Popular scientific lectures

constanc

ature

tion o

, his Lati

oblems, their r?le in

s conception of

ds of tho

of energy, 163, 164,

ical utteran

84, 191, 21

t, definit

internat

céleste,

and moral

n of the world, 105,

homson on wa

-- and thermal e

, electricity, etc

logy,

physical ev

sophy

, 155-1

alue of heat,

chhoff's defin

students

dy,

s, 310

ure-house for c

ts impressed

portan

isburdens

his periodica

daptation

n of phen

ery,

our schem

, economi

uction

isatio

tophel

, a miserly, at the

enne

ntal state of ord

lishment of doctri

ical spo

pts of electric

rgy and entr

ing-stones of th

nomes

his periodica

Ages, 2

Night's

ohn Stu

school

l, doing

cts in thoug

r keys in musi

l reversion of obj

principle at the ba

d looking

herents of the mechan

r theori

les, 2

ère,

ntum

ar visi

the Christians

and Capu

clipse

s of bod

y of the

au,

of thou

a perpet

ity o

atics o

t on

artians

tural and v

liar chara

arth, would crumbl

f bodies

t, 44

, Joha

cation-t

plier

s tempo accelerate

of repetition

thematically ill

, reversion o

econom

pecies of one-dime

in phys

n dispense

m, numer

nciple of

mechanical, of

, von

en,

re representing

course and ide

consta

tained in the conformit

abridged des

to typ

motion

n in scientific

he well-spring of al

ons o

dge of, inst

terconnexi

ny sid

mpared to pur

good man of

y of her a

to other anima

iewed as a to

ing designedly con

vetous ta

owers o

dified by binoc

l method a ques

, the scienc

on and discovery

ws, 296

ribes polari

ealth of though

of gravitation

on of disp

quality of pressure an

of light,

lute ti

s works for use in

274, 279

hey displac

mathematically il

economy

ion with con

l mystic

e questions

vatio

on, in sc

stream

gen, V

ectric cur

he wor

and, employed in Plat

sumes the shape

figures of

eople, vis

lmosco

nerv

and pessi

f physi

ellows o

ults of Darwin's st

ation and

orld of fa

sensations of

, centre of

ald,

s, 301

es, 28,

ein's discov

he difference bet

trina

eter,

l tone

s, small

es, Dr.

, 338,

g on the individual a

he mathematician i

otion of a,

of, due to slig

rical

of like

al, chan

es,

, changes

of the wo

l motion

ned,

ity of, 13

of the, exclud

om general

, its natur

ive, 76

on of, 74

tion o

and opti

aohs

, a universal

modes of tho

compariso

nt, on the moral and

s character at

et seq., 188,

abets, their

the electric s

of projectil

stupendous ad

epts, fetishis

nciples, thei

economical na

object o

na, as mechanica

ns betw

ew of the world, 155,

d to a well-kept

l experie

es of, descr

thods

character

ison i

ualitatively ho

t beg

y psycho

ts own cha

l of, 2

ychology, its me

y, its sc

ored counterpar

e facts of sympatheti

a speaker co

physica

ns by expe

of Cor

bodies seek th

em, origin of,

of organic

w of free liqui

ing rid of the eff

of oil,

, 347

tus,

fair

ects, cause

ny,

science,

oundations of mec

isati

escribed by

speak with unwil

ak,

humanity like

eii,

in

J., 1

al, soc

al, 121

ement

of,

ions in the

de sco

invention

ion, 22

ction, power, and

s, the defects of

hould teach

or of a magnet, wi

o 1

edge the foundation of

nature

are wrongly f

arnot's, 1

ffects of the impa

he naked ey

the veloci

phy of,

s brak

nature

g events,

otation fr

e, Wheatst

preceded by

hed, 91

sical sci

me as that of phy

rating principle of least

284, 285

ts of nature com

pursues

-lock,

les,

d of o

covery of the laws

of ton

vestigation, th

ricity, 111, 118,

, 167-171, 1

tion,

the inquirer,

t, 15,

lais

p, form

eau

action, princ

ure of the connexi

mnasie

ulen, 3

ds above the

actio

ymmetrical reversion

9, 193, 194,

er,

photograp

hetics, 89, footnote, 91 et

acts in thought,

lectric, 109

ction of expe

im of

es between

solutio

bodies travelling in ai

e, corpo

f sonorous

correspondin

d to fingers of a

es, 161 et seq., 1

, the

the Th

les,

rs,

ler,

h the thermo-electrom

onnexio

a frui

trating formation o

r, 29

f Cort

W. H.

in introduced wit

inciality and narr

nd Juli

Olaf, 5

ture of, in l

on the work required to

g bodie

atus of, in phy

ns of, 2

seau

ing the principle of leas

dael

, Han

r, Pro

iati

, their formatio

ians

acoustics, 3

eption and interpreta

er, K

enmetho

discovery of

y, copy-b

lmen,

te-control o

nhauer

ze, Ma

mercantile principl

to a busi

um or minimum pro

t from the intellectual activity

of its t

to poetry,

urch o

gs of, 1

e magical po

se with my

travaganc

the termino

f the intelligen

of myst

ue pow

cal schemat

ject o

ols of

create fa

futur

ating from Galil

oe of the mar

terise

h of,

element

ibed,

nction

on in, 255,

f discove

lso P

partition

d relations bet

tion in th

cism, Socrates th

es, their

nvolves desc

mation and adapta

d by new experie

he difficu

, 342

mitive acts of

ries about thei

, the

ckness

utation, Le

places, b

n, coefficien

servati

irst knowledge derived f

or, among

ar canals,

ounding a rail

ns, anal

produce agreea

haracte

ned,

ation, 28

elemen

theory

our knowledge

the troub

, 313 et seq.

?le of, in

spear

ersed into

aw of attraction fo

quirer compar

ting

e report of,

arity

ny,

rying element in

law of

f heavy b

sens

n acoustics,

Mensbrugghe's expe

ilms and fi

potenti

her of scientific

um,

ations of, as a me

tion of, by the

photograp

their difference me

bodies, 2

, J.

mmetry of,

ly, 22-

endered visib

principle of en

ce,

ion of

ic, 117, 127,

l visi

bility of, a

c energ

heat, 1

ductive cap

nalysis of

al association

ct of, cultivated

r, 218

soft rot

of least

capacity of

law of attraction

the eye

lanation of the

lism, mo

metaphys

ntin

f our envir

lo,

the fix

ls of its control of th

urch a

electri

ry curre

liths

ngine,

e-jack

heatstone and

the incline

ostatic

librium of

nciple of virtual

tion of his

82, 18

Age, 4

nsen,

primiti

ne, a, its

eaning of t

vista in

in gla

detecting optical

distance,

vibration

existence amo

conceived as a,

city as

of our noti

otion of, 203

ed as a, 164,

alue of heat,

nius,

ic inductive ca

ings could no

, 84,

, Ampèr

definiti

of, 92

e of

and horiz

ic, 99

ibration, 22

re like a co

, the w

tivation of, by the

ancient

e vibration o

ts nature,

h, the w

cope,

eoscope,

, even, in

re, absol

ences

viewed as leve

ts of

ed from tension

nce,

ientific,

es,

cope, function, a

ed by direct d

energy,

, 123, f

amics, 16

ometer, Ries

-itself,

ols for groups of s

ering of the freezing-poin

bsolute electromet

modynam

ervation of

easures of temperat

mechanical

, 173, f

udes of, 199,

between langu

between exper

f a fully de

on in scient

ent and the struggle for

e of erro

ctions of

al a, on which pearl

es,

, 37,

204, 205,

od of, for detecting optic

figur

47, 99 et

moment

nce, Coulomb

n virtual vel

liquid ef

atmosph

ork of the inquirer co

antic ca

daptation in scienti

ation of

e law of the

, difficult

ual life comp

endence of the sides

accor

d by the in

of its acqu

, resoun

lanation of their

or,

anum

al laws lik

ompared

ses,

ng, what it

do not fit

ermination

son

ectrosta

rce an

State

eal Charact

physical sc

method of, in

ology

of light,

nt of bodies

ng of

al, 1

esbegrif

ption of the, 2

etry

o, 285

e of the

on, 22

on-figu

onardo da

motion

elocities

eneral condit

try of our ap

e

nerve

tion, men

the wo

27, foot

aire

e's ing

d of simple mus

Richar

, 178, f

ace,

reflexions upon,

ical energy, W.

experimen

mirro

, resolved in

lid figu

flected in

es of measur

t,

e foundati

, moder

, 108

ith their distance from th

mann

, his ster

eudosc

so

and importanc

e formation of

he, 204,

question,

penhauer o

miliar source

plain the

ompared

to pres

, a rota

constructing liquid figure

craft

ton, 2

nce the natural

tive distance o

irer compar

nd soun

mpared to

id forces of

ctrici

119 et seq

with heat, 16

o develop electri

ous physical

conception

En

what it cons

article

sky,

the axioms of physics,

n, 49,

mas, on en

ter

er,

compariso

g

g

NCE OF M

TORICAL EXPOSITION

ERNST

THEORY OF INDUCTIVE SCIENCE

om the Second

AS J. M

Half Morocco, Gilt To

Index. Pr

OF CON

at

Le

clined

osition

l Velo

eir Applicati

heir Applica

ami

's Achi

ents of

ments o

le of R

iple of Reaction and o

of Time, Spac

he Newtonian

the Developmen

f the Principle

e Newtonian

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ervation of the Centre of Grav

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ert's P

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rimetrica

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anics to Other Depar

f Mechanics

Mechanics t

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iking instance of the combination of great mathematical knowledge with experimental skill, as exemplified not only by the elegant illustrations of mechanical principles which abound in this treatise, but also from his brilliant experiments on the photography of bullets.... A careful study of Professor M

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41; Compendium der Physik für Mediciner, Vienna, 1863, page 234;

are found in Quétele

ture of Physical Inquiry," p. 186, and the chapter on "The Economy of Science

ess of the merchant. In fact, the intellectual activity of natural inquiry is not

th its associated refle

of Helmholtz here expounded, will be found in my Contributions to the Analysis of the Sensati

theory, which was very near to that of Helmholtz. Compare on this point Sauveur, Mémoires de l'Acad

the name crucible-from the Latin crux, a cross. But, more probably, crucible is derived from some Old French or T

se words: ο?τε γ?ρ ε?ρετ? ?νθρ?ποι? α?τ? ?ν?μιζεν ε?ναι, ο?τε χαρ?ζεσ

imostrazione matematiche.

r as the locomotive rapidly approaches an observer, and lower wh

621 or nearly five-eig

ies, as the emblem of power, order, and law, and of the superiority of mind over matter. The conscious

eple Jacks." When the cables were slung from the towers of the Brooklyn bridge (277 feet high), the men sent

eichende Physiologie des Ge

e German Casino of Pragu

Sur la perception du beau (Geneva, 1892), also regards repetition as a principle of ?sthetics. His discussions of the ?sthetical side of the subject are much more detailed than min

künftigen Metaphysik, also refers to

hte's Zeitschrift für

sition of the tangent, the declination of the straight line from the position of symmetry, the second the declination of the curve from the straight line. It is, perhaps, not un

cture On the Ca

niesystem in dualer Entwickl

Theorie des Geh?rorgan

nternational Electrical Exhibitio

sitely electrified they would ex

an q. It would be equal to the quantity q only if the inner c

ys discharged simultaneously with the outer coating of the jar L. Hence, if we call the capacity of the electrode of the machine E, that of the unit jar L, that of the outer coating of L, A,

more delicate methods. For the highest attainable precision one should by rights immerse the two plates of the condenser first wholly in air and then wholly in sulphur, if the ratio of the capacities is t

the charges on K must be conceived as fixed, and so small a quantity raised that no appreciable change is produced by it. Taking the work thus expended as many times as the small quantity in question is contained in the unit of quantity, we shall obtain the

sual fractional sign of division. Where plus or minus signs occur

n its vicinity, inasmuch as the charge of these bodies is able to alter the potential of K. To give, therefore, an unequivocal significance to the notion of the capacity (C) of a body K, C is defined as the relation Q/V for the body K in a certain given position of all neighboring bodies, and during co

ey the law of the inverse squares, exerts no force whatever on points within it but acts on points without a

note the uniform electrical pressure on unit of surface of the sphere, the work done is also 4r2πpdr. Hence p = (1/8r2π)(q2/r2). Subjected to the same superficial pressure on all sides, say in

the electrical balance of Harris and Volta. Of two large plane parallel plates, one communicates with the earth, while the other is brought to the potential to be measured. A small

electric attraction of the excited disks. This is done by changing the weight of the disk

from the following simple exposition. A Holtz machine H (Fig. 40) is charging a unit jar L, which after n discharges of quantity q and potential v, charges the jar F with the qu

qv] and as Q = n

themselves virtually such unit jars and the formula still subsists V/(V + Σv), in which Σv represe

ober, 1894, being in part a re-elaboration of the t

and Heat, Joule: Scientific Pa

causa octo globi sinistri ponderosiores erunt sex dextris, ideoque rursus octo illi descendent, s

D; quibus positis aqua quae ipsi A succedit eandem ob causam deffluet in D, eademque ab alia istinc expel

diversas planorum inclinationes acquisitos tunc esse aeq

B, fu tanto, che bastò a risospingersi per un simile arco BD alla medesima altezza; fatta, e più volte reiterata cotale esperienza, voglio, che fiechiamo nella parete rasente al perpendicolo AB un chiodo come in E, ovvero in F, che sporga in fuori cinque, o sei dita, e questo acciocchè il filo AC tornando come prima a riportar la palla C per l'arco CB, giunta che ella sia in B, inoppando il filo nel chiodo E, sia costretta a camminare per la circonferenza BG descritta in torno al centro E, dal che vedremo quello, che potrà far quel medesimo impeto, che dianzi concepizo nel medesimo termine B, sospinse l'istesso mobile per l'arco ED all'altezza dell'orizzonale CD. Ora, Signori, voi vedrete con gusto condursi la palla all'orizzontale nel punto G, e l'istesso accadere, l'intoppo si metesse più basso, come in F, dove la palla descriverebbe l'arco BJ, terminando sempre la sua salita precisamente nella linea CD, e quando l'intoppe del chiodo fusse tanto basso, che l'avanzo del filo sotto di lui non arivasse all'altezza di CD (il che accaderebbe, q

apte natura immutabiliter impressum, sublatis scilicet causis accelerationis novae, aut retardationis: accelerationis inquam, si adhuc super extenso plano ulterius progrederetur

fficeret, unumquodque eorum, acceptum semel motum conti

cipiant; non posse centrum gravitatis ex ipsis compositae

avia nempe sursum non ferri.-Et sane, si hac eadem uti scirent novorum operum machinatores, qui motum perpetuum irrito conatu

de porro intelligantur pondera ejus singula, relicto communi vinculo, celeritates acquisitas sursum convertere, ac quousque possunt ascend

c illud staticum axio

gentis ad spa

tientis ad pote

tion du principe des vitesses virtuelles. Mais cette recherche ramena toutes les difficultés qu'on avait franchies par le principe même. Cette loi si générale, où se mêlent des idées vagues et étrangères de mouvements infinement petits et de perturbation d'équilibre, ne fit en quelqu

autre base: car la demonstration d'une loi qui embrasse toute une science ne peut être autre chose qua la reduction de cette s

la lumière, Ley

ement rapide, puis qu'ils dissolvent et fondent plusieurs autres corps des plus solides: soit qu'on regarde ses effets, on voit que quand la lumière est ramasseé, comme par des miroires concaves, elle a la vertu de br?ler comme le feu. c-est-à-dire qu'elle desunit les parties des co

ance motrice du f

u'on emploie l'influence soit de la chaleur, soit de l'électricité; mais pent-on concevoir les phénomènes de la chaleur et de l'électricité com

of a Celsius scale, the zero of which

mechanical and thermal energy. I have given a more extensive development of this idea in a communication to the Sitzungsberichte der Wiener Akademie, December

nally introduced (1848, 1851) a mechanical measure of t

e Sensations, Jena, 1886: Engl

. We should call the work which corresponds to a vanished quantity of heat its mechanical substitution-value; while that work which can be actually performed in the passage of a thermal condition A to a

niversary meeting of the Imperial Acade

imitive

lor, lo

. Paris, 1840, p. 4. The necessary consideration of t

er Wirthschaftsle

so-called elementary (differential)

ions, and being obliged to have some measure of time, we should resort to the period of vibration of the waves of sodium light,-all that t

e definition of one phenomenon b

quids, 1872, also published in this collection; and the Bewegungsempfindungen, 1875). The idea, though known to philosophers, is unfamiliar to the majority of physicists. It is a matter of deep regret to me, therefore, that the title and author of a small

n assuming the Rectorate of the Uni

it; it lies, so to speak, in the air. However, as many of my illustrations were well received, although known only in an imperfect form from the lecture itself and the newspapers, I have, contrary to my original intention, d

y will then represent capability of adaptation as well as power of heredity. Analogous to this is the case of a bar of magnetised steel of high coercive force: the steel retains its magnetic properties until a new force displaces them. Take also a body in motion: the body retains the velocity acquired in (inherited from) the interval of time just preceding, except it be changed

emphasised by Darwin, and not by these analogies. The example referring to motion, if I a

lf a "theory." The essential modifications which Darwin's views also are undergoing will be seen from the works of Wallace [and Weismann], but more especia

itten i

er, Pogg. Ann.,

General Function of Organised Matter (1870), Chicago, The Open Court Pu

rinciples of Psycho

cle The Velocity

hief which they have wrought, the metaphysical, of all spooks, are the least fabulous. It is not to be denied that many forms of thought were not originally acquired by the individual, but were ant

r, Zerstreute Betrachtungen über v

and material limitation of the ego is necessary and sufficient only for the crudest practical objects, and cannot subsist in a broad conception. Humanity in its entirety may be likened to a polyp-plant. The material and organic bonds of individual

sung der lebenden Natur ist die richtige, und wie ist diese Auffassung auf die Entomologie anzuwenden?) the narrowness of the view which regards an animal in its existing state as fini

Session of the German Association of Naturali

fessorship of the History and Theory of Inductive Sc

s, Er hat das Pul

t, eum ego supra mortalium sortem ingenio valuisse dicendum crederem. Sed hoc tantum abest, ut fortuito repert

g that the fire-drill has played no pa

interesting remarks of Dr. Paul Carus in

icher Verein für Schleswig-Hols

r this observation to

, Entdecken un

"Sensations of Orient

me by Jolly, and subsequently

were made by a sort of verbal game of dice, was intended as a satire on Francis Bacon's method of making dis

itatem. Omnia praeparata esse debent diuturno et assiduo labore ad introitum veritat

f?rmiges Band einen Knoten zu

1897, before the Verein zur Verbreitung n

lso describes and explains the creaking of the muscles. My attention was recently called to th

parts. If the earth were a feeling being, the tides and other terrestrial events would provoke in it similar sensations to those of our movements. Perhaps the slight alteration

iage as vertical and unconsciously infer the inclination of the trees. Of course the opposite conclusion that we reg

t to the discovery and investigation of the geotropism of plants. Philosophical Transactions, January 9, 1

rogs described ten years later by L. Hermann. Compare on this point my remarks in the Anzeige

Akad., 6 Nov

lschaft der Aerzte

last question in my Analysis of the Sensa

4 to 13 of page 20 from below, which rests on an error, is, as I have also elsewhere remarked, to

r Wiener Akad., 3

in 1874, although with very little confidence and without success, to excite el

re disposed of by the considerations advanced in my Bewegungsempfindungen (1875). I also partly gave, as early as 1866, the apparatus conceived by the Parisian scientists to illustrate the phenomena in question. One difficulty was left untouched in th

nglish edition of my Analysis o

Analysis of Sensa

re et auditu hominis et

rn. Anat. Phys., Lon

e delivered on

nn's Annalen, XXIII. S. 298

is uncertain. Its present use is derived from its technological signification in glass-manufacturing, where by die Schlieren are meant the wavy streaks and imperfections in glass. Hence its application to the method for detecting small optical differences and faults generally. Professor Crew of Evanston suggests to the translator tha

n, at Dortmund, April 16, 1886. The full title of the address reads: "On the Relative Educatio

ade in this translation, are not without force for the institutions of other countries. In giving here expression to a strong personal conviction formed long ago, it is a matter of deep satisfaction to me to find that they agree in many points with the views recently advanced in independent form by Paulsen (Geschichte des gelehrten Unterrichts, Leipsic, 1885) and Frary (La question du latin, Paris, Cerf, 1885). It is not my desire nor effort here to say much that is new, but merely to contribute my mite towards bringing about the inevitable revolution now preparing in the world of elementary instr

, ?uvres, Dresde

ichte des gelehrten Unt

of universal linguistic intercourse, the Latin language which still subserved this purpose the best of all

might be more conveniently and accurately preserved in books where they could be found

ngue, just as he does the words 'father,' 'mother,' 'bread,' 'milk.' Does the ordinary mortal know the etymology of these Saxon words? Did it not require the almost incredible industry of the Grimms and other Teutonic philologists to throw the merest glimmerings of light upon the origin and growth of our own mother-tongue? Besides, d

lecture by professional jurists of high standing. According to this opinion, the preparatory education obtained in the German Realgymnasium would also be sufficient for the future jurists and insufficie

h historical importance of these two men. Their importance must not be measured by the fact that our speculative philosophy still moves to a great extent in their paths of thought. The more probable conclusion is that this

from reading him in the original; but the difference, the excess of gain in the second case, appears to me, and probably will

y, in their gymnasiums and in their athletic games they had these models constantly before their eyes. No wonder, then, that their statues still excite our admiration! For the form, the ideal of the human body has not changed in the course of the centuries. But with intellectual matters it is totally different; they change from

nu was woest en ledig, en duisternis was op den afgrond; en de Geest Gods zwefde op de wateren."-Danish: "I Begyndelsen skabte Gud Himmelen og Jorden. Og Jorden var ode og tom, og der var morkt ovenover Afgrunden, og Guds Aand svoevede ovenover Vandene."-Swedish: "I begynnelsen

arks, De l'enseignement secondaire d

e der Mathemati

rische Analy

t-books of eleme

dem Gebiete der Mathe

e discussed with the students, and the original experiments performed with them. Those scholars alone should receive this instruction in the upper classes who did not look forward to systemat

s Lehrgegenstand des Gy

the physicians, to study such subjects as analytical geometry. Moreover, I cannot believe that ignorance of analytical geometry would be a serious hindrance to a physician that was otherwise well versed

schichte der Mathematik, Le

Paulsen, l. c.

will jealously guard their schools and univ

n Mathematical Society of Prague for the year 1892, is printed as

and for 1701 (published in 1704), and partly also from the Histoire de l'Académie an

n novae theoriae mus

eats before the Academy, Sauveur was not quite suc

e l'Académie, An

Ibid.,

e l'Académie, An

oire de l'Académie,

se in music offer too great di

té du son, et l'on peut croire avec beaucoup d'apparence que ce qui re

e, et qu'il ne bat pas dans l'autre. Aussi est il traité de Consonance imparfaite. Il est fort aisé par les principes de Mr. Sauveur qu'on a établis ici, de voir quels accords battent, et dans quelles Octaves au-dessus on au-dessous du son fixe. Si cette hypothèse est vraye, elle découvrira la véritable source des Règles de la composition

hastily in 1864 and drew attention to it in a work published in 1866. I did not come into

nics, pp. 1

in which the same phases of the

cally that on Symmetry, at page 89, first appeared

ber das Sehen; Wundt, The

en von Lagen and Winkeln. Sitzu

tsungsber, der Wiener Akad., 1863.-Ueber einige E