History of American Literature

. Magazines have especially stimulated the production of short stories, which show how much technique their authors have learned from Poe. The inc

ent of the impossible, and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow shows fascinating combinations of the unusual. Cooper achieved his greatest success in presenting the Indians and the stalwart figure of the pioneer against the mysterious forest as a background. Hawthorne occasionally availed himself of the older romantic materials, as in The Snow Image, Rappaccini's Daughter_, and Young Goodman Brown, but he was more often attracted by the newer elements, the strange and the unusual, as in The Scarlet Letter and The Hous

"Have these characters or incidents the unusual beauty or ugliness or goodness necessary to make an impression and to hold the att

ames. Both have set forth in special essays the realist's art of fiction. The growing interest in democracy was the moving forc

ature is the reverse of all this. It wishes to know and to tell the truth, confident that consolation and delight are there; it does

ry or to startle by a horrible one. His object is to reflect life as he finds it, not only unusual or exceptional life. He believes that it is false to real life to overemphasize certain facts, to overlook the trivial, and to make all lif

he spirit of romanticism, and says that it w

e same. Romanticism then sought, as realism seeks now, to widen the bounds of sympathy, to level every barrier against aesthetic freedom, to escape from the paralysis of tradition. It e

for truth. He says, "The only reason for the existence of a novel is that it does compete with life. When it ceases to com

at it is only here and there that art inhabits, or to those who would persuade you that this heavenly messenger win

t realist or the first romanticist. Both schools have from time to time been needed to hold each other in check. Howells makes no claim to being considered the first realist. He distinctly says that Jane Austen (1775-1817) had treated materi

ting commonplace. Others learned from Shakespeare the necessity of looking at life from the combined point of view of the realist and the romanticist, and they discovered that the great dramatist's romantic pictures sometimes convey a truer idea of life than the most literal ones of the p

ce that launched

topless towe

chievement for the writers of this group to insist that truth must be the foundation for all pictures of life, to demonstrate that even the

vein The Story of a Bad Boy, which ranks among the best boys' stories produced in the last half of the nineteenth century. There w

et in endeavoring to paint with realistic touches the democracy of life. He defined the poet as

g hang in the way, not the richest curtains. What I tell I tell for precisely what it is. Let who may exalt or startle or fascinate or soothe, I

e is the realities of d

ndulged in realism

off his killing-clothe

all in th

repartee and his shu

says b

g with depress'd head

to cross the line between realism and idealism, and we sometimes find adherents of the two schools disagreeing whether

sisters Death and Night

r again, this

ration:

by Elih

haps the most noted successor of New England's famous group, was frequently an exquisite romantic artis

desolate win

-land-in No

Shapes met

each ot

you?' cried

in the gloa

' said the s

died las

AN HOWELLS

n: WILLIAM D

7. He never went to college, but obtained valuable training as a printer and editor in various newspaper offices in Ohio. He was for many years editor of the Atlantic Monthly and an editorial contributor to the New York Nation and Harper's Ma

r (1886), and A Hazard of New Fortunes (1889). These belong to the middle period of his career. Before this, his mastery of ch

and truth in sketching provincial types of character, that the story is a triumph of realistic creation. A Modern Instance is not so pleasant a book, but the attention is firmly held by the strong, realistic presentation of the jealousy, the boredom, the temptations, and the dishonesty exhibited in a household of a commonplace, ill-mated pair. Indian Summer begins well, proceeds well, and ends well. It may be a trifle more conventional than the two other novels just mentioned, but it is altogether delightful. The conversations display keen in

sometimes goes so far toward the opposite extreme as to write stories that seem to be filled with commonpla

ironment made him rich, and his environment made him a rogue. Sometim

heir faults human and as interesting as their virtues, in causing ordinary life to yield variety of incident and amusing scene

a story, but he does not find it necessary to present the entire life of his characters, if he can accurately portray them by one or

ailing faithfully the facts exactly as they happened, without any juggling or rearranging on his part. His characters are so clearly presented that they do not remain in dreary outline, but emerge fully in rounded form, as moving, speaking, feeling

AMES, 1

tion: HEN

as an older brother. Henry James is called an "international novelist" because he lived mostly abroad and laid the scenes of his novels in both Eur

cting, as Howells does, the well-known types of the average people, James prefers to study the ordinary mind in extraordinary situations,

s selects neither a commonplace nor a dramatic situation, but chooses some difficult and out-of-the-way theme, and clears it up with his keen, subtle, impressionistic art.

ions, he brought out either a novel, a book of essays, or a volume of short stories. His most interesting novels are Ro

l of a writer who is clever, intellectual, a master of style, and a skilled scientist in dissecting human character. In Roderick Hudson and The Portrait of a Lady, the characters are much more interesting, the situations are larger, the human emotion deeper, and the books richer from every point of view. These novels

He does not, like Hawthorne, enter into the sanctuary and become the hero, laying the lash of remorse upon his back. James stands off, a disinterested onlooker, and exhibits his characters critically, accurately, minutely, as they take their parts in the procession or game. Brilliant and faultless as the portraits are, they too frequently appear cold, pitiless renditio

orks. The interest is psychological, and a chance word, an encounter on the stre

ed and often difficult to follow. In such works as The Wings of a Dove (1902) and The Golden Bowl (1904), for example, there are long and intricate psychological explanations, which are mo

yle. In a few perfectly selected words the subtlest thoughts are clearly revealed. In these masterpieces, the reader is constantly delighted by the artist's skill, which leads ever deeper into human motives after it would seem that the heart and

LKINS FREE

: MARY E. WIL

has created real men and women,-farmers, school teachers, prim spinsters, clergymen, stern Roman matrons,-all unmistakable types of New England village life. Her unfailing ability to transplant the reader into rock-ribbed, snow-clad New England, with its many fond associations for

c work, especially those in the two volumes, A New England Nun, and Silence and Other Tales; but she can also

ir composition, and by her sympathetic treatment causes them to appeal strongly to human hearts. She discovers heroic qualities in apparently commonplace homes and families, and finds humorous or pathetic possibilities in men and women whom most writers would consider very unpromising. Miss Wilkins knows that in rural New England romantic things do happen, tragedies do occur, and heroes and heroines do appear in unexpected

ITMAN,

tion: WAL

nd Long Island Sound on the other, the inhabitants saw little of the world unless they led a seafaring life. Many of the well-to-do farmers, as late as the middle of the nineteenth century, never took a land journey of more than twenty miles from home. Bec

the blacksmith, the carpenter, the mason, the woodchopper, the sailor, the clergyman, the teacher, the young college student home on his vacation,-all mingled as naturally as members of a family. No human being felt himself inferior to any one else, so long as the moral proprieties were observed. Nowhere else did there exist a more perfect democracy of conscious equals. Although Whitman's family moved to Brooklyn before he was five years old, he returned to visit relatives, and later taught school at various places on Lo

ooklyn he worked as a printer, carpenter, and editor. His closest friends were the pilots and deck hands of ferry boats, the drivers of New York City omnibuses, factory hands, and sailors. After he had become we

HITMAN AT THE AG

ience. In 1848 he went leisurely to New Orleans, where he edited a newspaper, but in a short time he journeyed north alo

building and selling houses. He was then also engaged on a collection of poems, which, in 185

n and its vicinity. Few good Samaritans have performed better service. He estimated that he attended on the field and in the hospital eighty thousand of the sick and wounded

ed another appointment, however, which he held until 1873, when a stroke of paralysis forced him to relinquish his position. He went to Camden, New Jersey, where he l

on of the poems, which he called Leaves of Grass. His fav

ss is no less than the j

d to these poems during the rest of his life, and he published in 1892 the tenth edition of Le

similar titles, and record experiences as unlike as his early life on Long Island, his dressing of wounds during the Civil War, his comradeship with the democratic mass, his almost Homeric communion with the sea, and his me

singing, the var

ch one singing his as

ro

ng his as he measur

s he makes ready for wo

hat belongs to him in

the steam

as he sits on his benc

sta

the ploughboy's on hi

ermission o

the mother, or of the y

sewing or

elongs to him or he

an life in America "freely,

ction is called Song of Myself, in which he paints himself

ne of my chang

ded person how he fee

ed pe

upon me as I lean on

*

n for larceny but I go

ten

cares for orphans, enacts model tenement laws, strives to regenerate the slum districts, and is increasing the altruistic activities of clubs and churches throughout the country. But these verses will not su

d Reason to o

rsion, Pleasur

mocratic. The world had long been used to such regular poetry. The

as a greater shock, as,

ic yawp over the r

haracterization, yet those who persisted in reading him soon discovered that their condemnation was too sweeping, as most were willing to admit after they had read, for instance, When Lilacs Last in th

bird twined with t

nt pines and the ce

place such poems as Out

we listen to a

g-bird's throat, t

ar meter his dirge on Lincoln, the

aptain! our fear

'd every rack, the p

e bells I hear, the

well received in England. He met with cordial appreciation from Tennyson. John Addington Symonds (1840-1893), a graduate of Oxford and an authority on Greek poetry and the Renaissance, wrote, "Leaves of Grass, which I first read at the age of twenty-five, influenced me more, perhaps, than any other book has done except the Bible; more than Plato, more than Goethe." Had

pronounced single characteristic

that is coarse and stuff

ne

y American poet of his rank who remained through life the close companion of day laborers. Yet, although he is the poet of democracy, his po

practical ways his intense feeling of comradeship an

furlong without sym

rest in h

ensified this feeling. He looked on the lif

ead, a man divine

n welcomed the retur

r'd of growi

ng cattle or taste o

well as of man. He tells u

acs became par

and red morning-glor

he song of th

mbs and the sow's pink

l and the

elig

pling tides and trees

ving breeze-and in th

l righ

and music, more than any other object of nature, influen

y-haughty

ight I wend thy

se thy varied str

list thy talk and

te-maned racers r

, dash'd with the spark

For a discussion of the various types of images of the different poets, see the author's Educatio

e, where geese nip their

n wa

t in the breakers

s uncompromisingly realistic, as may be seen in his critical prose essays, some of

: none of the stock ornamentation, or choice plots of love or war, or high exceptional personages of Old-Wo

avoid ornamentation often caused him to insert in his poems mere catalogues of names, which are not

! land of gold! land o

ork! land of wool and

he gr

included some offensive material which was outside the pale of poetic treatment. Had he followed the same rule with his cooking, his chickens woul

line, but usually becomes manifest as the thought is developed. His verse was intended to be read aloud or chanted. He himself says that his verse construction is "apparently lawless at first perusal, although on closer examination a certain regularity appears, like the recurrence of lesser and larger

otnote: The Indian nam

ac

nd responsive s

s awaked fr

key, the word up

pendence which Emerson preached in the famous lecture on The American Scholar (p. 185). In 1855 Emerson wrote to Whitman: "I am not blind to

s of noble idealism. No students of American democracy, its ideals and social spirit,

se in passion,

t action form'd und

ee himself "in prison shaped like another man and feel

ng man and raise him

rtues, Whitman is noteworthy for voicing the new social spirit on whic

MM

, Poe, Bret Harte, and Mark Twain were all tinged with romanticism. In the latter part of the last century, there arose a school of realists who insisted that life shou

m to reality, and subjects them to the most searching psychological analysis. Mary Wilkins Freeman, a pupil of Howells, shows exceptional skill in depicting with realistic in

roduces mere catalogues of names, uninvested with a single poetic touch. He is America's greatest poet of democracy. His work is ch

ERE

nual of Americ

Writing and the

f Prose Fiction,

Criticism

owells Story Book. (Cont

's The Art

n Howells, in Essays

James, in Ameri

ort Story in E

. (Contains all of his poems, the public

ose and Poetry of Walt Whitman.

an, his Life, and

enter's Wa

hitman. (Beaco

ach to Walt Whit

. (A biography by on

ed by his literary execu

's Whitma

Walt Whitm

of Democracy, in S

r Studies of Men an

Subscription Edition.) Vol. X. contains a

TED RE

iticism and Fiction. Silas Lapham is the best of his novels. Those wh

r Roderick Hudson. A Passionate Pilgrim, and The Mad

e short stories by Mary

ss, in the volume, A Ne

den, in the volume, Si

ong novel

eft for mature years, the following, carefully edited by

le Endlessly Rocking, pp. 154-160, I Hear America Singing, p. 100, Reconciliation p. 175, O Captain! My Captain, p. 184,

ose, including Specime

art and poetry, may be

S AND SU

last quarter of the nineteenth century? What was the subject of each? What is the realistic theor

ck Hudson, and show how Howells and James differ from the romanticists. What differ

wo short stories, The Madonna of the Future (James) and A New England Nun (Wilkins Freeman) and show how James's interest lies in the subtle psychological problem, while Mrs. Freeman's depends on

l has the truer conception of the mission and art of fiction? Why

strongly and poetically? Could this poem have been written by one reared in the middle West? Why does he select the lilacs, evening star, and hermit thrush, as the motifs of the poem, When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd? In Patrolling Barnegat, do you notice any resemblance to Anglo-Saxon poetry of the sea, e.g. to Beowulf or The Seafarer? In With Hu

NCE B

e great Puritan romances, in which the Ten Commandments are the supreme law, of the work of that southern wizard who has taught a great part of the world the art of the modern short sto

of the practical. Emerson is a great apostle of the ideal, an unexcelled preacher of New World self-reliance. His teachings, which have become almost as widely

he slow and l

e darkness a

disclosed the glory of a new companion

dime may purchase t

ith them, we also f

pour of the full moon

pple-bloss

r your lo

an being realize that this plastic world expects to find in him an individual hero. Emerson emphasized "the new i

e is directed unerringly to one

the universe is our property and that we shall not stop until we have a clear title to that part which we desire. As we study this liter

d have sung America'

ff that is coarse and

is

singing the song of a new social de

ove th

rors it f

h mother to sin

the world-though I

from pain, I must

p; and thy mo

world, lest her d

made us feel that the Divine Presence stands behind the darkest shadow, that the feeble hands groping blindl

where his

nded palm

now I ca

is love

rshes, fringed with the live oaks

greatness of God as

ls all the space 'twixt

as the marsh-gras

y me a-hold on the

iterature is a presence not to be put by. Lowell

, but low ai

at masterpiece to expre

e whole universe is fa

nothing with

has striven to impress the

n of the In

t is the boun

ich have not ye

of all tha

n rob the e

thright in the b

T OF AUTHORS AND

of the work of contemporary autho

RN AU

ters on all classes of popular subjects. He wrote one hundred and eighty volumes and

nited States from 1801 to 1817, that is, under Jefferson's and Madi

1888), b. Germantown, Pa.

ome, humorous, and inter

An Old-Fashioned Girl,

oo

England and graduated at Harvard in 1800. Artist; early poet of

m, Mass. Orator, statesman. Best s

4), b. Worcester, Mass. N

of Standish, Betty Ald

Nobleman, David Alde

of Colon

59- ), b. Pierrepont,

I, Darrel of th

hington. The volumes on the Revolutionary War and the formation of the Constitution are the best part of the work. While Bancroft's improved methods of research among original authorities almost entitle him to be called the founder of the new American school of historical writing, yet the best critics do not to-day

, N. Y. Humorist. House-Boat on the Styx,

. Anglo-American novelist. A Bow of Orange Ribbon, Jan

. East Machias, Me. Edu

), Talks on the S

W. See WHITC

lar as a preacher and lecturer. Delivered noted anti-slavery lectures in England. Some of h

H." See SHAW,

phia, Pa. Dramatist, poet, diplomat. Fr

S." See LELAND,

1893), b. Boston, Mass.

. One of the foremost pr

subjects, also Essays

av

b. Hampton Falls, N. H.

s Family, Country Neighb

ner

er writer and lecturer. Famous humorist of the middle of the nineteenth centu

, journalist, Christian socialist. Brownson's Quarterly Review

ck for many years. A clever and successful short-story writer.

animals with man's power to reason. Some of his nature books are: Wake-Robin, Signs and Seasons, Pepacton, Riverby, Locusts and Wild Honey, Squirrels and Other Fur-Bearers. Indoor Studies and Whitman, A Study, show keen

and her sister Phoebe Ga

, Ohio. Moved to New Yo

nd Phoe

Y. Author of exciting romances. The Red Repu

Unitarian preacher and reformer. Spiritual Freedom, Evidences

02-1880), b. Medford,

e in colonial Salem; Th

James Otis, Governor Hu

that Class of Ameri

H. Novelist. Richard Carvel, The Crisis, and The Crossing are int

H. Noted Unitarian clergyman. Orthodoxy: Its Tru

k, N. Y. Poet. Oberon and Puck, The R

et and short-story writer. The Two Villages is her best-k

06), b. Boston, Mass. Novelist. School for Saints, The Her

RSE (1813-1892), b. Ale

ranscendental poet, and

, Gnosis,

00), b. Newark, N. J. N

able romance of the

are laid in Italy. He wrote his Zoroaster and Marzio's Crucifix in both English and French, and received a reward of one thousand francs from the French Academy.

p. His masterpiece is Prue and I, a prose idyl of simple, contented, humble life. The largest part of his work was done as editor. He was editor of Putnam's Magazine at the time of its failure in 1857, and undertook to pay up every creditor, a task which consumed sixteen years. He wrote the Easy Chair pap

th American Review when it published Bryant's Thanatopsis. Champion of the romantic school of Wo

Years before the Mast keeps, its place among the best books written for boys during the ninet

Best works are short stones of New York life, such as Van Bibber and Others, Gallegher and

Pa. Voluminous writer of stories. Old Chester Ta

, b. Amherst, Mass. Author o

1808), b. Crosia, Md.

habitants of the

Saint Nicholas Magazine. Among her juvenile books may be m

n, S. C. Moved to Vermont. Poet, novelis

93), b. Boston, Mass. Mu

ppeared in first n

lomat, poet, essayist, novelist. Preludes, Songs and Son

. Dorchester, Mass. Orator, st

-1881), b. Portsmouth,

lisher. Yesterd

b. Hartford, Conn. Scie

sophical and interesting

e Beginnings of New

The Discover

oklyn, N. Y. Novelist, historian. The Ho

f the most widely known songs of the nineteenth century. Old Folks at Ho

1898), b. Utica, N.Y. N

Theron Ware,

1844-1909), b. Bordentow

zine until his death.

ong, For t

of romances, chiefly historical. The Colonial Cavalier, or

list, essayist, jurist. Confessions of a Friv

ditor of The Tribune, New York, N. Y. Exerted strong influen

rs. Charles Rohlfs) (184

interesting detective

Case is th

(1861- ), b. Boston, M

oems, A Roadside Harp,

ter

rian divine, author, philanthropist. Best known story, T

ass. Educator, novelist, diplomat. But Y

y Luska") (1861-1905),

l's Snuff-Box, My Fri

amo

846- ), b. Boston, M

ayist. Deserves to be ca

sympathetic two volu

ne and

ge, Mass. Clergyman, transcendentalist. Bes

minister, prominent anti-slavery agitator, author. Life of Margare

ER," See CRAIGIE,

s of Scribner's Monthly, wrote several poems, of which Bitter-Sweet was the

, Author of Josiah Allen's Wife, My Opinions and Betsey

list. Guenn is an unusually strong novel. One Summer, Aunt

ork, N. Y. Philanthropist, author of t

eatest historical writer before the nineteenth century. His g

, b. Ireland. Roman Ca

nd Moder

a. Journalist and author. Color Studies, Stories of Old

ld New England villages. Deephaven, The Country of the Pointed Firs, The Tory L

b. Albany, N. Y. Soldi

Daughter, The Deserter

nn. Novelist. Through Winding Ways, A Midsumme

actory hand in Lowell, encouraged by Whittier to writ

Son-in-law of Nathaniel Hawthorne, editor, auth

rk, N. Y. Poet, translator, essayist

("Hans Breitmann") (1824

itmann's Ballads, writ

nia Dutch

roleum V. Nasby") (1833

atirist. Na

50- ), b. Boston, Mass

ry of the English Colon

r, Studies in History,

th Theodore

EY." See HAR

Editor, essayist. My Study Fire, William Shakespeare:

Y. Dramatist. Jeanne d'Arc, Sappho and Phaon, The

can history. A History of the People of the United States from the Revolution to

L. See PEABODY, J

" See MITCHE

moo, Mardi, White Jacket or the World in a Man of War, Moby Dick o

("Ik Marvel") (1822-1

ies of a Bachel

novelist, and poet. Hugh Wynne, Free Quaker; The Adventures

Y. Oriental scholar and poet. Known to children to-

nn. Story writer, poet, correspondent. Some Women's Hearts

EUM V." See LO

eatest anti-Revolution poetic satirist. Shows influence of

844-1890), b. Ireland.

Moondyne; Songs fro

S." See SHILLAB

.Y. Satirical humorist and descriptive writer. The Dutch

b. New York, N.Y. Dramatist. Aut

Poet, dramatist. The Singing Leaves, Fortune and Men's Eyes, Marlowe, The P

Educator, editor, author. Walt Whitman, A St

b. Chester Co., Pa. Poet and painte

phia, Pa. Witty essayist. Books and M

See WIGGIN,

N.Y. Clergyman, novelist. Barriers Burned Away

RLES. See GREEN,

rial for some of his most popular works. Ranch Life and the Hunting Trail, The Winning of the West, The Rough Riders. He has written also o

Y. Editor, writer of stories and poems. Poems o

Journalist, writer of humorous verse. Humorous an

), b. Arlington, Mass

d States under the C

N. Y. Educator, poet. With Reed and Lyre

. Novelist. Her best stories are those of simple New Eng

sh Billings) (1818-1885

lminax, Every Boddy's

ce

of the Mississippi Valley, History of the Catholic Missions among the Indian Tribes of the United State

l, N.Y. Professor of architecture, poet. Madriga

"Mrs. Partington") (1814

rop's style, mistaking wo

and Sayings of Mrs. P

Ike and h

n. Author of our national poem, America. Of him, Holmes

and historian. Diplomatic Correspondence of the American Revolution

is, Maine. Novelist, poet. The Amber Gods an

e work in compiling and criticizing modern English and American literature. A Victorian Anthology, An American Antho

1902), b. Philadelphia, P

ical humor, due to rid

a mock-serious vein. T

ting away of Mrs. Leeks

redt

ochester, N.Y. Author, educator, traveler.

Mass. Journalist, editor, poet. Songs of Summer

r, author. Roba di Roma, or Walks and Talks about Rome, Poe

), b. Boston, Mass. Note

hes and orations fi

ope Seen with Knapsack and Staff (1846). He wrote also much poetry. Among the best of his shorter poems are The Bedouin Song, Nubia, and The Song of the Camp. Lar

ent most of life upon Isles of Shoals. Artist, author. Poem

(1854- ), b. Chatham,

w, and Other Verse, Fai

nn

1871), b. Boston, Mass

era

ture writer. Birds in the Bush, The Footpath Way, F

8-1905), b. Williamsfie

ovelist of the reconstr

ricks wit

enile writer. My Own Story (biography) Among his stories for young people are The

d Other Poems, Fisherman's Luck and Some Other Uncertain Things, The Story of the Other Wise Man.

S. See BROWN

HELPS (1844-1911), b. Bo

Story of Avis,

Magazine. My Summer in a Garden and Backlog Studies are delightful for their subtle humor and style. He wrote many entertaining books of travel, s

, which superseded The New England Primer, and which almost deserves to be called "literature b

anker, author of one remarkable novel which was publishe

society problems. She treats subtle psychological questions with especial skill in the short story. Th

. Critic, essayist. Essays and Reviews, American Lite

dow Bedott") (1811-185

he Widow Be

elist, and writer of juvenile stories. Faith Gartney's Girlhood, We G

as Carol, Timothy's Quest, Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm, Penelope's Progress, A Cathedral Courtship. Pathos, humor, and sympathy for the poor

1683), b. probably in L

preacher of "soul libert

for Cause of Conscienc

yet Mor

proved ephemeral, he taught many writers of his day the necessity of artistic finish in their prose.

l History of America. Author of The Mississippi Basin: the Struggle in America between England and France, 16

), b. Gloucester, Mass.

865 to 1909. Edited num

, Gray Days and Gold,

anderers

n, Conn. Novelist. His best story, John Bre

b. Philadelphia, Pa. La

he middle West. New Swi

en and White, Lin McLean

gin

cator, author of excellent biographies of Poe, Haw

list. Best novel, Horace Chase. Some of her other novels are Cast

ERN A

lished in 1666 an entertaining volume,

ithologist and painter of birds. Published Birds of America at o

THER. See MU

lo-American novelist. Little Lord Fauntleroy, That Lass o'

st work, Disquisition on Government and Discourse on the Constitution and Gover

, statesman. Best speeches: On the War of 1812 (1813)

ter, Va. Colonial and military story writ

), b. Shelby, N. C. C

, The One Woman

. See WILSON,

he Kentucky mountains. The Kentuckians, A Mountain Europa, A Cumberland Ve

5), b. New Orleans, La. Jurist,

, b. Baltimore, Md. Rom

thers, The Amba

b. Richmond, Va. Novelist. The Descendant,

b. Athens, Ga. Editor, orator

in New Orleans, went thence to New York, and still later to Japan. Author of Stray Leaves from Strange Literature,

. See RICE,

" See PORT

gorous, well-handled romances of Virginia history. Pri

cock Co., Ga. Lawyer, professor of English. W

picture of the manners and customs of Virginia at the end of the eighteenth century, Horse

0-1843), b. Frederick C

nn

eole life and historical works on De Soto and New Orleans

e, and (later) a Methodist minister. His Georgia Scenes i

antown, Va. Great Chief Justice of

(1866- ), b. Louisvi

Book a

tic and story writer. French Dramatists of the Nineteenth Century, Margery's Lovers, A Secret of the

reland. Educator, essayist. The Development of Old

1867), b. Danville, Ky.

e

Tuscaloosa, Ala. Poet and novelist

d to Arkansas. Teacher, editor, lawyer. Wrote t

1802-1828), b. London,

lth, Songs, The

rs in Texas. Successful short-story writer. The Four Million, The Heart of th

on, Conn. Editor Louisville Journal, po

IN (1825-1897), b. Phi

ative woman poet of the

ial Ballads, Sonne

, b. Baltimore, Md. Teacher, poe

AN. See TIERN

umorist of rare power, a cheery, breezy philosopher, and a sympathetic interpreter of the simple h

younger poetic dramatists whose plays have acting qualities. Poems: _From Dusk to Dusk, With Oma

SS TROUBETSKOY) (1863

k or the Dead, Vir

aturist, musician, poet. He was among the first to see

Novelist. Little Jarvis (awarded a $500 prize), Sprightl

rsville is his most enduring work. The Colonel is a remarkable portrait. A Gentleman Vagabond and So

and detailed in his accounts that he was almost neglected until the present time. Hi

. Specially liked for her humorous negro and plantation stor

b. Ravenna, Ohio. Georgia journalist

Christian Reid") (1846

ld of Mary, H

PRINCESS. See

, b. Dumfries, Va. Clergyman,

9), b. Columbus, Ga. Prolific n

n, Va. Educator, historian, statesma

rg, Md. Lawyer. Life and Character of P

RN AU

San Francisco, Calif. Novelist. The Doo

ories for children. The Story of Siegfried, Old Greek Stories', St

San Francisco journalist. Can Such Things Be? In t

(1844-1914), b. Green

keye and other papers

d Fall of the Moustach

iam

(1854- ) b. Newton,

. Latimer, T

cturer. Farm Ballads, Farm Legends, Farm Festivals, City Ball

(1847-1902), b. Luray, O

Northwest. A Woman in Ar

llard, The White Island

za

. Poet and critic. Thistle-Drift, Wood-Blooms, Queen Helen and Ot

(1872-1906), b. Dayton

many fine lyrics. Oak

cs of the

. Chicago, Ill. Humorist, journ

of the early life of southern Indiana. The Hoosier Sc

ovels give vivid representations of western life. Th

Mass. Novelist. Knitters in the Sun, Stories of a We

ctures of the middle West in such stories as Main-Traveled Roads,

b. Salem, Ind. Privat

alist, diplomatist, an

ith J. G. Nicolay of Ab

vo

), b. Cambridge, Mass.

Web of Life, The Commo

n

00), b. Normal, Ill. Po

riage of Guenevere,

n novel, Ramona, stands in the same relation to the Indian as Uncle Tom's Cabin to

f. Novelist of adventure. The Call of the Wild,

eler, librarian, writer. The Spanish Pioneers, T

noe Co., Ind. Novelist. Castle Craneycrow,

, b. Oregon City, Orego

d Othe

strict, Ind. Lived in the far West, about which he writes in his poe

1869-1910), b. Spencer,

The Fire Bringer, Th

ist. The House of a Thousand Candles, The Port of Missing M

cago, Ill. Realistic novel writer

1867-1911), b. Madison,

eneration, The Fashiona

ai

oet. Western Windows, Idyls and Lyrics of the Ohio

orian. History of the United States from the Compromi

N (1860- ), b. South

ls I Have Known, Lives

mandments, The Trail o

hy of a

ity of California. Transcendental poet. Some fine verse may be found in

an Catholic archbishop. Education and the Highe

H (1869- ), b. Indianap

Monsieur Beaucaire, The

st of

AVE." See FR

elist, naturalist, poet. Best known works, By-Ways an

awyer, diplomat, author. Ben Hur, a tale of rem

er of vigorous stories of western mountain life. The Blaze

, Wis. Journalist and poet. Poems of Passion, Poem