor in Il Trovatore, talking in the language of the markets to Ratia in the costume of a schoolmaster; Yeyeng, wrapped in a silk shawl, was clin

he ran to stop them. "Don't disturb the peace!" he cried. "Tomorrow we'll ask f

Kalamba,2 the same promise was made, but the alcalde did not

The crowd maintained its hostile attitude, so

r! Restrain them while I

eady at a distance. He gazed about him seeking he knew not whom, when acci

st have understood him, for he disappeared in the crowd. Lively disputes and sharp exclamations were heard. Gradually the crowd began to break up,

against the curtains and gazing toward the plaza. From time to time a suppressed sigh escaped him, and if the light of the

vantage of the consternation and weakness of woman. Every one seeks to save himself, no one thinks of any one else; a cry is not heard or heeded, women faint, are struck and fall, terror and fright heed not shame, under the cover of night-and when they are in love! He imagined that he saw Crisostomo snatch the fainting

Capitan Tiago's. There he breathed more freely, for he saw in the open hallway the adorable silhouet

t seems that she has

thing sweetly. Her eyelids were shaded by long lashes which formed graceful curves like those of the Virgins of Raphael, the little mouth was smiling, all the features breathed forth virginity, purity, and innocence.

concluded his account of the fiesta and its

rowd, using only his persuasive word with the majesty and authority that are never lacking to a minister of a Religion of Peace. With unparalleled self-abnegation this virtuous priest tore himself from sweet repose, such as every goo

sh-Filipino who acquired quite a reputation not only in

ar 1879.-Au

pte

Vi

are so exaggerated during the night-hours he set to work in his lonely cabinet. Day found him still making mixtures and combinatio

who had the appearance of being from the country.

nd remained sta

gnized him. "Excuse me for making you wait, I didn't not

to ask you if there is anything I can do for you in the province, of Batang

tioned him

is ill," continued Elias q

Ibarra in a weak voice. "Do you k

if you have not

asant journey. But first let me ask you a q

s bo

disturbance last night?" asked

m a beating given him by the Civil Guard. One day I had the good fortune to save them from the same hands into which their fath

ers whose father die

misfortune has once singled out a family all its members must peri

lf alone he lost the serene self-possession he had maintained in the pilot's presence.

all man, dressed in mourning, with a large scar on his le

u want?" as

I'm the brother of the man

ve my sympa

w much you're going to

eal his disgust. "We'll talk of that later. C

ch you're willing to

that some other time. I haven't tim

terly, placing himself in front of the young

plied Ibarra, restraining himself. "I'

et the dead? Do you think

errupted, "Don't try my pati

see that you're the grandson of the man who tied my father out in the

tone he added, "But, i

ter

Espa

d stayed awake much without really amusing themselves, without gaining any new friends, and, in a word, that they have dearly bought their dissipation

n the kitchen do they dare to speak in natural tones. Maria Clara, the soul of the house, lies sick in bed and her

n or to the cross of Matahong?" asks the afflicted father in a low voice. "The Tunasa

s, "To grow, to grow is a greater miracle than to

e best thing will be to make poor-offerings to both crosses, so neither will resent it, and Maria will get better sooner. Are the roo

Sinang and Victoria, who have come to keep the sick gir

the foster-sister of Maria C

ng that I know about him is that he cha

"The one who performed an operation on Do

Guevara; after performing a bungling operation that cost the life of both mother

bout it?" asks her

is home also, for the alcalde, being a friend of the doctor's, made him pay. Don't I

Aunt Isabel, ran down the steps to welcome the new arrivals: the Doctor Don Tiburcio de Espada?a, his se?ora the Do

ushed between blue and red ribbons. The dust of the road mingled with the rice-powder on her cheeks seemed to

a," said Do?a Victorina, indicating their young companion. "The gentleman is a godson

y and Capitan Tiago came ve

Capitan Tiago is conducting them to their rooms, let us talk a little

r little white hand, not indeed from distrust, for not a few times had she given jewelry and gems of great value to various foreign and Spanish adventurers. Six months before the time of our story she had seen realized her most beautiful dream,-the dream of her whole life,-for which she might scorn the fond illusions of her youth and even the promises of love that Capitan Tiago had in other days whispered in her ear

-she would have restored to Destiny the award it offered her to wait for another more suited to her taste, but since man proposes and necessity disposes, she saw herself obliged in her great need for a husband to content herself with a poor fellow who had been cast out from Estremadura3 and who, after wandering about the world for six or seven years like a mode

ust at the time when he found himself without a cuarto. After his rough experience on the sea he did not care to return to Spain without having made his fortune, so he decided to devote himself to something. Spanish pride forbade him to en

He began by visiting some sick persons, and at first made only moderate charges, as his conscience dictated, but later, like the young philosopher of whom Samaniego4 tells, he ended by putting a higher price on his visits. Thus he soon passed for a great physician and would probably have made his fortune if the medical authorities in Manila had not heard of his exorbitant fees and the competition that he was causing others. Both private parties and professionals interceded for him. "Man," they said to the zealous medical official, "let him make his stake and as soon as he has six or seven thousand pesos he can go back home and live there in peace. After all, what does it

t hair had been reduced to a knot about the size of an onion, according to her maid, while her face was furrowed with wrinkles and her teeth were falling loose.

n he talked, and who had more "spirit" and "quality," as she used to say, but that class of Spaniards no longer came to seek her hand. She had more than once heard it said that opportunity is pictured as

earch not so much of fortune as of some simple means of livelihood for the remainder of his days; when, deluded by the stories of his countrymen from overseas, he had set out for the Philippines, realism gave, place to an arrogant mestiza or a beautiful Indian with big black eyes, gowned in silks and transparent draperies, loaded down with gold and diamonds, offering him her love, her carriages, her all. When he reached Manila he thought for a time that his dream was to be realized, for the young women whom he saw driving on the Luneta and the Malecon in silver-mounted carriages had gazed at him with some curiosity. Then after his position was gone, the mestiza and the Indian disappeared and with great effort he forced before himself the image of a widow, of course an agreeable widow! So when he saw his dream take shape in part he became sad, but with a certain touch of native philosophy said

y, of great valor, and of elevated importance that the greater part of his countrymen acquire in a few weeks. His heart had never been capable of entertaining hate nor had he been able to find a single filibuster; he saw only unhappy wretches whom he must despoil if he

orina was attacked by a horrible indigestion and Don Tiburcio thanked God and showed himself solicitous and attentive. A few days a

ent to Batangas and Albay for the best ponies, and even obliged him to keep a pair for the races. Nor did she neglect her own person while she was transforming him. She laid aside the native

ed to show him off in public, but she kept quiet out of respect for their honeymoon. The last quarter was coming on when he took up the subject of the rice-powder, tellin

ctorina de los Reyes de De Espada?a." This de was such a mania with her that neither the stationer nor her husband could ge

the names of the different ports of call, so that it was a treat to hear her talk: "I'm going to see the isthmus in the Suez Canal-De Espada?a thinks it very beautiful and De Espada?a has traveled over the whole world." "I'll probably not return to this land of savages." "I wasn't bo

on of flowers and ribbons, and appeared on the Escolta in a wrapper. But oh, the disenchantment! Three months went by and the dream faded, and now, having no reason for fearing that her son would be a revolutionist, she gave up the trip. Sh

the only strong-spirited pers

she asked her husband. "My dear," he answered, "the s-strongest s-spirit

only ammonia in this tiresome country, speaking figuratively.

any great resistance and so was converted into a kind of lap-dog of hers. If she was displeased with him she would not let

and ought to be a doctor of medicine

nt me to be arrested?

wered. "You're not going to treat any one, but I w

and as a result she increased the number of frizzes, the layers of rice-powder, the ribbons and laces, and gazed with more disdain than ever on her poor and unfortunate countrywomen whose husbands belon

orthwith sent a peso to the church for a mass of thanksgiving. Still, he greatly respected her husband on account of his title of specialist in all kinds of diseases and listened atte

nistrator, as she did not trust the Filipinos. Her husband bethought himself of a nephew of his in Madrid who was studying law and who was consi

f a late breakfast, Padre Salvi came in. The Espada?as were already acquainte

ited all her verbosity in criticising the customs of the provincials,-their nipa houses, their bamboo bridges; without forgettin

apitan Tiago during a slight pause, "you would have met

His Excellency here

right there. If you had

Excellency was here! Don't you see now that De Espada?a was right when he told you that you weren't going to the house of a miserable Indian

te, Victorina," cor

thing. If you

interrupted Linares, addressing Padre Sal

l be over in a little wh

the youth, "and if it were not for the happy chance that

the happy chan

to Capitan Tiago, "Only for you, Don Santiago, only for you! My husband only attends persons of qu

. Her head covered with a handkerchief saturated in cologne, her body wrapped carefully in white sheets which swathed her youthful form with many folds, under curtains of jusi and pi?a, the girl lay on her kamagon bed

and said, as he wagged his head from side to side, "S-she's s-sick, but

syrup of marshmallow, two cynogl

na, going up to her. "We've come to cu

e eloquent eyes, which seemed to be searching for so

, calling him out of his abstrac

first visit was for Maria Clara. Nor was it the Padre Damaso of former times

nt occurred in Kal

er heroic exploits during the siege of

pain, including the province

for the use of schools. The fable of the young philosop

nster of so f

ed needs but

oft, familiar

e, then pity,

T

r those wh

known by prefixing her maiden name with d

a is still in existence on C

here, Campanario meaning

ter

l

d of the sick girl and taking her hand said to her with ineffable tendernes

der feelings, no one had believed that under his rude and rough exterior there might beat a heart. Unable to go on, he withdrew from th

nt, while Fray Salvi gazed at him motionlessly an

im respectfully. Fray Damaso silently looked him over from head to foot, took the letter o

on of your brother-in-law,

d. "Come and let me embrace you! I got your letter several days ago. So it's you! I didn't recognize you,-which is easily explained, for you weren't born when I left t

out Carlicos and his wife had been made and answered, Padre Dam

ng about that in the lette

nts me to get you a job and a wife. Ahem! A jo

egree of law fro

't show it; you look more like a shy maiden

a great hurry," interrup

e, a wife!" His countenance was no longer sad or merry but now wore an expression of great seri

aso in a tearful voice. "But of two evils, the lesser!" Then raising his voic

ong by the priest, who moved thoughtfully. Then it was P

from his monotonous walk. He raised his

t?" questioned t

ho was killed on the day of the fies

murmured in a scarcely

, saying that he wouldn't pay anything since he himself had run the risk of getting killed through the fault of my dear, unfortunate brother. I went to talk to him yesterday, but he had

y with a smile of such disdain and sarcasm at the sight of this farce that, had Lucas noti

of God what I ought to do. The pa

You don't belong

known all over

e street said to the now startled Lucas, "Go home and be thankful

he was playing and mur

e!" cried Padre

ke to see P

out of here!" again order

ng, "He's another of them-as he does

had hurried to the spot, including Pa

esn't want to work," explained Padre Salvi, pick

ter

ation of

red only the name of the mother whom she had never known. But her girl friends, her father, and her aunt kept watch at her side. Offerings and alms were s

was so pleased with her husband that one day when he stepped on the train of her gown she did not apply her penal code to the extent of taking his set of fals

r friend, the curate, Capitan Tiago, and Do?a Victorina's

t," said the doctor; "Padre Dama

e transferring him to?"

Tayabas," replied th

Maria Clara, when she learns of it," said C

looked at h

o, "that all her illness is the result of

at you've done well not to let Se?or I

Victorina, "Clarita would already b

hat my husband didn't have any patient of greater quality, for then you'd h

which has saved her life. A clean conscience is worth more than a lot of medicine. Don't think that I deny the power of science, above al

torina, "this power of the confessional-c

" replied Padre Salvi severely. "Nevertheless, a clean confession will pre

lent! In the church she did nothing but stare at me. You can see that she's a nobody. Sunday I was going to ask h

to complete your daughter's recovery it's necessary that she take communion tomorrow. I'll bring the viatic

add, "I don't understand how there can be men capable of marrying such a fright as that woman is. It's e

are the sick girl for the communion tomorrow. I'll c

Tagalog, "Prepare your niece for confession tonight. Tomorrow

h courage to ask faintly, "you don't th

've helped take care of plenty of sick people before. Besides, she'll decide herself wh

bel returned to the sick girl's chamber. Maria Clara was still

ablet that she took from a small glass tube. "He says that when you f

ou again?" asked the si

ust be ve

e sent an

ng to try to get the Archbishop to absol

for you to get ready for confession, daughter," said the latter. "You

onfessed!" protested Sinang. "I'm not

seven times a day? Come, what book shall I bring you, the A

ra did no

aunt to console her. "I'll read the examination

ore," murmured Maria Clara in Sinang's

ha

ht, put her spectacles on the end of her nose, and opened a booklet. "Pay close attention, daughter. I'm going to begin with the Ten Commandments. I'l

of cases of sinfulness. At the end of each paragraph she made a long paus

ctacles and was satisfied with her sad and thoughtful mien. She coughed piously and after a long pause began to read the second commandment. The g

king His holy name in vain the poor child ha

e can break it she again looked toward the bed. But now she lifted up her glasses and rubbed

her glasses on the end of her nose, she said, "Now let's see if, just as you've

thinking thus to give solemnity to the act, just as she had seen many friars

e handkerchief to her eyes several times

so obedient and submissive to every one! I've committed

ot hear the stifled sobs of her niece. Only in a pause which she made after the comments on homicide, by violence did she notice the groans of the sinner. Then h

Hold the sorrow of repentance as better than that of mere penitence. Weep, daughter, weep! You don't kno

ried her eyes without saying anything or answering her aunt, who continued the reading. Since the wails of her audience had ceased, however, she lost

d lady afterwards. "This girl sins like a soldier against the first five and from the si

Pillar,2 taking care to put away in a corner a marble crucifix to make it understand that the candles were not lighted for it. No

, who stood watch over her niece at a distance, could note that the curate, instead of turning his ear to hear the words of the sick girl

is forehead, which was gloomy and covered with perspiration, one would h

bel, crossing herself to dispel an evil th

of "graven images," its second being the prohibition against "taking His holy name in v

gossa, Spain, and patroness

pte

Hu

ing the same air. The man would listen attentively and then make his way in the direction of the distant sound, until at length, after overcoming the thousand obstacles offered by the virgin forest in the night-time, he reached a small open space, which was bathe

y from behind a large rock and advanced with drawn revolver. "Who ar

known in an even tone, without answering

capitan? Yes

for him," was the answer of the unknown, w

, as he approached him, not, however, ceasing

pitch torches and occupied by twelve to fifteen armed men with dirty faces and soiled clothing, some seated and some lying down as they talked fitfully to one another. Resting his arms on a stone that served for a table and gazing thoughtfully at the torches, which gave out so little light fo

led back again, satisfying themselves with the observation that the newcomer was unarmed. The old man turn

old man, his gaze lighting up som

u!" exclaimed the youth in a su

to the others, who arose and withdrew, first taking the

when I sheltered you in my house, it was I who pitied you. Now we have change

ly in a low voice as he stared at the light. "I started at once and have been seeking

had to flee. My enemies were afraid to show themselves. I was confront

aving sought in vain for some survivor of the family that caused the misfortunes of mine, I've decided to leave the province where I live and move toward the North among the independent

nfamy to account, and because that man is set above his fellows with the title of minister of God! In spite of everything, I, her father, I, dishonored in my old age, forgave the injury, for I was indulgent with the passions of youth and the weakness of the flesh, and in the face of irreparable wrong what could I do but hold my peace and save what remained to me? But the culprit, fearful of vengeance sooner or later, sought the destruction of my sons. Do you know what he did? No? You don't know, then, that he pretended that there had been a robbery committed in the convento and that one of my sons figured among the accused? The other could not be included because he was in another place at the time. Do you know what tortures they were subjected to? You know of them, for they are the same in all the towns! I, I saw my son hanging by the hair, I heard his cries, I heard him call upon me, and I, coward and lover of peace, hadn't the courage either to kill or to die! Do you know tha

let the guilty perish, had I confided less in the justice of God and men, I should now have my sons-fugitives, perhaps, but I should have them; they would not have died under torture! I was not

tore away the bandage, reopening a wound in hi

desire for revenge. I, too, am like you, and yet from fear

hope! But I assure you that I shall injure no innocent one. Do you see this wound?

nfortunate people. If you accomplish your revenge by your own hand, your enemies will make terrible reprisals, not against y

defend themselves, let

you in other days when you were happy; then y

an who is rich, generous, noble, and who desires the welfare of his country. They say that this young man has friends in Madrid-I don't know myself-but I can assure yo

, pride and show blind them, and as they are generally safe, above all when they have powerful frien

n insulted over the memory of his father, and a young man who, as he is soon

going to be happy-our cau

or men who h

carry our cry even to the Captain-General, suppose that he finds in the Cort

other unfortunate, young and strong, should propose to you, old and weak, peaceful measures, but it's

accomplis

just. But if we accomplish nothing, if they disregard our entreaties, if man has beco

know that you will keep your word. You will come to me, and I shall help you to reve

, you will refrain fr

s of the people, you know them.

ve learned from the person in whom I place so much hope. If he accepts, they will give

blo fails, satisfied in his revenge," concluded the old man,

rsonal, which also served for personal identification, could be required at any time or place, and failure to produce it was cause for summary arrest. It therefore became

n Batangas Province, the latter a village on the northern s

nish Parl

ter

Co

sk all that he has, desirous of getting rich without work. There the rich man goes to amuse himself, using the money that remains to him from his feasts and his masses of thanksgiving. The fortune that he gambles is his own, the cock is raised with much more care perhaps than his son and successor in the cockpit, so we have nothing to say

ollect the sa pintu, or admission fee. Of this contribution, which every one pays, the government receives a part, amounting to some hundreds of thousands of pesos a year. It is said that with this money, with which vice pays its license, magnificent schoolhouses are erected, bridges and roads are constructed, pri

fastened to the ground by means of a piece of bone or hard wood; there are assembled the gamblers, the devotees, those skilled in tying on the gaffs, there they make agreements, they deliberate, they beg for loans, th

now nothing more than a carcass to be sold for a peseta or to be stewed with ginger and eaten that very night. Sic transit gloria mundi! The loser returns to the home where his anxious wife and ragged children await him, without h

rounded and followed by the partisans of their champions; others who are dirty and bear the imprint of vice on their squalid features anxiously follow the movements of the rich to note the bets, since the purse may become empty but the passion neve

are tiers of seats for the spectators, or gamblers, since these are the same. During the fights these seats are filled with men and boys who shout, clamor, sweat, quarrel, and blaspheme-fortunately, hardly any women get in this far.

an Pablo, Capitan Basilio, and Lucas, the man with the se

townsmen and asks, "Do you know which

wo came, one of them the lásak tha

hat my bulik is

'll bet my house an

a camisa of Canton linen, woolen pantaloons, and a wide straw hat. Behind

ia is improving all the t

e fever but is

lose la

u won. I'm going to see i

Basilio, looking at the cock and taking it fr

will you

mble for le

Capitan Basilio, calling to a man

ts weight and studying its scales returns it

ver yo

d five h

hr

hr

ext fight

d cocks will fight, each of which has a history and a well-earned reputation. All wi

rry the two cocks into the arena, a white and a red, already armed but with the gaffs still sheathed. Cries are heard, "On the white!" "On th

y in civilian costume. Trousers of guingón with a red stripe, a camisa stained blue from the faded blouse, and a service-cap, make up

word, promising to sell the carabao or the next crop, two boys, brothers apparently, follow the bettors with wistful eyes, loiter about, murmur timid words to which no one listens, become more a

y to twenty

thers excha

't have put up all the money. If you had listened t

pproached Lucas and t

around with feigned surprise. "Does your broth

t when we've l

you ac

would lend us something, n

ilo and Bruno, both young and strong. I know that your brave father died as a result of the

lder. "That might lead to trouble. If it were not that

who has no money or influence. And a

ty on the white!"

os, three, two,"

ack double. The fight

for those who are willing to serve him. But I see that you're not like your father-he was real

id Bruno. "It's the same to be shot as to be h

-but think of

he two starters, with the expert who fastens the gaffs, are left alone in the center. At a sign

heir foreheads are pressed against the railing. A man approaches th

foolish way and responds to

n the other is given a like opportunity, for in every duel there must be fair play, whether it is a question of Parisian cocks or Filipino cocks. Afterwards, they hold them up in sight of each other, close together, so that each of the enraged little creatures may see who it is that has pu

d gaze and bristling plumage. At that moment their little heads are filled with a rush of blood, their anger flashes forth, and they hurl themselves together with instinctive valor. They strike beak to beak, breast to breast, gaff to gaff, wing to wing, but the blows are skilfully parried, only a few feathers fall. Again they size each other up: suddenly the white rises on his wings, brandishing the deadly knife, but the r

numerous, but victory still hangs in the balance. At last, with a supreme effort, the white throws himself forward for a final stroke, fastens his gaff in the wing of the red and catches it between the bones. But the white himself has been wounded in the breast and both are weak and feeble from

heard over the whole town, even and prolonged. He who hears this from afar then knows that the winner is the one against which the odds were placed, or the

"if you had listened to me we should now have a hun

but gazed about him as

ro," added Bruno. "He's givi

the hand of Sisa's husband. The two then exchanged som

That's what it is to be

iping away with the cuff of his camisa th

continues, the lásak must win and we ought not to lose any chance. I want

both turned pale. "I'll go with you, you're right. We'll revenge our

g you?" asked B

fight comes next?

bulik of Capitan Basilio's against Capitan Tiago'

bet on it, too. But

ed the cock, studied it, meditated and reflected, asked some question

you see those feet? What more do you want? Look at those legs, spread out

ck. The clinking of gold and silver came to his ears.

cted, red silk thread for tying it on was waxed and rubbed thoroughly. Tarsilo took in the creature with a gloomily impressive gaze, as if he were not loo

Without look

ur poor

mo is the leader? Didn't you see him walking

we get

nce? Our father was

re ri

. As soon as they saw him Tarsilo stopped. "No! Let's get

want to! I'm g

ru

saying, "Are you betting? I'm for th

give

h?" aske

out his pesos. Bruno wa

hundred. Fif

Bruno resol

t! Fifty

t if you

s to my protector and I've j

t till I ge

" said the other, not conf

rusting to his fists. Then turning to his brother

er and liked the sport, and, unable t

Lucas, who, on seeing

called

t's

ive us?" asked the t

k on the barracks, I'll give each of you thirty pesos and ten pesos for each companion you bring. If a

imed Bruno. "Let'

so that those fellows who killed him may not ove

n Crisostomo will get back with the arms. Day after tomorrow, about eight o'clock at night, go to

ers seemed to have changed parts-Tars

of the numerous terms used in the vern

orruption of compadre,

t decides the winners for that session: thus, the red having won, the lásak, in who

ter

wo Se

was dressed as elegantly as possible with all her ribbons and flowers over her silk gown, in order to impress the provincials and make them realize what a distance intervened between th

must have to be an Indian! And how rude they are and how proud! They don't take off their hats when they m

me back?" asked

at you're

, I'm

ad dropped their eyes and had not admired her rich costume as they should have done. Sinang's cochero, who was driving Sinang and her cousin in an elegant carriage, had the impudence to yel

to her husband, who, fearing a storm, wheele

Victorina's ill humor, for the officer not only did not proffer any com

husband as the soldier left them. "He scarcely touched his helmet wh

he b-bo

for that? We are

th looks; Do?a Victorina stared while the Muse of the Civil Guard examined her from head to foot, and then, sticking out her lower lip, turned her head away and spat on the ground. This used up the last of Do?a Victorina's patience. Leaving her husb

ter with you, D

at me so? Are you envious?" Do?a Vict

ou?" drawled the Muse. "Yes

d the doctor. "D-don'

d his wife, giving him such a shove that he nearly kiss

ink that I'm a provincial or a soldier's querida! In my hous

ereces don't enter, but cripple

o blush. She tried to get to her antagonist, but the sentinel stoppe

Don't you want to wash my clothes? I'll pay you well! Do

ou are and what class of people you belong with? Get out, my husband has already told me! Se?ora, I at least have nev

ched her fists, and gritted her teeth. "Come down, old sow!" she cried. "I'm

e window and was soon seen running down

ingly, but they would have come to blows

! Don T

and if you haven't any money left, rob the people-that'

Excellency smash my mouth? You're onl

a, "be thankful that I remember that you're a woman or

or Alf

uack! You don't

things that might hurt the prestige of certain classes by the truths that were brought to light, we forbear from recording what they said. The curious spectators, while they may not have u

s! What a shame!

ing here, you hy

your wife away! Se?o

these robbers

pleted, and with threats and insults they gradually drew away from one another. Fray Salvi moved from one

l!" declared the raging Do?a Victorina to her husband. "You'

, the g-guard

or sword, or-or-" Do?a Victorina

I've never h

stic sweep of her hand she snatched out his

and Victoria, and as he had heard nothing of the quarrel, became rather uneasy at sight of his cousins. Maria Cla

rina, "you must challenge

d the start

now or else I'll tell eve

o?a Vic

irls exchan

you are what you are! His old hag came down with a wh

g, "they're had a figh

the doctor's teeth,

e to challenge him or else I'll tell Don Santiago

lid Linares, going up to her, "be calm, don't call up-" Then h

But Do?a Victorina left him no time to grieve. In a few words but with no lack of strong lang

sn't, don't let him marry your daughter, don't you permit

nang, but her merry eyes filled with tears. "I knew

eyes at her father, at Do?a Victorina, at Linares. The latter bl

man that doesn't wear trousers. You expos

rned to her friends and said, "Help

ound arms of her friends, resting her marble-like head on th

iago with a bill which amounted to several thousand pesos. Very early the following day th

ter

En

s oscuras g

CQ

that his Grace had reconciled him with religion, and that he brought to the curate a letter of recommendation in the handwriting of the Archbishop himself. Aunt Isab

"Maria, Don Crisostomo is once more in the favor

Clara was Linares, arranging bouquets of flowers and leaves. Roses and sampaguitas were scattered about on the floor. Reclining i

, so she dropped her eyes and let the fan fall. An embarrassed silence prevailed for a few moments. Ibarra was then able to move forw

tricken dumb; she neither said

head to foot with a stare which

on me that I didn't have myself announced. At some other time I'll be able to

aised toward him her lovely eyes, full of purity and sadness. They

come to

rt you are always welcom

ad and ice in his heart. What he had just seen and felt was in

man after all!

r construction. The work was well advanced, ?or Juan with his mile and plumb-bob coming

nd within two days they'll be up to the height of a man. I've put in only the strongest and most durable woods-molave, dungon, ip

I have taken the liberty to add," he said. "These subterranean conduits lead to a sort of cesspool, thirty y

one and congratulate you. You are a real arc

r," replied the

if perhaps there is any one who fears to speak to me, that I'm

mmunications! All of us are excommunicated. P

's t

utor, who is just as much a sacred person as he is

as he saluted him along with the others, gave him to u

, "will you bring me yo

proached Elias, who was by himself,

alk down to the shore of the lake this evening and get

t Ibarra scanned it in vain; the

swallows

ter

ce of t

arra stepped into Elias's banka at the shor

as to make this appointment. I wanted to talk to you freely and so I chose th

smile. "You'll have to take me to that town whose be

isch

and remembered that he knows you, so to get away from him I told him that I was going to

you might simply have invited him to ac

abou

only time he ever saw me he wasn't in a pos

ra, thinking of Maria Clara. "

sun had set, and as in these latitudes there is scarcely any twilight, the s

y, "I am the bearer of the

es? What do

, omitting the latter's doubts and threats. Ibarra listened attentively and was

hey w

d, and in the administration of justice; that is to sa

? In wha

y for the individual, less force in the armed forces, fewer

d be more so if it were changed. I might be able to get the friends that I have in Madrid to talk, by paying them; I might even be able to see the Captain-General; but neither would the former accomplish anything nor has the latter sufficient power to introdu

ou, then, also believe in a necessary evil, sir?" he asked in a voice that trembl

en, the country is an organism suffering from a chronic malady, and in order to cure it, the governmen

evere with individuals only when it has provided them with the means necessary for their moral perfection. In our country, where there is no society, since there is no unity between the people and the government, the latter should be indulgent, not only because indulgence is necessary but also because the individual, abandoned and uncared for by it, has less responsibility, for the very reason

d would be to endanger th

s of legal force he is not even allowed a protest, and if they are not serious they are nevertheless continued and sanctioned. What effect does this institution produce among our people? It paralyzes communication because all are afraid of being abused on trifling pretexts. It pays more attention to formalities than to the real nature of things, which is the first symptom of incapacity. Because one has forgotten his cedula he must be manacled and knocked about, regardless of the fact that he may be a decent and respectable citizen. The superiors hold it their first duty to make people salute them, either willingly or forcibly, even in the darkness of the night, and their inferiors imitate them by mistreating and robbing the country folk, nor are pret

on account of the benefits that accompany them. This institution may be imperfect, but, b

for life. A single fault, a crime inhumanly punished, resistance against the outrages of this power, fear of atrocious tortures, east them out forever from society and condemn them to slay or be slain. The terrorism of the Civil Guard closes against them the doors of repentance, and as outlaws they fight to defend themselves in the mountains better than the soldiers at whom they laugh. The result is that we are unable to put an end to the evil that we have created. Remember what the prudence of the Captain-General de la Torre1 accomplished. The amnesty grant

I not my own convictions. But note this fact-and don't be offended, for I consider you an excepti

can expect it only from themselves. But you are mistaken, sir, if you think that only the criminals ask for justice. Go from town to town, from house to house, listen to the secret sighings in the bosoms of the families, and you will be convince

he theory to invalidate the practise, for in Spain, the mother countr

a desire to deny us some right, are entirely overlooked when the desire is to impose something upon us. And tell me, sir, why have not the other nations, which from their nearness to Spain must be more like her

my inquiries convince me that these complaints are well founded I will write to my friends in Madrid, since we have no representative

grant this unlimited power, this authority. So much power in the hands of men, ignorant men filled with passions, without moral training, of untried principles, is a weapon in the hands of a madman in a defenseless multitude. I concede and wish to believe with you that

pause followed. The banka, unimpelled by the paddle, seemed to stand still on the water. Th

hey ask for?" i

in a sad and discouraged tone. "These unf

he religio

heir oppre

is due from her to those who snatched her from error to give her the true faith, to those who have protected her ag

ith the Jewish people, who gave all Europe a Book, a Religion, and a God; what she has done with the Arabic people, who gave her culture, who were tolerant with her religious beliefs, and who awoke her lethargic national spirit, so nearly destroyed during the Roman and Gothic dominations. You say that she snatched us from error and gave us the true faith: do you call faith these outward forms, do

so, but the cost is too great, since for it we have given up our nationality, our independence. For it we have given over to its priests our best towns, our fields, and

I realize the debt of gratitude we owe to those noble hearts; I know that at that time Spain abounded in heroes of all kinds, in religious as well as in political affairs, in civil and in military life. But because the forefathers were virtuous, should we consent to t

istened with attention to all you have said. But, after all, my friend, I believe that we are looking at t

a gesture of despair, "that you do not see the necessity

presence of the interests of Spain!" interrupted Ibarra warmly. "To preserve the Philippines it is m

and eyes that had lost their luster. "The missionaries conquered the country, it is true

s the belief of all who hav

mily that dwells in peace only through the intervention of an outsider: a country that is obedient because it is deceived; a government that commands be, cause it avails itself of fraud, a government that does not know how to make itsel

; it is necessary to see who is ri

speak idly and foolishly, their tones, their titles, and their origin make their words sacred and give them such authority that I have desisted forever from arguing against them. Moreover, when I see that you, who love your country, you, whose father sleeps beneath these quiet waters, you, who have seen yourself attacked, insulted, and persecuted,

g only what men have been able to bring to light. What remains among the shadows, what the writers do not tell, that I am ignorant of. Yet I love our country as you do, not only because it is the duty of every man to love the country to which he owes his existence

t I owe my misfortun

e you look into the future darkly and influence your way of thinking, so I am somewhat fore

em would be of any use, I would relate it to you, since, apart from t

ions. You know that I do not trust much to the

moments. "If that is the case, sir

ppines, was Captain-General from 1869 to 1871. He issued an amnesty to the outlaws and create

erally of about a thousand natives each. The encomendero was entitled to the tribute from the people in his district and was in return supposed to protect them and provide

pte

s's

emned to be flogged publicly and paraded through the streets of Manila. Not so very long since they still used the infamous method of punishment which the people call the 'caballo y vaca,'1 and which is a thousand times more dreadful than death itself. Abandoned by all except his young wife, my grandfather saw himself tied to a horse, followed by an unfeeling crowd, and whipped on every street-corner in the sight of men, his brothers, and in the neighborhood of numerous temples of a God of peace. When the wretch,

ose in h

endure such misery and being less courageous than his wife, my grandfather, in despair at seeing his sick wife deprived of all care and assistance, hanged himself. His corpse rotted in sight of the son, who was scarcely able to care for his sick mother, and the stench from it led to their discovery. Her husband's death was attributed to her, for of what is the wife of a wretch, a woman who has been a prostitut

ey lived like wild beasts, hating and hated. The elder of the two boys still remembered, even amid so much misery, the happiness of his infancy, so he became a tulisan as soon as he found himself strong enough. Before long the bloody name of Balat spread from province to province, a terror to the people, because in his revenge he did everything with blood and fire. The younger, who was by nature kind-hearted, resigned himself to his shameful

look for his mother, who had gone into the woods to gather mushrooms and had not returned. He found her stretched out on the ground under a cotton-tree beside the highway, her face turned toward the sky, her eyes fixed and staring, her clen

ejaculat

erent towns. If ever you go from Kalamba to Santo Tomas you will still see a withered lomboy-tree where one of my uncle's legs hung rotting-nature has blasted the tree so that it no longer g

bowed h

fear that his past might become known. But love is stronger than anything else and they wandered from the straight path, so, to save the woman's honor, he risked everything by asking for her in marriage. The records were sought and his whole past became known. The girl's father was rich and succeeded in having him prosecuted. He did not try to defend himself but admitted everything, and so was sent to prison. The woman gave birth to twins, a boy and a girl, who were nurtured in secret and made to believe that their father was dead no difficult matter, since at a tender age they saw their mother die, and they gave little thought to tracing genealogies. As our maternal grandfather was rich our

To add to our sorrow, we had had for many years an old servant who had endured all my whims without ever leaving us, contenting himself merely with weeping and groaning at the rough jests of the other servants. I don't know how my relative had found it out, but the fact is that he had this old man summoned into court and made him tell the truth: that old servant, who had clung

ppeared, and it was in vain that I sought everywhere, in vain I made inquiries about her. About six months afterwards I learned that about that time, after a flood on the lake, there had been found in some rice fields bordering on the beach at Kalamba, the corpse of a young woman who had been either drowned or murdered, for she had had, so they sa

hs of many. They attribute great deeds to me, sometimes calumniating me, but I pay little attention

ilent as he

that justice should seek to do good by rewarding virtue and educating the criminals. Only,

to awake in the benighted conscience of a criminal that spark which God has granted to every man to light him to his welfare? Is it more humane to accompany a criminal to the sc

or I, although we may wis

, unite yourself with the people, be not heedless of their cries, set a

sk for is impossib

wait means

it, the powers that b

people sup

e that multitude armed I would place myself on the side of the government, for in such a mob I should not see my countrymen. I desire the country

iberty without stri

at I don't want

I believe you. You don't see the struggle that is preparing, you don't see the cloud on the horizon. The fight is beginning in the sphere of ideas, to desc

ly face illuminated by the moon, there was something ext

riking, infused life. Since then new tendencies are stirring our spirits, and these tendencies, today scattered, will some day

, while the banka, carried along inse

"What shall I tell those who sent me?" h

but they should wait. Evils are not remedied by other evils

of Ibarra: "I thank you, sir, for the condescension you have shown me. Now, for your own good, I beg of you that

ce he remained silent, apparently intent upon nothing but the thousands of phosphorescent diamonds that t

a man came out of it and approached the bank

he lives, will keep his w

you join

hinks that the hour

ell. Go

irst," added Elia

se an

tants of these islands," a letter which was widely circulated and which has been extensively used by other writers. In it the writer with senile querulousness harped up and down the whole gamut of abuse in describing and commenting upon the vices of the natives, very

rece (The r

nace, Where the

he wise dispensation of the God of Nature, rather inconsistently overlooking its i

for use in opposition to a proposal to carry out the provisions of the Council of Trent by turning the parishes in the islands over to the secular, and hence, native, clergy. A translation

founded in 1868 for the education of native girls, by a pious Spanish-Filipino lady, who donated a building

ipino priests Burgos, Gome

pte

han

l at ease. He had just received from D

n you havent challenjed him ill tel don santiago you was never segretary nor joked with canobas nor went on a spree with the general don arse?o martinez ill tel clarita its all a h

LOS REYES D

onday 7 in

lk to her of reason was to talk of honesty and courtesy to a revenue carbineer when he proposes to find contraband where there is

o be my second? The curate? Capitan Tiago? Damn the hour in which I listened to her advice! The old toady! To oblige me to get myself tangled up, to

came in. The Franciscan was even thinner and paler than usual, but his

his way to the sala, through the half-opened door of whi

antiago?" conti

curate's hand, and relieved him of his hat and c

iago, "I have good news for you all. I've just received letters from Manila which confir

artly rose, but her strength failed her, and she fell back again. L

sjudged him-he's a little quick-tempered-but he knows so well how to atone for his faul

t taking her eyes off the sheet of music, in spite of the sly pinches of Sin

aso?" quer

a, "that as-being her sponsor in baptism, he can't permit-but, after all, I believe that

xcuse, and retired to her cha

n't pardon him?" asked Ca

amaso is her father-spiritually. But I

To his affable greeting Capitan Tiago did not know whether to laugh or to cry. He acknowledged the presence of Linares with

id Fray Salvi, "for I wa

rrulity, "Where have you been all day? We were all asking, where can tha

ow what y

u soon alone. Now tell me where you've

t I'll tell you alone, if the

y, by all means!" ex

learning a secret, Sinang led C

end," he asked, "is

marry that man. So does Padre Damaso, but she doesn't say either yes or no. This morning when we were talking about you

ell Maria that I want t

, wrinkling her eyebr

o, but not with th

cult, but don't wo

l I have a

we stay with her. Victoria sleeps with her one night and I the other, and tonig

ng to develop some coconut-groves and I'm thinking of

et!" exclaimed Sinang aloud, in the

on't want you to

ing more important, I would tell my friends. But to buy coconuts! Coconuts! Who's

s leave. Capitan Tiago wore a bitter-sweet look, Linares was silent and watchful, while the cu

pte

the Dead an

ecember, swept the dry leaves and dust about in the narrow pathway leading to the cem

en to Elias?"

spect he is. But he ought to be one o

ad my wife cured in the house of a doctor in Manila. I'll look

arracks to show the civil-gua

of us will

Don Crisostomo's servant, though

you don't

ne of the shadows,

was reason for this movement lacking, since some twenty paces behind it came another figure, larger and apparently darker than the first, but s

first figure. "Can it be the civil-

the second shadow. "Some mischief must be on

e gateway of the cemetery. The three

that

that

rrow you'll get the arms and tomorrow night is

e later arrival hid in the hollow of the gateway and wai

d paused as if to look about him. "I'm late,

to fall, so it occurred to him to take refuge unde

sked the latest arri

there followed a moment's pause as each tried to rec

g here for?" asked h

h the dead. I want to win something tonight," answered the

the same

ke of the bell I'll make the lay, at the second I'll deal. The cards that move a

N

en

u're going to deal for them, s

f the dead

g hasn't yet been made c

silenc

are you going to f

answered the la

won't bet when there's more than one l

Well, I don't

he smaller. "But let's do this: let's p

iche in which they could sit. The shorter took some cards from his salakot, while the other struck a match, in the light from which they stared at each other, but, from the expressi

other. He pushed aside some bones that wer

the jack!" he said, and to indicate t

fourth or fifth card. "You've lost," he added. "No

a word and was soon swa

e call on the dead, as the superstition directs; instead, he took off his hat and muttered a few prayers, crossing and recrossing himself wi

il lanterns, which the inhabitants were required to hang out, scarcely illuminated a small circle around each, seeming to

any sacristan, so there is no one to repair the alferez's chicken-coop. T

sturbance, but, thank God, they say that Elias is in town. The alferez say

er his description?

ez, medium, according to Padre Damaso; color, brown; e

t specia

lack pantaloons

away from me! I t

r any one else, even thoug

ldiers continue

ving cautiously along, one behind the other. An energetic "Quién viv

n to examine him. It is Lucas, but the soldiers seem

he had a scar," whispered t

a mass for

you see

him, sir," a

you fool! Neither do we know him.

, s

times medium; hair and eyes, black; all the other featur

replied Luc

re! Brute! Dolt!" And

alferez and of medium height to the cu

wered the

in the mudhole when he saw h

isayan. "You're talented-blow i

a smuggler," answered the Ta

heir attention. They challenged this

it was the

you g

d threatened my brother. He has a sc

n astonishment, as they started on the run toward the c

ter

Si Conosce

persons with whom she, in other times,-but out of Christian charity she not only forgave them but prayed for them and would keep their names secret, for all of which she was declared on the spot to be a saint. Sister Rufa was not so keen of hearing, but she could not suffer that Sister Sipa had heard so much and she nothing, so she related a dream in which there had appeared before her many souls-not only of the dead but even of the living-souls in torment who begged for a part of those indulgences of hers which were so carefully recorded and treasured. She could furnish names to the families in

d old Tasio in the lonely home of the latter. The Sage, or Lunatic, was sick, having been

obernadorcillo so shamelessly disregarded the will of the majority, it was right for you to tender it, but now that yo

ing morning the gobernadorcillo liberated the soldiers that I had succeeded in arresting and ref

ty to set an example to the other towns. Above the ridiculous authority of the gobernadorcillo

rests? Here you have Se?or Ibarra, he has bowed before the beliefs

and for that purpose initiative and force are required. Besides, the fight should not be considered as merely against the gobernadorcillo. The principle ought to be, against him who makes wrong u

k so?" asked

usiasm at the view of a wider horizon, they study history, mathematics, geography, literature, physical sciences, languages-all subjects that in our times we heard mentioned with horror, as though they were heresies. The greatest free-thinker of my day declared them inferior to the classifications of Aristotle and the laws of the syllogism. Man has at last comprehended that he is man; he has given up analyzing his God and searching into the imperceptible, into what he has not seen; he has given up framing laws for the phantasms of his brain; he comprehends that his heritage is the vast world, dominion over which is within his reach; weary of his useless and presumptuous toil, he lowers his head and examines what surrounds him. See how poets are now springing up among us! The Muses of Nature are gradually opening up their treasures to us and begin to smile in encouragement on our efforts; the experimental sciences have already borne their first-fruits; time on

ith animation, h

lipo incredulously. "If all enter upon the prog

to human progress. Some wills are broken down, some individuals sacrificed, but that is of little import; progress continues on its way, and from the blood of those who fall new and vigorous offspring is born. See, the press itself, however backward it may wish to be, is taking a step forward. The Dominicans themselves do not escape the operation of this law, but a

with progress?" asked Don Filipo in wonde

They would like to direct it, but as they see that it is strong and has other tendencies, they capitulate, preferring to follow rather than to be crushed or left alone among the shadows by the wayside. Well now, we in the Philippines are moving along at least three centuries behind the car of progress; we are barely beginning to emerge from the Middle Ages. Hence the Je

d say that you are, for my generation belongs to the night, we are passing away. This strife is between the past, which seizes and strives with curses to cling to the tottering feudal castle, and th

s gazing at him thoughtfully, he said with a sm

all

er all, I have lived only in dreams! You are right, it is a dream! Our youths think only of love affairs and dissipations; they expend more time and work harder to deceive and dishonor a maiden than in thinking about the welfare of their country; our women, in order to care for the house and f

po in order to change the course of the conver

omo to come and see me tomorrow, for I have some important things to say

k, Don Filipo left the sick man

y is foretold

son, i.e.

tic theol

et it d

that concerns humanity do

Virgil's third eclogue, equivalent

pte

ela

latet,

ltum re

acing his carabao and murmurs a prayer, the women in the street cross themselves and move their lips affectedly so that none may doubt their piety, a man stops caressi

he movement of their lips in order to kiss the curate's hand, but Padre Salvi takes no notice of them. This evening he finds no pleasure in placing his bony hand on his Christian nose that he may slip it down dissemblingly (as Do?a C

at the alferez's door. The latter puts in his appearance, scowlin

going over to see you.

ery importa

out and breaking down the fence.

w!" exclaimed the panting curate a

puny doll will kill me? I

tary glance toward the alferez's feet. "Whom

pleton who has challenged me to a due

e added, "I've come to talk to

rs! It'll be like that

oil and the lamp globe not so dirty, the al

h concerns the lives of all of us,"

he alferez, turning pale. "C

talking a

n, w

osed in his own way-with a kick, for he had found his hands

side. "Brute, you've split my

rself," he said ca

asked in the nasal, droning voice of the

ght you'd los

ing the alferez's rudeness, "when I fail thus i

ed the other, tapping

ca

you come in

im and asked mysteriously,

shrugged h

you know absol

, who put away your senior sacri

ers," answered the curate ill-natured

mn it, ou

nce more how important we ecclesiastics are. The meanest l

mysterious tone, "I've di

up and gazed in asto

ized plot, which will be c

pushing the curate aside and running to

t? Who'll I arr

hanks to the promptness with which I h

oot all

onal) came to me and told everything. At eight o'clock they will seize the barracks by s

rez was

ll me any more than t

any more? Then

e bar of penitence is the th

mercies that amount to an

. Muster your soldiers quietly and put them in ambush, send me four

I'll ask for help fr

ive and make them talk-I mean, you'll make them talk, since I, as a priest, must not meddle in such matters. Listen

d-and perhaps you'll get a miter!" answered the glo

thes, eh? Be discreet, and tonight at eig

n ran along the road leading to Ibarr

?" the voice of Elia

his study

ting for the time when he could make his explanations t

about you. Yesterday I forgot to ask you the name of

talk abou

tion, while he placed a piece of bamboo over a flame, "I

it's a question of your collecting your

seeing the gravity of his countenance, dro

omise you and within an hour pu

was at lengt

valuables in

hy

ou or to you-the most innocent

hy all

ed a plot that is to be attribut

Who is fo

t a moment ago I talked with one of the poor dupes who are

he tell you who

e of secrecy he sai

laimed the te

lose any time, for the plot will pro

head and his eyes staring unna

come late, I don't know who the leaders are. Save y

ects me tonight!" exclaimed Ib

e of some official, but anywhere so that they m

I myself rep

as a traitor and coward in the eyes of the plotters and faint-hearted in the eyes of o

t's to b

ry document that relates to your af

claimed the young man

then, at least parry the blow. Prepar

iting-desk are all the letters of my family. Select those of my father,

llected papers, read letters hurriedly, tearing up some and laying

ess. But suddenly he paused, his eyes bulged, he turned the pa

quainted with Don P

e opened a chest and took out a bundle o

Eibarramendia?" again asked Elia

ently, "we shortened the

" demanded Elias,

at's the matter?" ask

Do you know who Don Pedro Eibarramendia was?" he asked between his teeth. "Don Pedro Eibarramendia was the villain who falsely accused my grandfa

at was bitter and trembling with hate, he said, "Look at me well, look at one who has s

ched up a dagger. But scarcely had he done so when he let it

do?" he muttered, f

e hymn in the mass for the dead, best known to English readers from the paraphrase of it in Scot

distant sh

den shall be

pte

atast

and dishes was plainly heard. Maria Clara had said that she was not hungry and had seated herself at the piano in company with th

was expecting the arrival of a certain person and was taking advanta

murmured Sinang, indicating the curate. "And at ei

he doesn't go, in spite of my hints-he doesn't want to burn up oil in the convento! Don't you know that since you'

use struck eight. The curate shu

Sinang, pinching Maria Cl

lvi offered up a prayer in a weak and trembling voice, but as each was busy

was. But at that instant the report of firearms was heard. Ibarra stopped, his eyes rolled, he lost the power of speech. The curate had concealed himself behind a post. More shots, more reports were heard from the direction of th

which he offered tearfully to the Virgin of Antipolo; Linares with his mouth full of food was armed with a case-knife; Sinang and Maria Cla

windows were closed noisily, the repor

the prophecy be fulfilled! Shut t

ksgiving masses!" responded C

was soon broken by the voice of the alferez, cal

. "The alferez is wounded?" asked Linares hastily. "Ah!!!" Only then

othing more to fear!" the al

luded to venture out from his hidi

z! Maria, Sinang, go into your room

s cries: "Don't go out, you haven't been shriven, don't go out!"

egs moved heavily and irregularly. Waves of blood, lights and shadows chased one another before his eyes, and in

he town hall were to be heard blows, cries, and curses, with the voice of the alferez dominating everything: "To the stocks! Handcuff them

s servants were anxiously awaiting him. "Saddle

nd there and put it into some sacks. Then he collected his jewels, took clown a portrait of Maria Clara,

sounded on the door. "Who's ther

ce, or we'll break the door down," an

olver. Then changing his mind, he put the weapons down and went to open

isoner in the King's na

r w

n, perhaps not wishing that the soldiers should discover his preparations for flight, picke

ape, we won't tie you the alferez

m, leaving his serva

elf on the hoary trunks or being entangled in the undergrowth, he gazed toward the town, which, bathed in the light of the moon, spread out before him on the plain along the shore of the lake. Birds awakened from their sleep flew about, huge bats and owls moved from branch to branch with strident cries and gazed at him with their round eyes, but Elias neither heard nor heeded them. In his fancy he was follo

, where the moonlight seemed to form a cloud, he thought he could see a specter rise and soar the shade of his sister with her

t he plunged on like one fascinated, following, ever following, the ghostly charmer. Now the water covered his chest-a volley of rifle-shots sounded, the vision disappeared, the youth returned to his senses. In the stillness of the nig

ets appeared to be deserted, the houses were closed, and even the dogs that were wont to bark through th

discern two human figures, but he kept on his way, leaping over fences and walls, until after great labor he reached the o

here the candle that Ibarra had lighted was still burning. He saw the books and papers and found the arms, the jewels, and the sacks of money. Reconstructing in his imaginatio

owing the papers and some clothing into a heap in the center of the room, he poured over them the oil from a lamp and set fire to the whole. He was hurriedly placing the arms in his b

s were forcing an entrance. "Let us in to get

ou haven't, you won't get

the stairway, just as a thick cloud of smoke rolled through the house and lo

way and cutting off the passages. Vainly was water brought from the well and cries for help raised, for the house was set apart from the rest. The fire swept through all the rooms and sent toward the sky thick spirals of smoke. Soon the whole

pte

and B

less, the wooden panel of a window was pushed back noisily and a child's head was stretched out and turned from side to side, gazing about in all directions. At once, ho

ared cautiously the head of a wrinkled and toothless old woman: it was the same Sister Puté who had raised such a disturbance while Padre Damaso was preaching.

e rinsed out her mouth, spat noisily, and crossed herself. In the house opposite, another window was now timidly opened to reveal Sister Ruf

nksgiving mass, regular fire

t, I've never seen another night e

! They say that it w

was the cuadrilleros against the civil-guard

say that at least fo

d make comments. In the clear light, which promised a bright day, soldiers cou

corpse!" was the excl

I se

ou don't know what it was?" as

e cuadr

as a mutiny in

ny? The curate aga

who had asked the first question. "It was the China

hment. "That's why not one of them is to be

e going to do somet

myself. La

just before Christmas when they bring around their

dkerchiefs tied about their heads and fastened under their chins appeared with thick rosaries in their hands, pretending to be at their prayers so that the soldiers would let them pass. When it was seen that one might walk about without being shot at, the men

o kidnap Maria Clara, and Capitan Tiago had defended her, aided by the Civil Guard. The number of killed was n

e convento, and, from the shape of the feet, which were dangling over one end, some guessed who the dead man might be, some one else a little distance away told who it was; fur

rd. Well, Bruno, the son of that fellow who was flogged to death, confessed everything last night. As you know, Capitan Tiago is going to marry his daughter to the young Spaniard, so Don Crisostomo in his rage wanted to get revenge and tried to kill all the Spaniards, even the curate. La

ned the h

the smoke from here!" answered the narrator, approaching the

smoke was still slowly rising toward the sky. All made

laimed an old man

order a mass said for the soul of his fathe

, haven't y

the enemies of God, the curates say. Don't you remember?

" replied the old man, "only that into th

se whom God has clearly punished. You'll see how they'

ame silent befo

king Padre Damaso there wasn't anything le

hat he was good when

ut he went to Spain. All those that go to Spa

the curate, and all the curates, and the Archbishop, and the Pope,

f a maidservant running, all pale and

e next garden!" she

pefaction. The women crossed themsel

garden to see if it was-I saw a man swinging-I thought it was Teo, the servant who always gives me

aid the old man, risi

hold of his camisa. "Something will happen t

n, go to the barracks and report

pt behind him. The women, including even Sister Puté h

e servant, as she stopped a

ectful distance and allowed th

y in the breeze. The old man stared at it for a time and saw that the l

f the law arrives," he said aloud. "He's a

radually mo

ttle house there. He came here two we

exclaimed som

a young woman, after she had finis

aid? It's tempting God to pray for one of the damned. Whoever commits sui

man was coming to a bad end; I n

with the senior sacristan

confess himself o

till swinging about. After half an hour, an alguazil and the directorcillo arr

remarked the directorcillo with a smil

ely, now threatening her, now attributing to her things that she had not said, so much so that she, thinking that she would ha

ratches and two red spots were to be seen above the noose, the strands of the rope were white and had no blood on them. The curious rustic carefully examined the camisa and pantaloons, an

king, sir, to see if I could recognize him," stammered the rustic,

that it's a certain L

d rustic muttered a few words and m

going?" cried the

ut. That's the way to

ked the directorcillo facetiously.

where he had played such a ridiculous part and went toward t

answer. "Don't you know that the

stupid stare at the sacristans, such as is co

in a big chair. His spectacles were placed on his forehead amid long locks of

the aid of a candle under the senior sacristan's chair. He noticed seeds of amores-secos on the pantaloons and on the cuf

ass, sir," was the rep

sweetening his tone a little at this. "If you wan

ed the rustic, ha

le eye, he added, "It's for a p

im last night!" he sighed, as he took off the bandage

ter

Vi

o en u

the town hall, threatening with their rifle-butts the bold urchins wh

ldiers were rustling papers, while the alferez strode from one side to the other, at times gazing fiercely toward the door: prouder Themistocles could not have appeared in the Olympic games after the battle of Salamis. Do?a Consolacion yawned in a corner, exhibiting a dirty mouth and jagged teeth, while she fixe

ced under his Majesty's portrait, was vacant, being apparently intended f

t yourself waiting!" t

dre Salvi in a low voice, paying no heed to the

place, I judged that your presence-Yo

a and the te

e are eight there," he said. "Bruno died a

ith a yawn, and took his seat in the big chair under

that he tried to make as terrible as possible. Then turning to the curate h

the offender's legs are placed are a little more or less than a foot apart; by skipping two holes, the prisoner finds himself in a rather forced position wit

thick, damp air escaped from the darkness within at the same time that laments and sighs were heard. A soldier st

some lying face downward, some standing, and some turned toward the wall. A blow and a creak were heard, accompanied by curses-the sto

. On his wrists were handcuffs and his clothing was in shreds, revealing q

h the most courage and told his companion

ke a child. He limped along exposing pantaloons spotted with blood.

te. "He tried to run, but he was wounded in the

me?" the alfere

lo Ala

omo promise you for a

never had anythi

hat's why you tri

o death and we were avenging him, nothi

ed at the serge

hrew them yesterday and where they'll rot.

z. "You are going to tell who your other accomplic

ed with the curate in a low tone for a few moments, then turned to

s, partly covered with a filthy piece of torn matting. A

asked the alferez, l

hat of his brother, slashed with bayonet-thrusts, and that of Lucas with the halter st

was again asked, but he

rs. He shuddered, his muscles contracted. The

sts or talks!" cried t

rcillo advised him. "Th

other prisoner, with chattering teeth and

is fellow?" ask

ever seen him," replied Tarsilo

th his fist and kicked hi

boy looked about him as if seeking something and noticed Do?a Consolacion, at sight of whom he smiled sardoni

the midst of a general silence. "I'd rather lie down on

e turne

Alferez," he went on, "but tonight your

e furious alferez, t

ferez, a guard armed with a rattan whip began his gruesome task. Tarsilo's whole body contracted, and a stifled, prolonged cry es

g woman leaning with her shoulders against the wall, rigid, motionless, listening attentively, staring into space, her clenched hands stretched out along the w

weary. At last the panting soldier let his arm fall, and the alferez, pale with anger and astonishment, made a sign for them to u

l with him!

ot know who invented this procedure, but we judge that it must be quite anci

were collected there, since this well was like the jail, being the place for what society rejected or found useless, and any object that fell into it, however good it might have been, was then a thing lost. Yet it was never closed up, and even at times the prisoners

emed to have disappeared or, at least, to have weakened. Several times he bent his stiff neck and fixed his gaze on the ground as though resigned to his sufferings. They

sed him. "They'll hang you anyhow. You'l

this only to die,"

er the water, just as the bucket does, only that the man is left a longer time. While the alferez was gone to

et me down quickly or make my head strike against the sides so that I'll die

watch in hand, to su

solacion, as she kept her gaze f

the jutting stones and filthy weeds that grew in the crevices.

to the light. Now that the sweep was heavier he rose rapidly. Pieces of stone and pebbles torn from the walls fell noisily. His forehead and hair smeared with

talk?" he

the unhappy boy as he gazed beseech

once more disappeared. Do?a Consolacion observed that

e contracted and livid. With his bloodshot

lk?" the alferez aga

e sky where the fleecy clouds floated; he doubled back his neck so that he might still see the light of day, but al

rise to the surface of the water. "He's thirsty," she

now no longer contracted. The half-raised lids left the whites of his eyes showing, from his

y should take the body down, and then moved away thoughtfully. Do?a Consolation applied the ligh

adrillero. "Look how he turned his to

and trembling, now stared like a lunatic in all direction

ed, "I'll tell every

see, what's

ng,1

o-Ricardo-Eduardo

!" repeated

or whatever it may be

rna

zed at him

u that is added to

ndong the W

train a smile. Even the alfer

upat

ees, sir, and servant

you to attack

one,

t it or into the well you go!

ly,

ho

o,

ordered you to sta

evoluti

re in the yard by the

xclaimed And

guilty

er-in-la

ect, went on with more spirit: "Yes, sir, my mother-in-law doesn't give me anything to eat but what is rotten and unfit, so last night when I came by here

e rattan cut h

the alferez. "This afte

. See the Glossary,

ter

Accu

racks to the town hall, and finding no consolation anywhere, filled the air with cries and groans. The curate had shut himself up on a plea of illness; the alferez had increased the guards, who received the supplicating women with the butts of their rifles; the go

lipo, wandered about dejectedly, carrying in her arms their infant son, both weeping. To the advice of friends that she go back home to avoid

innocent. Perhaps

er we're

courageous Capitana Maria gazed silently toward the sma

To arrest my Andong, to shoot at him, to put him in the stocks, to take him to the capital, and only because-because he had a new pair of pantaloons! This calls for vengeance! The civil-guards are committing abuses! I swear

to blame for all th

or was he carrying his rule and plumb-bob; he was dressed in black, for he had heard the bad news and

once set upon by the people, who attempted to unhitch the oxen and destroy it. "Don't do that!" said Capitan

ng her husband. Antonio, the son of Capitana Tinay, appeared crying like a baby, which only added to the lamentations of his family. The witless Andong broke out into tears at sight of his mother-in-law, the cause of his misfortune. Albino, th

e!" cried many voices. "He's

handcuffs on!" Ibarra turned to the guards. "Bi

en't an

And the sol

k, armed to the teeth, ten or fi

m, to bestow on him the most endearing names-all save Ibarra, who

my son!" Doray cried to him. "Look at my

toward the young man, who was accused of having start

ong cried after Ibarra. "While others were

along beside him. "Accursed be the gold amassed by

e of Albino's. Unable to restrain himself, he

e of so many suffering hearts. This was the parting, the farewell, offered to him by the people among whom were all his affections. With bowed head, he was perhaps thi

her alone did not wreak vengeance on him for her sorrows, Capitana Maria. Motionless, with lips contracted and eyes f

showed most pity for the youth were the indifferent and the curious. All his friends had

his youth. Tears long repressed started into his eyes, and he bowed his head and wept without having the consolation of being able to hide his grie

ent, had left his bed to be present, but his strength had not been sufficient to carry him to the town hall. The old man followed the cart with his gaze until it disappeared in the distance and then remained for some time afterwa

pte

and Priva

lated by the censor. In the meantime, private reports, emanating from the convents, were the first to gain secret currency from mouth to mouth, to the great terror of those who heard them.

s, offices, prestige, power, importance, dignities began to whirl about like butterflies in a golden atmosphere. For the other part a dark cloud arose on the horizon, projecting from its gray depths, like black silhouettes, bars, chains, and even the fateful gibbet. In the air there seemed to be heard investigations, conde

xchanged visits and held secret conferences; they presented themselves in the palaces to offer

one be absent from the chorus! It's no small mercy from God to make it c

o2 can gnaw his lips over thi

of him if not for the

serve notice on the cook and the re

Viva Salv

vent they talk

a pupil of the Jesuits. The fi

e anti-

orrupting the youth, but they are tolerated because they trace

ows how the

erything is shaking and moving about, wh

ed with sover

sts and the typhoons?" asked anoth

rman foret

tell you how your foot is! But you'll see if the friends favor on

get it! He'll l

u thin

w who got one for less. He wrote a cheap little work demonstrating that the

ion!" exclaimed another. "If the miters only ha

ects," added another in a nasal

them, their emptiness at

aphysical, or piquant nature and conduct him to a private house. As we have few acquaintances in Manila, let us enter

s in a gesture of despair over his face and the nape of his neck, while his wife, Capitana Tinchang, was weeping

n. "Ay, Virgin of the Rosary and of the

nded the elder

fe in an accusing tone. "I told y

"On the contrary, you told me that I was doing well to frequent Capitan Tiago

ell you that, I didn't tell you anythi

ir. "Didn't you tell me that I had done well to invite him to dine with us, because he

nothing but sing his praises: Don Ibarra here, Don Ibarra there, Don Ibarra everywhere. Abaá!

t he was to be

ght to have

I didn't eve

ght to have

st time that I ever saw him, t

That's what you're a man for and wear trousers and read El Diario de M

pproached him with clenched fists. "Is this what I've worked for, year after year, toiling and saving, that you by your stupidity may throw away the fruits of my

e again fell to sobbing, but still repeati

he provoked husband at lengt

nute I'd go to the Captain-General and offer t

with energy, strength, and vigor, and soon the rebellious enemies of the Fatherland and their accompli

to offer yourself as they did

hat was done b

uth. "Shut up! Are you saying that name so that they may garrote you tomorrow on Bagumbayan? Do

sing his little head against the back of the chair, so that the poor fellow might have been smothered to death had not a new personage appeared on t

med as he entered. "Wha

ent for you because I don't know what's going to become of us. What

n intellectu quod prius non fuerit in s

eased weeping and drew nearer to him to hang upon the advice from his lips, as at one time the Gree

ep? Ubinam gen

dy heard of t

ae Civilis destructum? Et nunc?11 What!

and spoke to him on the Bridge of Spain-in broad

Plato sed magis amica veritas. Birds of a feather flock together. Malum est

many words in um; such a sound presaged ill. Hi

w that we're not philosophers like you. Let's t

ipia negantem fustibus est arguendum13 in Latin is a truth like Noah's ark, but I put it into practise once and I wa

olis,14 but now we shouldn't understand one another. Prov

in, in cultivating friendship with t

will. Vae illis! Ubi est fumus ibi est ignis! Similis simili audet; atqui Ibarra ahor

Capitana Tinchang in dismay. "Ay, he

swoon, cousin! I would have been more pleased that-that-but unfortunately it's only a

, for they'll come and arrest you! Ay, i

all a doctor, and you, cousin, go right away to the Captain-General and take him a present-a gold ring, a chain. Dadivae quebrantant pe?as.17 Say that it's a Christmas gift. Close the windows, the doors, and if any one asks for my cousin, say th

from Capitan Tiago. Burn them! Don't leave a single European newspaper, for they're very dangerous. He

us alone. In extremis extrema.19 Give me the authority of a Roman di

oon a big fire was burning in the kitchen. Old shotguns were smashed with axes, rusty revolvers were

Revolutions of the Celestial Globes, by Copernicus. Whew! "Ite, maledicti, in ignem kalanis!"21 he exclaimed, hurling it into the flames.

; not even the most innocent work escaped. Cousin Prim

rriageable age, the wives and daughters of government employees, dressed in loose gowns, fanning themselves and yawning. Among the men, who, like the women, showed in the

they're so rude," said a corpulent dame, "but now that I see their usefulness

a pity that we haven't our former governor. He

of filibusters wou

s to be populated? Why don't they deport all these c

ptain-General knows his duty. As I've heard, he's very m

lf furiously. "Look how ungrateful these Indians are! Is it

've heard?" asked a

t's

s hea

do the

st of a profound silence, "state that this agitatio

e se?oras exclaimed, alrea

uild was a fort from which he could safely def

y thoughts," exclaimed the fat lady. "If I were the Cap

ed man. "Arrest all the little lawyers, priestlings, merchants, and

cendant of Spaniards," observed the one-armed

"It's always the creoles! No Indian knows anyt

ic of conversation. "The wife of Capitan Tinong, you remember her, th

two daughters?

oon presented the Captain-General

round. "Is that so? Why?"

t it was a Ch

doesn't come fo

storm is blowing her way

nder cover," adde

asked, it's a con

eclared the one-armed man thoughtfully.

t's just what I was going t

g is so stingy-she hasn't yet sent us any present and that after we've been in her house. So,

ct?" inquired th

told her so. And I'm of the opinion that it's the very same ring that the old

ing sho

e any other! Instead of buying a fa

soldiers. The authorities could not consent to having certain persons of position and property sleep in such poorly guarded and badly ventilated houses-in Fort

s, were used as a place of banish

of General Jovellar, a kindly old man, much more soldier than administrator, to attempt the introduction of certain salutary reforms tending toward

of the Jesuit Order. The Jesuits are still

e" is the patroness of t

itle of Carmen. Although that image is small in stature, it is a great and perennial spring of prodigies for those who invoke her. Our religious took it from Nueva Espa?a (Mexico), and even in that very navigation she was able to make herself

ive newspaper in Manila at the

2 a mutiny which was construed as an incipient rebellion, and for alleged complicity in it three native prie

I see? ...

which has not first passed through the senses; n

in the wo

suppressed by the alferez

rer ... It's a bad business and a horribl

the fundamentals, clubs sh

ei Catolis" for "Agnus Dei

re's fire! Like seeks like; and if Ibarra

h in bed, but upon th

h proverb: "Gifts break rocks

medicines do not cure, iron cures;

e cases, ext

to keep it al

d, into the fi

ría cuervos y te sacarán los ojos," "Rear

pte

Clar

-known to certain folk who call themselves civilized. His friends, that is, those who had been his friends-for the good man had denied all his Filipino friends from the instant when they were suspected by the government-had also returned to their homes after a few days' vacation in the s

ven greeted his family, who wept, laughed, chattered, and almost went mad with joy. The poor man no longer ventured out of his house for fear of runni

ueezed your neck; and if I had burned the whole house they wouldn't have touched a hair of your head. Bu

such signal favors. Aunt Isabel attributed the miracle to the Virgin of Antipolo, to the Virgin of the Rosary, or at least to the Virgin of Carm

e. My friends have helped, my future son-in-law, Se?or Linares, who, as you know, joked with Se?or Antonio Canovas himself, t

ould be hanged; that, while many proofs of his guilt had been lacking, at last some one had appeared to sustain the accusation; that experts had declared that in fact the work on

ntal, although this latter was insignificant. The miraculous party was again subdivided: the senior sacristan of Binondo, the candle-woman, and the leader of the Brotherhood

n of Antipolo! She can do more than

g the palm of the deceased lady just before her daughter was born, he had prognosticated: "If it's not a boy an

not so lightly give the preference to one Virgin for fear of offending another, a situation that might

did the talking for the three men as well as for herself. She mentioned Linares' visits to the Captain-General and repeatedly insinuate

y, w-woman!" corr

eech, and no one had been able to get this idea out of her head

o when I first zaw him, he's a filibuzter. What did the General zay to yo

cting her remarks to Capitan Tiago, "Believe me, if they zentenz

ora!" protes

become! We know that you're the adviser of the General, that he co

. Her long hair was tied up with a light blue silk ribbon. With a timid b

ued: "We've come to visit you. You've been zaved, thankz to your r

father," replied the

cles is pazt. We Zpaniards zay: 'Truzt

other

made bold enough to ask, while he threw himself into an attitude o

virgin," she answered mysteriously, making a sign

ed to retire, so with an excuse she went

that we prefer not to recount it. It is enough to record that as they took their

fiesta tomorrow. Get Maria ready, for w

ared at him in

n-law we'll get into all the palaces. Every

tan Tiago was once again filled, but this time his guests were only Spaniards and

dth time describing his battle and gazing over his shoulders at every one, believing himself to be a Don John of Austria, for he was now a major; De Espada?a, who looked at the alferez with respect and fear, and avoided his gaze; and Do?a

a murmured conversation. The maiden had welcomed them

e young woman. "The

er. "But he might have picked out some

The good youth i

art the comm

her first fiancé is

ed prudence, having

she gets to

owers and doubtless heard all these remarks, for her hand

urally, turned upon recent events. All were talking, even Don Tiburcio, wit

ing the town, Padre Salvi?" inquired the new ma

here. I'm going to stay perm

, swelling up. "The government needs me to command a

pidly from head to foot and th

ecome of the ringleader, the filibus

her. "The most likely and most just thing i

orted," remarked the

ut it will be a perpetual deportation!"

tious, if he had confided less in certain persons with whom he corresponded, if our prosecutors did n

to know what to say. Padre Salvi stared in another direction, perhaps to avoid the gloomy look that the old soldier turned on him. Maria Clara let her

ng of letters,

ous lines which this youth wrote to a woman before he left for Europe, lines in which the government's attorney saw a plo

ion of the outlaw

It was proved that the papers found on the corpse were forged, since the handwriting was like that of Se?or Ibarra's seven years ago, but not like his now, which leads to the belief that the model for them may have been that incriminating let

to a woman?" asked a Franciscan. "How di

adre Salvi and then moved away, nervously twisting the sha

of God!" remarked one. "

but he didn't count on the guest, on his querida, his babaye," added

oached Maria Clara, who was listening to the conversation, mo

pered to her. "You did well to give up the letter.

t her lip. Fortunately, Aunt Isabel came along, and she had s

she mu

the old lady, frightened by

pleaded, grasping her au

u look as if you'd lost you

room-so many lights-I need to rest.

. Do you wan

r of her chamber, and then, her strength failing her,

r, mother mine

merry waltzes, laughter and the hum of voices penetrated into the chamber, several times her father, Aunt Isa

dancing was heard, the candle burned itself out, but the maiden still remained

, the lights were extinguished, and Au

old woman, aloud. "As she's young and

hrew a look about her. She saw the azotea with its l

a corpse!" she repeated in a low voic

ters reflected smoothly the light of the moon. The young woman raised her eyes toward a sky as clear as sapphire. Slowly she took the rings fr

bank of the river has. One of two men who were in it ran up the stone stairway and jumped over

nly for a moment. Then he advanced slowly and stopp

e murmured, over

enemy, a man who has every reason for hating me, Elias, has

words. Maria Clara bowed he

am her son, hold her memory so sacred that in spite of a thousand difficulties I have come here to carry mine out, and fate has willed that I should speak to you yourself. Maria, we shall never

move away, but the

sent you to save me from desper

m her. "I didn't come to call you to

ace I will give myself. You despise me and your

depicted in the suffering girl's

e that I have al

e smiled

"I understand now! But when you hear my story, the sad story that was revealed to me during my illness, you will have mercy on me, you will

e me! On one of the sorrowfulest of my nights of suffering, a man revealed to me the name of my real fa

a pace and gazed

t, and that he would be obliged to reveal the name of my real father at the risk of causing a great scandal, fo

ther, the honor of my supposed father, and the good name of the re

f? You needed proofs!" exclaimed

ched two papers

forgotten in a building where he had lived; the other man found and preserved them and only gave them up to me in exchange for your letter, in order to assure himself, so he said, that I would not marry you without the consent of my father. Since I have been

made your father suffer so much? Could I ask my father that he forgive you, could I tell him that I knew that I was his daughter-him, who desired my death so eagerly? It was only lef

you are

ppy, since yo

a change of tone, "I've heard th

and cared for me when it was not his duty to do so, and I will pay this deb

t w

e vows of faithfulness

ing?" asked Ibarra, trying t

I should do. But know, that I have loved but once and that without love

ng. In a little while my flight w

ssed him repeatedly on the lips, embraced him, and drew

eyes, but at a gesture from her

nka. Maria Clara, leaning over the balustrade, watched him

at you are not in the Marianas Islands, planting camotes. (It may be observed that her

is, being, like, Ulysses, "a part of all that he has met," and defying characteristic translation:

le y no pataylo,

-cry: "St. James, an

pte

se on t

briel. "I'll hide you now in the house of a friend of mine in Mandaluyong. I'll bring you all your money, which I sa

oad?" inqu

friends in Spain, you are rich, you can get yourself pardoned. In ev

hed the Pasig and the banka began to ascend the current. Over the Bridge of S

, and I owe you not only gratitude but also the restitution of your fortune. You advise me

s always something. May the misfortunes of my native land be my own misfortunes and, although no noble sentiment unites us, although our hearts do not beat to a single

you advise me

t made to suffer, and because you would hate your country if some day you should see yo

ter reproach. "You forget that scarcely had I arr

your country because your father taught you to do so; you loved it because in it you had affection, fortune, youth, because everything smiled on you, your country had done you no injustice; you loved it as we l

n me," said Iba

lea of the unfortunates did not touch you; you disdained their complaints because they were the complaints of criminals; you paid more attention to their enemies, and in spite of my arguments and petitions, you placed yourself on the side of their oppre

have made me see the sore, and they force me to be a criminal! Since they wish it, I will be a filibuster, a real filibuster, I mean. I will call together all the unfortunates, all who feel a heart beat in their breasts, all those who were sending you to me. No, I will not be a criminal, never is he such who fights for his native land, but quite the reverse! We, du

al's palace they thought that they could dis

o that I can cover you with zacate. Since we shall pass near the powder-m

to float but rather to glide over the top of the water. As Elias

dges and curates," he answered, imitati

. "But I warn you not to take anybody into your banka. A prisoner has just e

ir. What's hi

e banka moved away. Elias looked back and watched the sil

must go into the Beata River to pretend that I'm from Pe?afran

rrow and the level land on either side covered with grass. Elias threw his cargo out on the bank and, after removi

ng to undertake, those who will suffer most will be the defenseless and the innocent. The same sentiments that a month ago impelled me to appeal to you asking for reforms are those that move me now to urge you to think well. The country, sir, does not think of separating from the mother country; it only asks for a little freedom, justice, and affection. You will be supported by the malcontents, the criminals, t

thout you!" respond

decisio

ey answered me? By burying me in an infamous dungeon and robbing me of my intended wife! No, not to avenge myself would be a crime, it would be encouraging them to new acts of injustice! No, it would be cowardice, pusillanimity, to groan and weep when there is blood and life left, when to insult a

nt people w

r! Can you take me

e in safety,"

e Pasig, talking from time t

gnize this building?" They were passing in

ortune, family, I dreamed, I looked forward to a future. In those days I saw my sister in the near-by college, she presented m

ghts that the Philippines offers, when the moon pours out from the limpid blue her melancholy light, when the shadows hide the miseries of man

which he might seize, according to the traditional usage of his corps and the custom of that post, he

e a gigantic mirror. The moon paled and the east was dyed in rosy tints.

urmured Elias. "Lie down and I

he boat became cl

us and the shore," o

rd Binangonan. To his great surprise he noticed that the

es on the police boat. He thought of returning to Pasig, for his banka was the swifter of the two boats, but unl

" he muttered,

ly course left, began to row with all his might

aw standing on the boat, which had veere

to manage a banka

s,

hem off the track. They will pursue me, but I swim and dive wel

and we'll sell o

o arms and with their rifles they

h as is caused by the falling of hot metal into

e boat. "We'll see each other on Christmas Eve

d y

me safely through

y he clasped the hand of Ibarra, who was still stretched out in the bottom of the banka. Then he ar

away the youth's head appeared, as if fo

ed several voices, and ag

e through the water as he drew farther and farther away from Ibarra's banka, which floated about as if abando

ion, for he showed his head oftener, and each time in a different direction, as if to disconcert his pursuers. No longer did the treacherous track indicate the position of the diver. They

e could distinguish in the water near the shore traces o

e Pasig proper. This spot was celebrated in the demonology of the primitive Tagalogs and later, after the tutelar devils had been duly exorcised by

ter

amaso E

nor the pi?a embroideries, nor the rolls of silk, drew the gaze of Maria Clara. Without reading or even seein

eyes to hold her fast and heard Padre Dama

rom her seat and gaz

u? You weren't expecting me, eh? Well, I've com

ld out his hand for her to kiss. Maria Clara approached him

can, losing his merry smile and becoming uneasy. "Your

hat one would hardly have thought him capable of, and ca

wn and tell me your little troubles as you used to do when you were a child, when you wanted

ue, and even became tenderly modu

l? Why do you cry? Have yo

ears. "Don't speak of

zed at her in s

ecrets? Haven't I always tried

ars and stared at him for a long time

hurt me. Tell me your troubles, and y

, and raising her tear-stained face toward his asked i

hi

old of her last interview with Ibarra, concealing only her knowledge o

nted to live so that I might hear of him, but now that they have killed him, now there is no

sn't Linares a thousa

t now that he is dead, no other man shall call me wife! While he was alive I could debase myself, for there would ha

s in it such that Padre Damaso lost hi

m as much as tha

amaso dropped his head on his chest

dition of your husband, exposed to all kinds of vexations without means of defense. As a mother you would have mourned the fate of your sons: if you had educated them, you would have prepared for them a sad future, for they would have become enemies of Religion and you would have seen them garroted or exiled; if you had kept them ignorant, you would have seen them tyrannized over and degraded. I could not consent to it! For this reason I sought for you a husband that could make you th

mself broke out into

me eternally wretched. He no lon

now! A thousand times would I prefer to see you unhappy in the world rather than in the cloister. Here your complaints can be heard, there you will have only the walls. You are beautiful, very bea

nnery o

an, I shall not be able much longer to watch over you and your welfare. Choose somethin

nnery o

his head with his hands, "Thou chastisest m

he said, "You wish to be a nun, and it

d kissing them as she fell upon her knees, repeating o

, Thou dost exist, since Thou chastisest! But let Thy vengea

ter

stma

Over its kogon thatch clambers the branching gourd-vine, laden with flowers and fruit. Deer antlers and skulls of wild bo

some vegetables in a wide basket. Two children, a boy and a girl, were playing by the side of another, who, pale and sad, with large e

le girl was saying to him, "we'll pl

boy, "and drink deer blood with lime-juice and you'll get fat, and t

on his foot, and then turned his gaze t

to the young woman, "and buy something for

t some firecrackers!

cried the little girl, catchi

her asked Basilio, who at the question ar

been sick more than a

d with wounds, two moons have come and

ut now that tomorrow is Christmas I want to go to the town to s

ll, and your town is far away.

. Every year we spend this holiday together. Last year the three of us had

e going to have chicken and wild boar's meat. My so

haps she already believes that I'm dead! Tonight I want

an! Go, look for your mother, give her the Christmas gift-from God, as you say. If I had known the name of your town I would have gone ther

. "Down there are soldiers and many robbers. Don't

le girl. "Have you ever played it? Surely there's noth

"I'll come back soon," he answered. "I'll bring my little brother,

e little girl. "Then we'll make hi

said to him. "Take this dried m

he stream. Lucia made him support himself on her arm, and thus they disappeared fr

as Christmas Eve and yet the town was wrapped in gloom. Not a paper lantern hung from

had made them friendly-were standing by a window-grating and talking, while at anothe

zon, illumining the clouds and making the tr

these times!" said Capitan Basilio to Don Filipo. "The

Her eyes glittered, her features were emaciated, her hair

Capitan Basilio, as the madwoman ran away, he asked, "Wa

f being a friend of Don Crisostomo's, so he drove her from his house. Now she wand

since we left it? I know that we hav

ft they found the senior sacristan dead, hanging from a rafter in his own house. Padre Salvi was greatly affected by his de

ed Don Filipo. "What

ase God. I was unable to save anything, not even Cicero

oment the sad and melancholy

a Clara is to be marri

eived a letter from her but haven't opened

they would hang Capitan Tiago, so what was

Basilio, who had found his home deserted and in ruins. After many inquiries he had onl

n search of his mother. On reaching the town he was just asking about her when her song struck his ear

y, there was a sentinel before the door, and a woman's head appeared at the window, only it was n

ue heavens among golden clouds. Basilio saw her, but did not dare to approach' her. Walking back and for

, but when Sisa saw the soldier approach her and heard his voice she was filled with terror and took to flight at a speed o

the street. Seeing that he continued to pursue her, she picked up a stone a

ed running. Dogs barked, geese cackled, several windows opened to let out

gan to moderate her flight, but still a gre

sight of her. Scarcely had the madwoman he

saw his mother enter it and he also went in. The bushes and shrubs, the thorny vines and projecting roots of trees, hindered the movements of both. The son followed his mother's s

ered in his eyes, following the beloved figure. They crossed the sweetly murmuring brook where sharp thorns of

hat opened into the tomb of the old Spaniard at the foot of the balete. Basilio tried to follow her in, but found the gate fas

silio, your son!" cried the boy

n vain. Painfully he arose and examined the wall, thinking to scale it, but found no way to do so. He then walked around it and noticed that a branch of the fateful balete was crossed with one f

ed and tried to run, but her son, letting himself fall from the tree, caught

features stirred the sleeping cells of her brain, so that something like a spark of intelligence flashed up in her mind and she recognize

awake. Noticing that she was not even breathing, he arose and went to the neighboring brook to get some water in a banana le

ed breast was cold, and her heart no longer beat. He put his lips to hers, but felt

he first look of love that Heaven sent to earth-this night when in all Christian families they eat, drink, dance, sing, laugh, play, caress, and kiss one another-this night, which in cold countries holds such magic for childhood with its traditional pine-tree covered with

ebuena s

ebuena

at last he raised his head he saw a man stan

" asked the unkno

oy no

you expec

ry

e ceme

and, besides, the cur

he

would

ground, supporting himself with both hands. "I'm wounded. For t

all be dead before the day comes. Twenty paces from here, on the other side of the brook, there is a big pile of firewood. Brin

istened a

You will find a lot of gold and it will

every moment more unintelligible. "Go,

n turned his face toward the east

tive land! You, who have it to see, welcome it-and

tinued to move, as if uttering a prayer. Then

in order to attend mass. The pious woman gazed at the adjacent wood and saw a thick column o

's why so many calamities come! You ought to go to pur

stmas night is coming, Chr

il

the satisfaction of the groundlings we should gladly kill off all of them, beginning with Padre Salvi and ending wi

he duties of an important office. Not many months had passed when Padre Damaso received an order from the Very Reverend Father Provincial to occupy a curacy in a remote province. It is related that he was so grievously affecte

d to live alone thenceforward, tie then devoted himself passionately to liam-pó and the cockpit, and began to smoke opium. He no longer goes to Antipolo nor does he order any more masses, so Do?a Patrocinia, his old rival, celebrates her triumph piously by snoring during the sermons. If at any time during the late afternoon you should walk along Calle Santo Cristo, you would see seated in a Chinese shop a small man, yellow, thin, and bent, with stained and dirty

nts occurred on account of the weakness of her eyes, she has taken to wearing spectacles, which give her a marvelous appearance. The doctor has never been called upon again to attend any one and the servants see him many days in

e. The poor Ariadne, finding herself thus abandoned, also devoted herself, as did the daughter of Minos, to the cult of Bacchus and the cu

at catastrophe or to whom belonged the legs and arms left neglected on Convalescence Island and the banks of the river, we have no idea whether any acquaintance of our readers was among them or not. Along with the government and the press at the time, we ar

e in the holy nunnery of St. Clara, but no one has been willing to tell us a single word, not even the talkative devotees who receive the famou

ants into wild terror. The rain fell in torrents. Each flash of the forked lightning showed a piece of roofing or a window-blind flying through the air to fall with a horrible crash. Not a person or a carriage moved through the streets. When t

the eaves of a building near the nunnery,

our staying here?

s. We ought to get into a house. M

e a distance and we'll get we

r just so the lightni

uns surely have a lightn

e, "but of what use is it

he darkness. At that moment a prolonged streak o

e, crossing himself and catching hold of

s happ

e," he repeated with his

ave you

murmured, trembl

pect

st be the nun who practis

ghtning furrowed the heavens with a vein of fire and sent a horrib

nding almost on the ridge of the roof with arms and face raised toward the s

hunder rolled away a

murmured the private, as if in response

se of the rain, nor could the whistling wind drown t

ng flashed with d

pecter!" exclaime

utiful, like the Virgin! Let's g

or him to repeat the invit

ents and chose such a fearful night under the open sky to breathe forth from so perilous a height her complaints to God? Had the Lord abandoned his altar in the

gh the darkness. The despairing plaints continued to mingle with the soughing of the

e stopped at the door of the nunnery of St. Clara a carriage, from which alighted a man who made himself known as a r

of horror begged the man's protection against the outrages of hypocrisy. It is also said t

person might look upon the portals of Heaven closing against him, if ever Heaven should come to be as cruel and unfeeling as men are. The abbess said that she was a madwoman. The man may not have known that there is i

sked for her. But this time no beautiful and unprotected maiden appeared, nor would the abbess permit a visit to the cloister, for

Opium-Smo

, 1883.-Aut

os

urprise, etc., often used to introduce

the fiber of a plant

m the tender shoots of b

ce or district with both exec

f the Civil Guard, rankin

s plant whose acid leav

elium, similar but infer

addressing a priest, especially a f

low-growing weed whose small,

ndles, on which an image

to feed upon human flesh, being

he swe

ive council and supreme co

d by extension the building in which it has its

a house or any similar

(the general

name for the typ

nce and feast: from

e banyan, a tree sacr

oe with bamboo supp

eneral peniten

a piece of areca-nut with a little shell-li

r for a group of about fifty families, for w

e: S

shirt of transparent material w

t waist with flowing

ariety of s

ressing or referring to the gobernadorc

xclamation denoting s

Internal-re

of registration and

he sapod

litary police force of Spanish

rriage driv

member of the Consulado, the tribunal, or

ro: Munic

dred and sixty of which were e

out!" A common exclamatio

curious walking mudfish that abounds in

, woman of mar

or partition of pl

The town secretary and cl

te soldier but exempted from menial duties and i

k of court and

ippines who was accused of advoc

y governor," the princ

e whose macerated stems are

ee, a coarse bl

: The manager

lk interwoven with cotton, ab

of flowers," from which the w

indio (Indian), a term used rather contemptuously, the name Filipino being genera

burning off the trees and underbrush

le, open, clay fireplace

curious superstitions. Its raucous cry, which may be faintly characterized as hideous,

bamboo in which the buyo is

om which fine cabinet-wood is obtained.

r, to whom they render payment in pro

rank grass us

or short sword wit

: A nati

e tree of the

Miser, "s

about the size of a plum. In the Philippines, its sp

hinese game

a, a small, blue fru

l in Manila: from the vernacular name of the

sickness and other misfortunes, and

hout salt until dry, the st

Malay of southern

th talismanic propert

xclamation of sur

aves of which the roots and sides of the

sy, wiry leaves are used for mak

ed on nine consecutive days, asking for some s

inferiors and in familiar intercourse: probably a c

n edibl

t variety of rattan, u

e or shrub with smal

rs, fastened in front and falling in a point behind: the most d

al papaw, fruit of

n, the bête noire of

n value one-fifth of a p

the Mexican dollar, about the size of an Ameri

made from pinea

such as Andong, Andoy, Choy, Neneng ("Baby"), Puté, Tinchang, and Yeyeng. Others are abbreviations or corruptions of the Christian names, often with the particle ng or ay added, which is a common practice: Andeng, Andr

a religious order

mistress: from the

th of a peso,

om in the more pretent

n infusion

lm or bamboo and rattan

nt flower, extensively cultivated, and worn in chaplets and

Philippine

aited bamb

arent cloth woven

s or some acid fruit, in which

: contraction of the Spanish, Jes

arriage drivers to

ort sword, th

Jerked

ed, worn at the waist somewhat in the fashion of an apron: a distincti

aves and fruit pedicles are co

e senior member of the town council a

ety of canna bearin

liated with a regular monastic order, especially

kind of torture. The primary meaning is "t

t said to appear usually in the shape of a tall black man with d

punishment for crime, or from an instinctive desire to return to primitive simplicity, foreswore life in the towns "under the bell," and made their homes in the mountains or o

rass used for fe

lo

labi

tions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of th

produced by Je

912 in the Philippines (Manila, Philippine Education Company) and th

co

ial Ch

to the place of attach

ion H

02: Added

sion: rerun check

rec

ections have been

Source

omninousl

hteouness r

8 canot

proggress

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