Practical Argumentation

guer logically arranges all the evidence and reasoning that he wishes to use in establishing or overthrowing his proposition. Illustrative material, rh

ore" method. These methods derive their names from the connectives that are used. When the "because" method is used, the proof follows

college are less than a

ry college room

board c

places are

being established; the connectives are hence and therefore. The

er at the country college t

le board cos

places are less n

try college are less

mind at the very start, he can test the strength and adequacy of the proof very quickly, and can, perhaps, the first time he reads the argument form an opinion as to its worth. But he will almost always have difficulty in grasping th

wo rules have been formulated. One rule deals with main headings, the headin

e discussion so that it will read as a reason

will read as a reason for the truth of the statement to which it is s

ity of the proposition. Obviously they read as reasons for the truth if the brief is on the affirmative side, and for

ssed. Assertion in a brief is equally faulty. To insure belief, all statements must rest

ing is the following

ould own and operate all stree

of operating street-

o

rvice in the United

wo

in the United State

, to substantiate A and B turns thi

of operating street-

o

rvice in the United

rld, b

in respect t

han a quarter of the street-car facilities foun

inhabitants were without street cars; while in the United States there were only twenty-one such

ard to equipment and

e best equipped in

intervals between them than any

United States is re

al ownership, is but twopence, yet it will carry one only eigh

statements unless they are

nitely the name, the volume, and the page; if he gained his information elsewhere, he should be equally explicit. Since this knowledge of the source of the evidence is essential to the suc

ce state in parentheses th

ch this refutation is expressed is very important. A brief on the affirmative side of the proposition, "Resolved, That the Panama canal should be built at sea-level," wou

l should be bui

f

t be much greater th

ve argument in favor of the sea-level canal. In reality it is nothing of the sort. The arguer is merely trying to destroy his opponent's argument to the effect that expense is an obstac

l should be bui

f

he negative that a sea

han a lock-canal

E

o doubt can arise from such a statement as to the direction the argument is takin

n so that the argument to b

ONCLU

clusion, it may well be given at this point. The purpose and the v

n a summary of the essential poi

R BRIEF-

RAL

nto three parts, and

Discussion,

n the brief in the form

statement only a

t as concise as is con

ween statements by indentati

tatement with o

THE INTR

discussion. This explanation usually involves (a) a definition of terms, (b) an explanatio

oduction only statement

R THE DI

scussion so that it will read as a reason for

l read as a reason for the truth of the statement to which it is subo

tements unless they are gen

tate in parentheses the s

that the argument to be a

THE CON

summary of the essential points

L BR

United States should be further

ATIVE

ODUC

States by an educational test gains in importance from the allege

tions will aid in the dis

ating of people into the United States for the pur

measures now in for

sts, polygamists, women for immoral purposes, assisted aliens, contract

four dollars is

estrictive measur

teen and fifty must be able to read and write a few sentences o

to be determin

for further restric

e educational test accomplish this f

CUS

ed for further restr

ca

he immigrants since 1

e wors

of the immigrants we

rn and western Eur

ia, under I

me seventy and one-h

mmigrants are fro

ern and eastern

ave become paupers t

e,

comparatively few paupers

m among the foreigners here is four time

Europe who came here before 1880 were moral and upright, the pre

of southern Europe is well known. (He

rs in this country has

inals were of foreign birth. (Report of the C

immigrants has gre

f illiterates of foreign bi

iterates from southern Italy. (S. E. Moff

the cities and esp

s is ala

ants is increasing asto

igrants arri

mmigrants ar

1905. (Report of Commissioner-Gen

grants in 1902 settled in the cities. (Ed

ical degeneration, and crime. (Deputy Clerk of Children's Court

e unable to cope with the prob

mmigrants is incre

ioner-General of I

igration is politi

hat are now coming in do no

ifferent to civ

spirit of American government

ed in all political affairs

(Prescott F. Hall, Secretary of the Immigration Restrictio

nts is too great to be a

migrants are extr

s," exist in great numbers and size throughout the U

ts never try to learn t

e no need f

contact with English-s

y is not to beco

home after having been here a few years. (Report

t for the most part appre

tinually trodden upon

est themselves in government. (N. S. Shal

ssimilate the immigrants in the past we shall

resent immigrants has cha

er immigration. (Prescott F. Hall, Annals

the standards of Ame

e harmful com

are coming now than

of no use whatever. (Commissioner of Immigration for

lower wages than

o live more cheaply

r labor. (T. V. Powderly, North Amer

the independence of th

conditions that no

rate

egrading forms of

nth Century, Vol

esires keep them f

borers for

st would accomplish th

in a prope

the character of th

er,

t the unenergetic r

Europe

me from southern and eastern Europe. (Inter

ease the amount

are the most illiterate, produ

e the standard o

losely coupled wi

standard of living in the United States.

al test would ex

rease the amoun

t most of the immig

ope

er cent, of the il

sou

dencies of people f

own. (Henry

test would improve

ies

ore sanitary and l

are due largely

the cities would be

ould be reduced t

s per

rants are not like

um

ble societies could remove more evils from th

est would aid the co

migrants who are intellectually ca

o become interested in the g

y would c

ey is not so strong among the int

st would aid the work

great extent the cl

result of superstition and

ally force the immi

langua

ken up, they would

more with English

among the foreign-

ider interest in

ome education can b

an those who

ation, small though it may be, have had the chance to stu

est would tend to ra

an lab

ut down compe

hut out many

ected by this test wo

o equalize the rat

not be willing to wor

ne, they would need mo

e independence of

so reluctant to cooperate with Am

own that, as a ru

ses refuse to

mpetition would be remov

nal test would

depending upon the

decisions of inspe

, Vol. XXX,

l test has worked

Parsons, Annals o

IV, pag

he burden of educati

o

prospective immi

education

ould have some educ

mo

CLU

e has proved t

ed for further restr

complish the further restriction

ited States should be further re

RCI

the following arguments, and pu

General Gordon was the extreme abnegation of his nature. It was not to be expected that he should send home a telegram to say, "I am in great danger, therefore send me troops." He would probably have cut off his right hand before he would have sent such a telegram. But he di

rnment was waiting to have reasonable proof that Gordon was in danger? By that time Khartum was surrounded, and the governo

reasonable proof that they were in danger. Ap

as from a great disgrace from any unnecessary appeal for exertion for their protection. It was the business of the government not to interpret General Gordon's telegrams as if they had been statutory declarations, but to judge for themselves of the circumstances of the c

fidelity of Africans and Egyptians was an act of extreme rashness, and if the government succeed in proving, which I do not think they can, that treachery was inevitable, they only pile up an additional reason for their condemnation. I confess it is very

after week, month after month passed by-as he spared no exertions, no personal sacrifice, to perform the duties that were placed upon him-as he lengthened out the siege by inconceivable prodigies of ingenuity, of activity

the river to escape from the fate which had become inevitable to himself. It is very painful to think of the reproaches to his country and to his country's government that must have passed through the mind of that devoted man during thos

an, they had no intentions to carry out. If they could have known their intentions, a great hero would have been saved to the British army, a great disgrace would not

st powers derived from the consent of the governed. To them this government is not a democracy. It is not a republic. It is an odious aristocracy; a hateful oligarchy of sex; the most hateful aristocracy ever established on the face of the globe; an oligarchy of wealth, where the rich govern the poor. An oligarchy of learning, where the educated govern the ignoran

e a citizen to be a person in the United

izens; and no State has a right to make any law, or to enforce any old law, that shall abridge their privileges or immunities. Hence, every discrimination against women in the constitut

Rapid Transit Company, which deals with a phase of the question concerning the use of the streets in obstructing public travel. The

unity to pass upon the question whether he was or was not negligent in placing his wagon in such a position that it encro

ns are as

f watering his horses, has the righ

ot to stop his car in time to prevent a collision in broad day

he firs

ssity is argumentative and supposititious: Com. vs. Passmore, 1 S. & R. 217; Rex v. Russell, 6 East. 427. There was no necessity on the pla

of the cars, would be a nuisance. The supposed analogy to the right of an abutter to load and unload a necessary article fails entirely. A passing driver is not in the position of an abutter, the reasonableness of whose action is determined by the degree of momentary necessity, and the limit of whose right is that his obstruction must be temporary. Here, however, the watering-trough and not the dri

e whether the car track was for the cars or for vehicles stopped thereon for the purpose of watering horses; wh

hat it would be a nuisance, and a very serious nuisance, if a person with a barrel organ, or the bagpipes, were to come and station himself under a person's window all day. But when he is goi

he seco

f voluntary injury"; Wynn vs. Allord, 5 W. & S. 525; McKnight vs. Ratcliff, 44 Pa. 156. There is, however, nothing in the testimony to indicate that the defendant's motorman did anything wanton. Coming down

at persons of mature age will station their wagons across the tracks? If the righ

government, including the federal judiciary, from absolute control of corporate monopoly. How to restore the voice of the citizen in the government of his country; an

public. Others urge that we should remove the bribe-givers-that is, destroy this overwhelming temptation by having the government take all these monopolies itself and furnish the servi

ty of water, taken from the Clyde River, and they charged high rates for it. The city drained into the Clyde, and it became horribly filthy. Private corporations furnished a poor quality of gas, at a high price; and private companies operated the street railroads. Private companies had the same grip on the people there that they have in most American cities. Owing to the development of great shipbuilding and other industries in the valley of the Clyde, the laboring population of Glasgow became very dense and the means of housing the people were mi

being of humanity and the good opinions of their country. The city rid itself of the private companies by buying them and then brought fresh water from the highlands, a distance of sixty miles. It doubled

s, experience having shown that a good lamp is almost as useful as a policeman. The total debt of the city for plants, extensions, etc., to illumine perfectly all the city had reached nearly five and a half millions of dollars. Notwithstan

ction, with interest, besides a yearly income of $750 per street mile. In 1894 the city began to operate the lines itself. The fares were reduc

d with what it formerly was, the service has been greatly improved. In spite of all these acts for the benefit of the public, the roads which had cost the city nothing, now net over all charges for improvements, etc., one-

hree million inhabitants. These have to be considered in discussing Manchester, which is essentially a manufacturing and commercial city. Its history is

ies is not to make money, but to serve the public. The city constructed an aqueduct ninety miles to secure pure water and furnishes this for a little more than half what the private company had charged for a poor quality of water. It owns street railways, and besides giving greatly reduced rates and giving half-fare tickets to workingmen, the city derives a large revenue from this source. Like Glasgow and Birming

Birmingham and Glasgow, it maintains large technical schools in which thousands of young men are

olled almost everything and charged very high rates for very poor service, and the sanitary conditions were frightful. But here again municipa

gas and electric light, and one-third of the street railway mileage of Great Britain is owned by the municipalities. Leaving out London it amounts to t

ourselves better in every way, and can secure for the public treasury these millions which now go into the pockets of grasping individuals, have we not a right to do it? If we find that, in this manner, we can give steadiness to labor, and can elevate its standards and improve the conditions of our people, dare we not do it? Every one of the ref

Beecher's speech