The Principles of Gothic Ecclesiastical Architecture, Elucidated by Question and Answer, 4th ed.

R PERPENDICULAR

said to have commenced, an

rd the Third (circa A. D. 1375); and it prevailed for about a century and half

s it derive i

ers, from the mullions of the windows and the divisions of ornamental panel-work running in straight or perpendicular lines up to the h

differ from the style whi

nsoms, and, in panel-work, lines of division disposed vertically and horizontally; and in lieu of the quarter-round, semi and tri

are the arches

called the Tudor arch, was almost peculiar to it; and the cavetto or wide and rather shallow hollow moulding, a characteristic feature

Mary's Chu

ford Church,

ch support the clerestory arches, disti

leton Church,

ed to the piers have capitals, the upper members of which are angular-shaped. The base mouldings are also polygonal. Piers and arches of this description are numerous, and occur, amongst other churches, in St. Thomas Church, Salisbury; Cerne Abbas Church, Bradford Abbas Church, and Piddleton Church, Dorsetshire; Yeovil Church, Somersetshire; and Burford Church, Oxfordshire. In some churches a very slender shaft with a capital is attached to each angle of the pier, which is disposed lozengewise, the main body of the pier pr

respecting some of the pie

d foliated; and these are continued down the inner sides of the piers. The arches of the tower of Cerne Abbas C

Sherborne Churc

uish the doorways and

d the spandrels or spaces between the spring and apex of the arch and angles of the square head over it are filled with quatrefoils, panelling, foliage, small shields, or other sculptured ornaments. Sometimes the depressed four-centred arch appears without any hood moulding, and we occasionally meet with a simple poi

l Souls Col

ny fine porches

tances a room is constructed over the groined entrance or lower story of the porch, but so as to be in keeping with and form part of the general design. The south porch of Gloucester Cathedral, the south-west porch of Canterbury Cathedral, the south porch of St. John's Church, Cirencester, and t

he windows d

College Ch

the upper portion of the window is filled with panel-like compartments. The principal as well as the subordinate lights are foliated in the heads; and in large windows the lights are often divided horizontally by transoms, which are sometimes embattled. From the continued upright position of the mullions and tracery-bars is derived the term Perpendicular,

ntly observe in buil

e to each other that the whole length of the clerestory wall seems perforated: we may enumerate as examples the churches of St. Michael, Coventry; Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire; and Lavenham and Melford, Suffolk. Walls covered on the exterior with panel-work are also far from uncommon: the Abbots' Tower, Evesham, the tower of the church of St. Neot's, Huntingdonshire, and of Wrexham, Denbighs

Peter's Chu

ted roofs of this s

in the nave and choir, Norwich Cathedral; the Lady Chapel and choir, Gloucester Cathedral; the nave, Winchester Cathedral; the Beauchamp Chapel, Warwick; and a very late specimen in the choir, Oxford Cathedral. A very rich and peculiar description of vaulting is one composed of pendant semicones covered with foliated panel-work, and, from the design resembling

rved of the wooden

aisle, St. Mary's

parently supported by curved ribs springing from corbels, and forming spandrels filled with open worked tracery; and the spaces between the tie-beam, the king-post, and the sloping rafters of the roof, are filled with pierced or open-work tracery. The sloping bays or compartments of the roof are divided by rib mouldings into squares or parallelograms of panel-work, which are again often subdivided into similar-shaped panels by smaller ribs with carved bosses at the intersections. Some roofs are nearly flat, and simply panelled. On many roofs traces of painting and gilding may still be discerned, more especially in that par

d respecting the pa

Peter's Churc

t end of Peterborough Cathedral. We also find horizontal or straight-sided parapets, covered with sunk or pierced quatrefoils in circles. A plain embattled parapet, with the horizontal coping moulding continued or carried down the sides o

sunk quatrefoil much us

portions were decorated with rows or bands of sunk quatrefoils, sometimes inclose

enry VII.'s Chapel,

ental detail is pec

wberry leaf, with a smaller trefoil more simple in design intervening between two larger, was frequently used as a finish to the cornice of rich screen-work, and is known under the designation of the Tudor Flo

uit, Whitchurch Ch

uldings of this style differ

hollow moulding or cavetto, in which, when forming part of a horizontal fascia or cornice, flowers, leaves, and other sculptured details are often inserted at intervals, is a common feature; and su

Peter's Ch

d the existing remains to be almost entirely design

bove, which we often find separating the chancel from the body of the church, supporting the rood-loft, and inclosing

large buildings erec

adorned with crockets and finials. In Henry the Seventh's Chapel, Westminster, they are used as buttresses. We

which contain particulars rela

d into A. D. 1450, for the fitting up of the Beauchamp Chapel, St. Mary's Church, Warwick. In the will of King Henry the Sixth, dated A. D. 1447, we find specific directions given for the size and arrangement of King's College Chapel, Cambridge; and no less than five different indentures are preserved, (the earlie

s of this style, the dates of the erecti

the Second was commenced A. D. 1397 and finished A. D. 1399, has a fine groined porch, the front of which exhibits the square head over the arch of entrance; and the spandrels are filled with quatrefoils, inclosing shields and sunk panel-work. The large window above the porch, and that at the west end, are divided into panel-like compartments by vertical mullions, and a transom divides th

this style of a late date, the periods

ther decorative embellishment. The church at St. Neot's, Huntingdonshire, is a fine large parochial edifice, all built apparently after one regular design, and consists of a tower covered with panel-work and ornament, with crocketed pinnacles at the angles and in front of each side; a nave, north and south aisles and chancel, and two chantry chapels, forming a continuation eastward of each aisle. It has a fine wooden roof, the cornice under which is in different parts curiously carved in relief. This church is said to have been erected A. D. 1507. But one of the most perfect specimens of a late date, on a smaller scale, is the church of Whiston, Northamptonshire, b

n's Church

d for the number of rich

are more or less ornamented with projecting canopied niches for statuary, and in many of these niches the statues have been preserved from the iconoclastic zeal which has elsewhere prevailed. The belfry windows are partly pierced, sometimes in quatrefoils, and partly filled with sunk panel-work. The parapets, whether embattled or straight-sided, are pierced with open work; and at each angle o

.'s Chapel, We

ellation is derived, has been since g

in general design that at Stanton Harcourt, but is in a more advanced stage of art, being of the Early Decorated style: the lower portion of this is of plain panelling, while the open work forming the upper division above consists of a series of pointed arches, with tracery and foliations in and between the heads, supported by slender cylindrical shafts banded round midway with moulded bases and capitals, and these arches support a horizontal cornice. Specimens of decorated screen-work, some much mutilated, others in a more perfect state, are existing in the churches of King's Sutton

at the sole charges of two brothers, Adam and William Botnor:

tructure, it is here noticed as an e

ield Church,