Audubon and his Journals, Vol. 2

ce of things around me, which in fact looked so different then from what they seemed at night, that it took some minutes' reflection to account for the change. When we laid ourselves down in the sa

o the body of some unfortunate fish confined in a small pool of water. Of Fish-Crows, I could not estimate the number, but from the havoc they made among the crabs, I conjecture that these animals must have been scarce by the time of next eb

hough uncooked." Off we went, some of the sailors carrying baskets, others large tin pans and wooden vessels, such as they use for eating their meals in. Entering a thicket of about an acre in extent, we found on every bush several nests of the Ibis, each containing three large and beautiful eggs, and all hands fell to gathering. The birds gave w

himself behind a bush, and no sooner had the water forced the winged creatures to approach the shore than the work of destruction commenced. When it at length ceased, the collected mass of birds of different kinds looked not unlike a small

t able to bring them, or even to haul them here; please send the sailors after them." The fishes were accordingly brought, and as I had never seen a dewfish, I examined it closely, and took an outline of its form, which some days hence you may perhaps see. It exceeded a hundred pounds in weight, and afforded excellent eating. The balacouda is also a good fish,

third longer. The sun was descending fast, when a black cloud suddenly obscured the majestic orb. Our sails swelled by a breeze that was scarcely felt by us; and the pilot, requesting us to sit on the weather gunwale, told us that we were "going to get it." One sail was hauled in and secured, and the other was reefed, although the wind had not increased. A low murmuring noise was heard, and across the cloud that now rolled

destroy us. We were not more than a cable's length from the shore, when, with an imperative voice, the pilot calmly said to us, "Sit quite still, g

uts everything by the roots, as it were, with the careless ease of the experienced mower. Each of its revolving sweeps collects a heap that might be likened to the full-sheaf which the husbandman flings by his side. On it goes with a wildness and fury that are indescribable, and when at last its frightful blasts have ceased, Nature, weeping and disconsolate, is left bereaved of her beauteous offspring. In some instances, even a full century is required before,

ike snow; the tough mangroves hid their tops amid their roots, and the loud roaring of the waves driven among them blended with the howl of the tempest. It was not rain that fell; the masses of water flew in a horizontal direction, and where a pa

ook to the heart of the mangroves, and having found high land, we made a fire as well as we could, spread

days, having anchored in another safe harbor, we visited other

to some distant isle, where they were said to breed. Our difficulties in reaching that Key might to some seem more imaginary than real, were I faithfully to describe them. Suffice it for me to tell you that after hauling our boats and pushing them with our hands, for upwards of nine miles, over the flats, we at last reached the deep channel that usually surrounds each of the mangrove islands. We were much exhausted by the labor and excessive heat, but we were now floating on deep water, and by resting a short while under the shade of some mangroves, we were soon refreshed by the breeze that gently blew from the G

was seen moving majestically in great numbers. The tide rose and drove them away, and as they came towards us, to alight and

could see the last remains of a lost ship, her dismantled hulk. Several schooners were around her; they were wreckers. I turned me from the sight with a heavy heart. Indeed, as I slowly proceeded, I dreaded to meet the floating or cast-ashore bodies of some of

of which you will find some account in the sequel; and while I rest a little on the deck of the "Lady of the Green Mantle," let me o

TURT

to the commanders of the revenue cutters, whose duties call them to that dangerous coast. The great coral reef, or wall, lies about eight miles from these inhospitable isles, in the direction of the Gulf, and on it many an ignorant or careless navigator has suffered shipwreck. The whole ground around them is densely covered with corals, sea-fans, and other productions of the deep, amid which crawl innumerable testaceous animals, while shoals

setting in those latitudes, I would recommend to you to make a voyage for the purpose, for I much doubt if, in any other portion of the world, the departure of the orb of day is accompanied with such gorgeous appearances. Look at the great red disk, increased to triple its ordinary dimensions! Now it has partially sunk beneath the distant line of waters, and with its still remaining

e well-known sands. On the surface of the gently rippling stream, I dimly see their broad forms, as they toil along, while at intervals may be heard their hurried breathings, indicative of suspicion and fear. The moon with her silvery light now illumines the scene, and the Turtle, having landed, slowly and laboriously drags her heavy body over the sand, her "flippers" being better adapted for motion in the water than on sh

, and once again in June. The first deposit is the largest, and the last the least, the total quantity being, at an average, about two hundred and forty. The Hawk-billed Turtle, whose shell is so valuable as an article of commerce, being used for various purposes in the arts, is the next with respect to the quality of its flesh. It resorts to the outer Keys only, where it deposits its eggs in two sets, first in July, and again in August, although it "crawls" the beaches of these Keys much earlier in the season, as if to look for a safe place. The average number of its eggs is about three hundred. The Logger-head visits the Tortugas in April, and lays f

Halifax, and other large rivers or inlets, from which it makes its retreat as speedily as possible, and betakes itself to the open sea. Great numbers, however, are killed by the turtlers and Indians, as well as by various species of carnivorous animals, as Cougars, Lynxes, Bears, and Wolves. The Hawk-bi

Finding "all well" she proceeds to form a hole in the sand, which she effects by removing it from under her body with her hind flippers, scooping it out with so much dexterity that the sides seldom if ever fall in. The sand is raised alternately with each flipper, as with a large ladle, until it has accumulated behind her, when, supporting herself with her head and fore part on the ground fronting her body, she, with a spring from each flipper, sends the sand around her, scattering it to the distance of several feet. In this manner the hole is dug to the depth of eighteen inches, or sometimes more than two feet. This labor I have seen performed in the short period of nine minutes. The eggs are then dropped one by one, and disposed in regular layers, to the number of a hundred and fifty, or sometimes nearly two hundred. The

the Turtle should be of very great size, as often happens on that coast, even handspikes are employed. Some turtlers are so daring as to swim up to them while lying asleep on the surface of the water, and turn them over in their own element, when, however, a boat must be at hand, to enabl

es hundreds of Turtles are known to deposit their eggs within the space of a mile. They form a new hole each time they lay, and the second is generally dug near the first, as if the animal were quite unconscious of what had befallen it. It will readily be understood that the numerous eggs seen in a Turtle on cutting it up, could not be all laid the same season. The whole number deposited by an individual in one summer may amount to four hundred, wher

flats, or along the shores to which they resort. The Hawk-billed species feeds on sea-weeds, crabs, various kinds of shell-fish and fishes; the Logger-head mostly on the fish of conch-shells of large size, which they are enabled, by means of their powerful beak, to crush to pieces with apparently as

remind you, by their celerity and the ease of their motions, of the progress of a bird in the air. It is,

about prices, when, to my surprise, I found that the smaller the Turtles above ten-pounds weight, the dearer they were, and that I could have purchased one of the Logger-head kind that weighed more than seven hundred pounds, for little more money than another of only thirty pounds. While I gazed on the large one, I thought of the soups the contents of its shell would have furnished for a "Lord Mayor's dinner," of the numerous eggs which its swollen body contained, and of the curious carriage which might be made of its shell-a car in which Venus herself might sail over the Caribbean Sea, provided

of streams, so as to answer the purpose either at the flow or at the ebb of the waters. These nets are formed of very large meshes, into which the Turtles partially enter, when, the more they at

rt of the canoe. One extremity of this peg enters a sheath of iron that loosely attaches it to a long wooden spear, until a Turtle has been pierced through the shell by the other extremity. He of the canoe paddles away as silently as possible whenever he spies a Turtle basking on the water, until he gets within a distance of ten or twelve yards, when he throws the spear so as to hit the animal about the place which an entomologist would choose, were it a large insect, for pinning it to a piece of cork. As soon as the Turtle is struck, th

stand erect in the mud. The Turtles are placed in this enclosure, fed and kept there until sold. If the animals thus confined have not laid their eggs previous

al of the turtlers assured me that any Turtle taken from the depositing ground, and carried on the deck of a vessel several hundred miles, would, if then let loose, certainly be met with at the same spot, either immediately after, or in the following breeding season. Should this prove true, and it certainly may, how much will be enha

CE OF T

or themselves for considerable spaces, as the ground is often covered with the decaying trunks of immense trees, which have fallen either from age, or in consequence of accidental burnings. These trunks, and the undergrowth which lies entangled in their tops render many places almost impassable even to men on foot. Over miry ponds they are sometimes forced to form causeways, this being, under all circumstances, the easiest mode of reaching the opposite side. Then, reader, is the time for witnessing the exertions of their fine large cattle. No rods do their drivers use to pain their flanks; no oaths or imprecations are ever heard to fall from the lips of these most industrious and temperate men, for in them, as in most of the inhabitants of our Eastern

which I have still a strong recollection, and which took place a few miles from the fair and hospitable city of Boston. There I saw fifty or more ploughs drawn by as many pairs of oxen, whi

kind of loft covered with broad shingles or boards. Then their own cabin is put up; rough bedsteads, manufactured on the spot, are fixed in the corners; a chimney composed of a frame of sticks plastered with mud leads away the smoke; the skins of Bears or Deer, with some blankets, form their bedding, and around the walls are hung their changes of homespun clothing

Moose-skin leggings reach the girdle that secures them around his waist, while on broad moccasins, or snow-shoes, he stands from the earliest dawn until night, hacking away at majestic pines, that for a century past have embellished the forest. The fall of these valuable trees no longer resounds o

trees have all been sawn into measured logs, and the long repose of the oxen has fitted them for hauling them to the nearest frozen streams. The ice gra

great havoc is made among the game. Many skins of Sables, Martens, and Musk-Rats they have procured during the intervals of their labor, or under night. The snows are now

his saws. Many logs have already reached the dams on the swollen waters of the rushing streams,

the sharp, slimy angles of multitudes of rocks project, as if to afford resting-places to the Wood-ducks and Herons that breed on the borders of these streams. Thousands of "saw-l

hat it was seen in company with my little family. I wish, for your sake, reader, that I could describe in an adequate manner the scene which I viewed; but, althou

ted about half a mile above the mill-dams, and is so rocky and rugged in its bottom and sides as to preclude the possibility of the trees passing along it at low water, while, as I conceived, it would have given no slight labor to an army of woodsmen or millers to move the thousands of large logs that had accumulated in it. They lay piled in confused heaps to a great

s by a strong tree extending from side to side of the creek, which might there be about forty feet in breadth. It was prevented from giving way under pressure of the ris

hich would be produced by the breaking down of the barrier, and we all accompanied the lumberers to the place. Two of the men, on reaching it, threw off their jackets, tied handkerchiefs round their heads, and fastened to their bodies a long rope, the end of which was held by three or four others, who stood ready to drag their companions a

the mass of logs; one might have imagined that some mighty monster lay convulsively writhing beneath them, struggling with a fearful energy to extricate himself from the crushing weight. As the waters rose, this movement increased; the mass of timber extended in all directions, appearing to become more and more entangled each moment; the logs bounced against each other, thrusting aside, demersing, or raising into the air those with which they c

g the mingled wreck, the current being now increased to such a pitch that the logs, as they were dashed against the rocky shores, resounded like the report of distant artillery, or the angry rumblings of the thunder. Onward it rolls, the emblem of wreck and ruin, destruction and chaotic strife. It seemed to me as if I witnessed

he rocky gorge, was floating in the great pond of the millers;

NEW BRUNSWI

mates adieu; and as we left Fredericton behind, the recollection of the many acts of kindness which we had received from its inhabitants came powerfully on our minds. Slowly advancing over the surface of the translucent stream, we still fancied our ears saluted b

g switch in one hand, and the joined bridles in the other, striving with all his might to urge them on at the rate of something more than two miles an hour. How fortunate it is for one to possess a little of the knowledge of a true traveller! Following the advice of a good and somewhat aged one, we had provided ourselves with a large basket, which was not altogether empty when we reached the end of our aquatic excursion. Here and there the shores of the r

h its contents. This done, we returned to the scow, and resumed our stations. As usual in such cases, in every part of the world that I have visited, our second set of horses was worse than the first. However, on we went; to tell you how often the tow-line gave way would not be more amusing to you than it was annoying to us. Once our commander was in

high bank, when, lo! the whole party came tumbling down, like so many hogsheads of tobacco rolled from a store-house to the banks of the Ohio. He at the steering oar hoped "the black rascal" had broken his neck, and congratulated himself in the same breath for the safety of the horses, which pr

river of St. John, I must tell you that its navigation seldom exceeds eight months each year, the passage during the rest being performed on the ice, of which we were told that last season there was an unusual quantity, so much, indeed, as to accumulate, by being jammed at particular spots, to the height of nearly fifty feet above the ordinary level o

nithological excursion, for although we were accompanied by officers and men from the garrison, not a bird did any of our party procure that was

raight in its whole length, and perhaps the best now in the Union. It was incomplete, however, for some miles, so that our travelling over that portion was slow and disagreeable. The rain, which fell in torrents, reduced the newly raised earth to a complete bed of mud, and at one time our horses became so completely mired that, had we not been extricated by two oxen, we must have spent the night near the spot. Jogging along at a very slow pace, we w

uffled surface, there danced along the rapids, while canoes filled with Indians glided swiftly in every direction, raising before them the timorous waterfowl that had already flocked in from the north. Mountains, which you well know are indispensable in a beautiful landscape, reared their majestic crests in the distance. The Canada Jay leaped gaily from branch to twig; the Kingfisher, as if vexed at being suddenly surprised

ith pleasure, by placing a few logs across, along which our horses one after the other were carefully led, and the cart afterwards carried. These good fellows we

are noted for their industry and perseverance, and any one possessing a mill, and attending to his saws, and the floating of the timber into his dams, is sure to obtain a competency in a few years. Speculations in land covered wi

lowed the Penobscot as far as Wassataquoik River, a branch leading to the northwest, until they reached the Seboois Lakes, the principal of which lie in a line, with short portages between them. Still proceeding northwest they navigated these lakes, and then turning west, carried their canoes to the great lake Baamchenunsgamook; thence north to Wallaghasquegantook Lake, then along a small stream to the upper Umsaskiss Pond, when they reached the Albagash River which leads into the St.

convenient distance from water, that they never afterwards forget the different spots at all worthy of their attention. They had observed only a few birds and quadrupeds, the latter principally Porcupines. The borders of the lakes and rivers afforded them fruits of various sorts, and abundance of cranberries

of this kind, when I judged it would be more interesting as

Indians returning from market. On reaching the latter beautiful town, we found very co

OSE

h snow-shoes, guns, hatchets, and provisions for a fortnight. On the first day we went fifty miles, in a sledge drawn by one horse, to the nearest lake, where we stopped for the night, in the hut of an Indian named Lewis, of the Passamaquoddy tribe, who had abandoned the wandering life of his ra

emale Moose-deer, and two young ones of the preceding year, within a quarter of a mile of our camp, when he was obliged to shoot the old one. We undertook to procure the young alive, and after much exertion succeeded in getting one of them, and shut it up in the shed made for the oxen; but as the night was falling, we were compelled to leave the other in the woods. The dogs having killed

n we came to it. So we pushed on faster than before, trusting that ere long we should overtake him. We had proceeded about a mile and a half farther, when he took a sudden turn, which threw us off his track, and when we again found it, we saw that an Indian had taken it up, and gone in pursuit of the harassed animal. In a short time we heard the report of a g

f the water, and we had an opportunity of seeing evidence of the great power which the species possess in leaping over objects that obstruct his way. There were places in which the snow had drifted to so great a height that you would have imagined it impossibl

ed, but he certainly is capable of long continued and very great exertion, and his feet, for anything that I have seen to the contrary, are as hard as those of any other quadruped. The young Moose was so exhausted and fretted that it offered no opposition to us as we led it to the camp; but in the middle of the night we were awakened by a great noise in the hovel, and found that as it had in some measure recovered from its terror and state of exhaustion, it began to think of getting home, and was now much enraged at finding itself so securely imprisoned. We were unable to do anything wi

as the snow begins to fall. When it accumulates on the ground, the snow, for a considerable space, is divided into well trodden, irregular paths, in which they keep, and browse upon the bushes at the sid

these marks, the hunter gradually finds them more distinct and frequent, until at length he arrives at the yard; but there he finds no Moose, for long before he reaches the place, their extremely acute smell and hearing warn them of his approach, when they leave the yard, generally altogether, the strongest leading in one track, or in two or three parties. When pursued they usually separate, except the females, which keep with their young, and go before to break the track for them; nor will they leave them under any circumstances until brought down by their ruthless pursuers. The

ontent to let him alone, and try to find one in a better situation for capture, knowing that if we did eventually secure him, he would probably, in the struggle injure himself too much to live. I have good reason to believe that the only practicable mode of taking them uninjured, except when they are very

that way. For a while we succeeded very well in our scheme, but at last one of them, after making many ineffectual attempts to get another way, turned upon his pursuer, who, finding himself not very safe, felt obliged to shoot him. His companion, who was a little more tractab

missed a fine buck, which the dogs, however, discovered later. We soon overtook a female with a young one, and were not long in sight of them when they stood at bay. It is really wonderful how soon they beat down a hard space in the snow to stand upon, when it is impossi

had an opportunity of observing the wonderful acuteness of its hearing and smelling. As we were standing by one, he suddenly erected his ears, and put himself on the alert, evidently aw

peculiar cry, which is described as truly frightful. The hunter gets up into a tree, or conceals himself in some other secure place, and imitates this cry by means of a piece of birch-bark rolled up to give the proper tone.

he male Caribou, they shed their horns every year about the beginning of December. The first year their horns are not dropped in spring. When irritated the Moose makes a gr

flat foot, and can spread it on the snow to the fetlock, so as to be able to run on a crust scarcely hard enough to bear a dog. When the snow is soft, they keep in immense droves around the margins of the large lakes to which they betake themselves when pursued, the crust being much harder there than elsewhere. W

f these were two species which were very tame, and alighted on our hut with the greatest familiarity. We

BR

osed my party, during our excursions along the coast of sterile and stormy Labrador, I think

long and perhaps hazardous voyage. Very few opportunities of replenishing stores of provisions, clothing, or ammunition, occur in such a country as Labrador; and yet, we all placed too much confidence in the zeal and foresight of our purveyors at Eastport. We had abundance of ammunition, excellent bread, meat, and potatoes; but the butter was quite rancid, the oil only fit to grease our guns, the vinegar too liberally

berths, was used for a dormitory. It contained a small table and a stove, the latter of diminutive size, but smoky enough to discomfit a host. We had adopted in a great measure the clothing worn by the American fishermen on that coast, namely, thick blue cloth trousers, a comfortable waistcoat, and a pea-jacket of blanket. Our boots were large, round-toed, strong, and well studded with large nails to prevent sliding on the rocks. Worsted comforters, thick mittens,

, not forgetting to carry with them a store of cooked provisions. Some betook themselves to the islands, others to the deep bays; the latter on landing wandered over the country till noon, when laying themselves down on the rich moss, or sitting on the granite rock, they would rest for an hour, eat their dinner, and talk of their successes or disappointments. I often regret that I did not take sketches of the curious groups formed by my young friends on such occasions, and when, after returning at nigh

ered in making our arrangements. Shattuck and Ingalls went together; the captain and Coolidge were fond of each other, the latter having also been an officer; Lincoln and my son being the strongest and most determined hu

ts on the deck, amid much merriment, those who had procured most specimens being laughed at by those who had obtained the rarest, and the former joking the

nt in idleness. Before a month had elapsed, the spoils of many a fine bird hung around the hold; shrubs and flowers were in the press, and I had several drawings finished, some of which you have seen, and of which I hope you will ere long see the remainder. Large jars were fill

rent from a camp on the shores of the Mississippi, where wood is abundant, and the air generally not lacking heat, where mosquitoes, although plentiful enough, are not accompanied by Caribou flies, and where the barkings of a joyful Squirrel, or the notes of the Barred Owl, that grave buffoon of our western woods, never fail to gladden the camper as he cuts to the right and left such branches and canes as most easily supply materials for forming a lodging for the night. On the coast of Labrador there are no such things; granite and green moss are spread around, silence like that of the grave envelops all, and when night has closed the dreary scene from your sight, the Wolves, attracted by the sc

ches of various colors ornamented knees and elbows; our boots were worn out; our greasy garments and battered hats were in harmony with our tanned and weather-beaten faces; and,

ss of grim rocks and desolate moss-clad valleys. Unfavorable winds prevented us for a while from spreading our white sails; but at last one fair morning smiled on the wintry world, th

ERS OF

of disposing of them at some distant port. Their great object is to plunder every nest, wherever they can find it, no matter where, and at whatever risk. They are the pest o

or, but I could not entirely credit all their cruelties until I had actually witnessed their proce

their peace. How unlike the open, the bold, the honest mariner, whose face needs no mask, who scorns to skulk under any circumstances. The vessel herself is a shabby thing; her sails are patched with stolen pieces of better canvas, the owners of which have probably been stranded on some inhospitable coast, and have been plundered, perhaps murdered, by the wretches before us. Look at her again! Her sides are neither painted, nor even pitched; no, they are daubed over, plastered and pa

BON,

OWNED BY MRS. ELIZAB

ts of several muskets loaded with heavy shot are now heard, while several dead and wounded birds fall heavily on the rock, or into the water. Instantly all the sitting birds rise and fly off affrighted to their companions above, and hover in dismay over their assassins, who walk forward exultingly, and with their shouts mingling oaths and execrations. Look at them! See how they crush the chick within its shell, how they trample on every egg in their way with their huge and clumsy boots. Onward they go, and when they leave the isle, not an egg that they

Each floweret chilled by the night air expands its pure petals. The gentle breeze shakes from the blades of grass the heavy dew-drops. On the Guillemot isle the birds have again settled, and now renew their loves. Startled by the light of day, one of the eggers springs to his feet and rouses his comp

yesterday, crushing every egg they can find. For a week each night is passed in drunkenness and brawls, until, having reached the last breeding-place on the coast, they return, touch at every isle in succession, shoot as many birds as they need, collect the fresh eggs, and lay in a cargo. At every step each ruffian picks up an egg so beautiful that any man with a f

emselves, are desperadoes. The first question is a discharge of musketry, the answer another. Now, man to man, they fight like tigers. One is carried to his boat with a fractured skull, another limps with a shot in his leg, and a third feels how many of his teeth have been driven through the hole in his cheek. At last, however, the quar

yant bark displays the flag of its nation. No weapons do they bring, nor anything that can be used as such save their oars and their fists. Cleanly clad in Sunday attire, they arrive at the desired spot, and at once prepare to ascend the rock. The eggers, now numbering a dozen, all armed with guns and bludgeons, bid defiance to the fishermen. A few angry words pass between the parties. One

e of our party ever ventured on any of the islands which these wretches call their own, without being well provided with means of defence. On one occasion, when I was present, we found two eggers at their wo

saw in the country, were exceedingly abundant twenty years ago, have abandoned their ancient breeding places, and removed much farther north in search of peaceful security. Scarcely, in fact, could I procure a young Guillemot before the eggers left the coast, nor was it until late in July that I succeeded, after the birds had laid three or four eggs each, instead of one, and when, nature having been exhausted, and the season

TTERS OF

there be procured, you may expect to

re to anything else than what in America we understand by the appellation of "squatters." The methods

hough necessary everywhere, seems there peculiarly required to enable them to procure the means of subsistence. My curiosity having been raised, I betook myself to my boat, landed on the rock, and scrambled to the place, where I found the man still on his knees. When his devotions were concluded, he bowed to me, and addressed me in very indifferent French. I asked him why he had chosen so dreary a spot for his prayers. "Because," answered he, "the sea lies before me, and from it I receive my spring and summer sustenance. When winter approaches, I pray fronting the mountains on the main, as at that period the Caribous come towards the shore, and I kill them, feed on their flesh, and form my bedding of their skins." I thought the answer reasonable, and as I longed t

appeared than I went out also, to breathe the pure air, and gaze on the wild and majestic scenery around. I was struck with the extraordinary luxuriance of the plants and grasses that had sprung up on the scanty soil in the little valle

een stolen by the "eggers" or some fishermen. He said that he had been in the habit of hiding it in the bushes, to prevent its being carried away by those merciless thieves,

become rich some day by the sale of the furs, Seal-skins, eider-down, and other articles, which he collected yearly, and sold to the traders who regularly visited his dreary abode. He was of mod

he shores, where they meet with abundance of dead fish, and in winter they eat the flesh of the Seals which I kill late in autumn, when these animals retur

at-looking houses enlivened the view, and on landing, we were kindly greeted with a polite welcome from a man who proved to be the owner of the establishment. For the rude simplicity of him of the rum-cask, we found here the manners and dress of a man of the world. A handsome fur cap covered his dark brow, his clothes were similar to our own, and his demeanor was that of a gentleman. On my giving

make an excellent companion to a gentleman. A smart girl brought us a luncheon, consisting of bread, cheese, and good port wine, to which, having rowed fourteen or fifteen miles that morning, we helped ourselves in a manner that seemed satisfactory to all parties.

The country around," said he, "is all my own, much farther than you can see. No fees, no lawyers, no taxes are here. I do pretty much as I choose. My means are ample through my own industry. These vessels come here for Seal-skins, Seal-oil, and salmon, and give me in return all the necessaries, and indeed comforts, of the life I love to follow; and what else could the world afford me?" I s

d I really believe was always glad to see the departure even of the hardy navigators who annually visited him for the sake of his salmon, Seal-skins, and oil. He had more than forty Esqu

snows of winter have thickly covered the country, the whole family, in sledges drawn by dogs, travel with ease, and pay their visits, or leave their cards. This good gentleman had al

en we followed them into the house, which was yet unfinished. The usual immense Dutch stove formed a principal feature of the interior. The lady had once visited the metropolis of Canada, and seemed desirous of acting the part of a blue-stocking. Understanding that I knew something of the fine arts, she pointed to several of the vile prints hung on the bare walls, which she said were elegant Italian pictures, and continued her encomiums upon them, assuring me that she had purchased them fro

whole of her children would again perform many beautiful airs; for in fact anybody could use it with ease, as when she or the children felt fatigued, the servant played on it for them. Rather surprised at the extraordinary powers of this family of musicians, I asked what sort of an instrument it was, when she described it as follows: "Gentlemen, my instrument is large, longer than broad, and stands on four legs, like a table. At o

r, by the aid of his dogs, of which he kept a great pack, bartered or sold his commodities, as his relations did, and cared about nothing else in the world. Whenever the weather was fair, he walked with his dame over the moss-covered rocks of the neighborhood; and during winter killed Ptarmigans and Caribous, while his eldest son attended to the traps, and skinned the animals caught in them. He had the only horse that was to be found in that part of the country, as we

od Mrs. -- daily sent us fresh milk and butter, for w

FI

rprise while reading the following statements be as great as mine was while observing the facts related, you will conclude, as I have often done, that Nature's

, who, after all, are probably the most numerous. The citizens of Boston, and many others of our eastern seaports, are those who chiefly engage in this department of our commerce. Eastport in Maine sends out every year a goodly fleet of schooners and "pickaxes" to Labrador, to procu

quality, and it is very seldom that any spirits are allowed, beef, pork and biscuit with water being all they take with them. The men are supplied with warm clothing, waterproof oiled jackets and trousers, large boots, broad-brimmed hats with a round crown, and stout mittens,

gs reach the coast they are substituted to save expense, and in many instances the flesh of Gannets and other sea-fowl is emp

n who fares better in this respect, but he must also assist in curing the fish. He has breakfast, consisting of coffee, bread, and meat, ready for the captain and t

ach stands in one end of the boat, the middle of which is boarded off, to hold the fish. The baited lines have been dropped into the water, one on each side of the boat; their leads have reached the bottom, a fish has taken the hook, and after giving the line a slight jerk, the fisherman hauls up his prize with a continued pull, throws the fish athwart a small round bar of iron placed near his back, which forces open the mouth, while the weight of the body, how

f the nation, and other matters similarly connected. Now the repartee of one elicits a laugh from the other; this passes from man to man, and the whole flotilla enjoy the joke. The men of one boat strive to

the number thus discharged with a loud voice. Each cargo is thus safely deposited, and the boats instantly return to the fishing-ground, when, after anchoring, the men eat their dinne

of salt. And now the men, having dined precisely at twelve, are ready with their large knives. One begins with breaking off the head of the fish, a slight pull of the hand and a gash with the knife, effecting this in a moment. He slits up its belly, with one hand pushes it aside to his neighbor, then throws overboard the head

all the fish caught in the morning by the return of the boats with fresh cargoes, when all hands set to work, and clear the deck of the fish. Thus their labors continue till midn

so cramped and swollen by pulling the lines that it is difficult for them to straighten even a thumb; but this matters little at present, for the cook, who had a good nap yesterday, has risen an hour before them, and prepared t

mes about six hundred thousand fishes have been brought to the harbor. This having caused some scarcity on the fishing-grounds, and Sunday being somewhat of an idle day, the captain collects the salt ashore, a

s so when hard boiled as food for the fishing-grounds. I may as well inform you also how these adventurous fellows distinguish the fresh eggs from the others. They fill up some large tubs with water, throw in a quantity of eggs, and allow them to remain a minute or so, when those which come to the surface are tossed overb

he sun. They are turned several times a day, and in the intervals the men bear a hand on board at clearing and stowing away the daily produce of the fishing-banks. Towards evening they return to the drying-grounds, and put up the fish in piles resembling so many hay-stacks,

nd hauled on shore by means of a capstan. Some of the men, in boats, support the corked part of the net, and beat the water to frighten the fishes within towards the land, while others, armed with poles, enter the water, hook the fishes, and fling them on the beach, the net being gradually drawn closer as the number of fish diminishes. What do you think, reader, as to the number of Cod secured in this manner in a single haul? Thirty, or thirty thousand? You may form some notion of the matter when I tell

are left on the shore, where they are ultimately eaten by Bears, Wolves, and Ravens. The fish taken along the coast, or on fishing stations only a few miles off, are of small dimensions; and I believe I am correct in saying that few of th

eans, should the season prove favorable, they are generally well repaid for their labor. I have known instances of men who, on their first voyage, ranked as "boys," and in ten years after were in independent circumstances, although they still continue to resort to the fishing; for, said they to me, "How could we be content to spend our time in idleness at home?" I know a person of this class who has carried on the trade for many years, and who has quite a little fleet of schoo

IN NEWF

erate size. The number of habitations increased apace, and many small vessels and boats danced on the waves of the coves which we passed. Here a precipitous shore looked like the section of a great mountain, of which the lost half had sunk into the depths of the sea, and the dashing of the waters along its base was such as to alarm the most daring seaman. The huge masses of broken rock impressed my mind with awe and reverence, as I thought of the power that still gave support to the gigantic fragments which everywhere hung, as if by magic, over t

, throwing a deep shadow over the water, which added greatly to the beauty of the scene. On the other side, the mild beams of the autumnal sun glittered on the water, and whitened the sails of the little barks that were sailing to and fro, like so many silvery Gulls. The welcome sight of cattle feeding in cultivated meadows, and

s we bore our usual arms and hunting accoutrements, which were half Indian and half civilized, the individuals we met on shore manifested considerable suspicion, which our captain observing, he instantly made a signal, when the star-spangled banner glided to the mast-head, and saluted the flags of France and Britain in kindly greeting. We wer

, crabs, and eels, all of which we found abundant and delicious. A canoe laden with Reindeer meat came alongside, paddled by a pair of athletic Indians, who exchanged their cargo for some of our stores. You would have been amused to see the manner in which these men, and their families on shore cooked the lobsters; they threw them alive into a great wood fire, and as soon as they were broiled devoured them, while yet so hot that none of us could

accepted the invitation, which had been made from friendly feelings; and finding that the deputies had a relish for "old Jamaica" we helped them pretty freely to some, which soon showed that it had lost nothing of its energies b

held a bunch of candles, in the other a lighted torch, and distributing the former at proper intervals along the walls, she applied the latter to them in succession. This done, she emptied the contents of a large tin vessel into a number of glasses, which were placed on a tea-tray on the only table in the room. The chimney, black and capacious, was embellished with coffee-pots, milk-jugs, cups and saucers, knives and forks, and all the paraphernalia necessary on so important an occasion. A set of primitive wooden stools and benches wa

d upon the floor, and strutting up and down, bowed and scraped to the ladies, with as much ease, if not elegance, as a Bond Street highly scented exquisite. Others came in by degrees, ready dressed, and music was called for. My son, by way of overture, played "Hail Columbia, happy

amusements; I have loved it a vast deal more than watching for the nibble of a trout, and I have sometimes thought the enjoyment of it softened my nature as much as the pale, pure light of the moon softens and beautifi

like their sweethearts and husbands, a full glass of pure rum, with evident pleasure. I should perhaps have recollected that, in cold climates, a glass of ardent spirits is n

sound asleep in the boat, but in a few moments I was on board the "Ripley." My young friends arrived towards daylight, but ma

AY OF

fs gradually emerged from the deep with the majestic boldness of her noblest native chief. Soon our bark passed beneath its craggy head, covered with trees, which, on account of the height, seemed scarcely larger than shrubs. The prudent Raven spread her pinions, launched from the cliff, and flew away before us; the Golden Eagle, soaring aloft, moved majestically along in wide circles; the Guillemots sat on their eggs upon the shelving precipices, or plunging into the water, dived, and rose again at a grea

with politeness and gave us permission to seek out its treasures, which we immediately set about doing, for I was anxious to study the habits of certain Gulls that breed there in great numbers. As Captain Coolidge, our worthy commander, had assured me, we found them on their nests on almost every tree of a wood that covered several acres. What a treat, reader, was it to find birds of this kind lodged on fir-trees, and sitting comfortably on their eggs! Their loud cackling notes

seemed to smile in quiet enjoyment. We wandered about until the setting sun warned us to depart, when, returning to the house of the proprietor, we sat down to an excellent repast, and amused oursel

flag, while Captain Frankland and his men stood on the shore, and as we gave our sails to the wind, three hearty cheers filled the air, and were instantly responded to by us. The vess

of Gulls and Cormorants seemed as if anxious to pilot us into Head Harbor Bay, where we anchored for the night. Leaping on the rugged shore, we made our way to the lighthouse, where we found Mr. Snelling, a good and honest Englishman from Devonshire

ct of my own adoration! But the wish could not be gratified, although I now feel satisfied that I have enjoyed as much of the wonders and beauties of nature as it was proper for me to enjoy. The delightful trills of the Winter Wren rolled through the underwood, the Red Squirrel smacked time with his chops, the loud notes of the Robin sounded clearly from the tops of the trees, the rosy Grosbeak nipped the tender blossoms of the maples, and high overhead the Loons passed in pairs, rapidly wending the

rds are unfit for flight, troops of Indians make their appearance in light bark canoes, paddled by their squaws and papooses. They form their flotilla into an extended curve, and drive before them the birds, not in silence, but with simultaneous horrific yells, at the same time beating the surface of the water with long poles and paddles. Terrified by the noise, the birds swim a long way before them, endeavoring to escape with all their might. The tide is high, every cove is filled, and into the one where we now are, thousands of Duck

im, for now he is close upon the unsuspecting dolphin. He rises erect, aims his musket; smoke rises curling from the pan, and rushes from the iron tube, when soon after the report comes on the ear. Meantime the porpoise has suddenly turned back downwards,-it is dead. The body weighs a hundred pounds or more, but this to the tough-fib

which was almost dry, and extended for nine miles below like a sandy wilderness. Many vessels lay on the high banks taking in their lading of gypsum. We thought the appearance very singular, but we were too late to watch the tide that evening. Next morning we resumed our station, and soon perceived the water flowing towards us, and rising with a rapidity of which we had previously seen no example. We planted along the steep declivity of the ban

y we observe three men scrambling up her sides, and seating themselves on the keel, where they make signals of distress to us. By this time we have run to a great distance; but Claredge, cool and prudent, as every seaman ought to be, has already issued his orders to the helmsman and crew, and now near the wind we gradually approach the sufferers. A line is thrown to them, and the next moment we are alongside the vessel. A fisher's boat, too, has

FL

sider the vast extent of country through which an inland navigation is afforded by the never-failing supply of water furnished by these wonderful rivers, we cannot suppose them exceeded in magnitude by any other in the known world. It will easily be imagined what a wonderful spectacle must present itself to the eye of the t

ls of a flood are thus prepared. It now and then happens that the winter is hurried off by a sudden increase of temperature, when the accumulated snows melt away simultaneously over the whole country, and the southeasterly wind, which then usually blows, brings along with it a continued fall of heavy rain, which, mingling with the dissolving snow, deluges the alluvial portions of the western country, filling up the rivulets, ravines, cre

, has swept along the fences and dwellings which have been unable to resist its violence. I could relate hundreds of incidents which might prove to you the dreadful effects of such an inundation, and which have been witnessed by thousands besides myself. I have known, for example, of a cow swimming through a window, elevated at least seven feet from the ground,

swim to the different strips of land that remain uncovered in the midst of the flood, or attempt to force their way through the waters until they perish from fatigue. Along the banks of the river, the inhabitants have rafts ready made, on which they remove themselves, their cattle, and their provisions, and which they then fasten with ropes or grape-vines to the larger trees, while they contemplate the melancholy spectacle presented by the current, as it carr

tter having floated from the Rocky Mountains of the Northwest. The eddies are larger and more powerful than ever. Here and there tracts of forest are observed undermined, the trees gradually giving way, and falling into the stream. Cattle, horses, Bears, and Deer are seen at times attempting to swim across the impetuous mass of foaming and boiling water; whilst here and there a Vulture or an Eagle is observed perched on a bloated carcass, tearing it up in pieces, as regardless o

artificial barriers, which are several feet above the level of the fields. Every person appears to dread the opening of a crevasse, by which the waters may rush into his fields. In spite of all exertions, however, the crevasse opens, the wate

th, unless when the canoe passes over the bed of a bayou. All is silent and melancholy, unless when the mournful bleating of the hemmed-in Deer reaches your ear, or the dismal scream of an Eagle or a Raven is heard, as the foul bird rises, disturbed by your approach, from the carcass on which it was allaying its craving appetite. Bears, Cougars, Lynxes, and all other quadrupeds that can ascend the trees are observed crouched

ortion of the tract lying between the Mississippi and the Red River, which is more than thirty miles in breadth, being under water. The mail

es in length, has diverted the river from its natural course, and has shortened it by fifty miles. The upper parts of the islands present a bulwark consisting of an enormous mass of floated trees of all kinds, which have lodged there. Large sand-banks have been completely removed by the impetuous whirls of the waters, and have been deposited in other places. Some appear quite new to the eye of the navigator, who has to mark their situation and bearings in his log-book. The trees on the margins of the banks have in many parts given way. They are seen bending over the stream, like the grounded arms of an overwhelmed army of giants. Everywhere are heard the lamentations of the farmer and planter, whilst their servants and themselves are busily employed in repairing the damages occasioned by the floods. At one crevasse an old ship or two, dismantled for the purpose, are sunk, to obstruct the passage opened by the still rushing waters, while new earth is brought to fi

everal weeks to increase at the rate of about an inch a day. When at its height, it undergoes little fluctuation for some days, and after this, s

strations of the formation of strata, how much more must the Mississippi, with its ever-shifting sand-banks, its crumbling shores, its enormous masses of drift timb

ERS OF THE

ny other account of them, than that they are "a sallow, sickly looking sort of miserable beings," living in swamps, and subsisting on pig-nuts, Indian-corn, and

g along the great streams of the West, is of all parts of the Union, the richest in its soil, the growth of its timber, and the abundance of its game; that, besides, the Mississippi is the great road to and from all the markets in the world; and that every vessel borne by its waters affords to settlers some chance of selling their commodities, or of exchanging them for others. To these

their migration to the west. The land which they and their ancestors have possessed for a hundred years, having been constantly forced to produce crops of one kind or another, is now completely worn out. It exhibits only a superficial layer of red clay, cut up by deep ravines, through which much of the soil has been conveyed to some more fortunate neighbor, resid

river, rides the near saddled horse, the wife is mounted on another, the worthy husband shoulders his gun, and his sons, clad in plain substantial homespun, drive the cattle ahead, and lead the procession, followed by the hounds and other dogs. Their day's journey is short, and not agreeable; the cattle, stubborn or wild, frequently leave the road for the woods, giving the travellers much trouble; the harness of the horses here and there give

and with heavy hearts they traverse the State of Mississippi. But now, arrived on the banks of the broad stream, they gaze in amazement on the dark deep woods around them. Boats of various kinds they see gliding downwards with the

let loose into the neighboring cane-brake, and the horses remain about the house, where they find sufficient food at that season. The first trading-boat that stops at their landing, enables them to provide themselves with some flour, fish-hooks, and ammunition, as well as other commodities. The looms are moun

one seeing them at such a period might well call them sallow and sickly. Fortunately the unhealthy season soon passes over, and the hoar-frosts make their appearance. Gradually each individual recovers strength. The largest ash-tree

e, with now and then some fish, have served to keep up their strength, and now their enlarged field is planted with corn, potatoes, and pumpkins. Their stock of cattle, too, has augmented; the ste

ns have by this time discovered a swamp covered with excellent timber, and as they have seen many great rafts of saw logs, bound for the mills of New Orleans, floating past their dwelling, they resolve to try the success of a little enterprise. Their industry and prudence have already enhanced their credit. A few cross-saws are purchased, and some broad-wheele

may be said to be all profit, supply themselves with such articles as may add to their convenience or comfort, and with light hearts procu

teamer stops, three broad straw hats are waved from the upper deck, and soon husband and wife, brothers and sisters, are in each other's embrace. The boat carries off the provisions for which value has been left, and as the captain issues his orders for put

ers, and have gained sisters to themselves by the marriage of their brothers. The government secures to the family the lands on which, twenty years before, they settled in poverty and sickness. Larger buildings are erected on piles, secure

oubt be, when the great valley of the Mississippi, still covered with primeval forests interspersed with swamps, will smile with corn-fields

THE NAVIGATION O

werful current, rendered still stronger wherever islands occurred, together with the thousands of sand-banks, as liable to changes and shiftings as the alluvial shores themselves, which at every deep curve or bend were seen giving way, as if crushed down by the weight of the great forests that everywhere reached to the very edge of the water, and falling and sinking in the muddy stream by acres at a time, was an adventure of no small difficulty and risk, and which was rendered more so by the

enty to thirty tons. The barges frequently had forty or fifty men, with a patroon, and carried fifty or sixty tons. Both these kinds of vessels were provided with a mast, a square sail, and coils of cordage known by the name of cordelles. Each boat or barge carried its own provisions. We shall suppose one of these boats under way, and, having passed Natchez, entering upon what were the difficulties of their ascent. Wherever a point projected, so as to render the course or bend below it of some magnitude, there was an eddy, the returning current of which was sometimes as strong as that of the middle of the great stream. The bargemen therefore rowed up pretty close under the bank, and had merely to keep watch in the bow, lest the boat should run against a planter or sawyer. But the boat has reached the point, and there the current is to all appearance of double strength, and right against it. The men, who have all rested a few minutes, are ordered to take their stations, and lay hold of their oars, for the river must be crossed, it being seldom possible to double such a point, and proceed along the same shore. The boat is crossing, its head slanting to the current, which is, howeve

er, and betake themselves to their blankets or Bear skins to rest, or perhaps light a large fire on the shore, under the smoke of which they repose, in order to avoid the persecutions of the myriads of mosquitoes which are found along the river during the whole summer. Perhaps, from dawn to sunset, the boat may have advanced fifteen miles. If so, it has done well. The next day, the wind proves favorable, the sail is set, the boat takes all advantages, and meeting with no accident, has ascended thirty miles, perhaps double that distance. The next day comes with a very different aspect. The wind is right ahead, the shores are without trees of any kind, and the canes on the bank are so thick and stout that not

of March often did not reach the Falls of the Ohio until the month of July,-nay, sometimes not until October; and after all this immense trouble, it brought only a few bags of coffee, and at most one hundred hogsheads of sugar. Such was the state of things in 1808. The number of barges at that period d

a of enterprise. Soon after, another vessel came from Pittsburgh, and before many years elapsed, to see a vessel so propelled had become a common occurrence. In 1826, after a lapse of time that proved sufficient to double the population of the United States of America, the navigation of the

act from our list of 1826, showing the number of boats which plied each year, their tonnage, the tr

ons. Tri

1, to Dec. 31, 4

ov. 25, 36 63

ug. 15, 42 74

ec. 31, 51 93

monly fourteen or sixteen hours. The "Tecumseh," a boat which runs between this place and New Orleans, which is of 210 tons, arrived here on the 10th inst. in nine days, seven hours, from port to port; and the "Philadelphia," of 300 tons, made the passage in nine days, nine and a half hours, the computed

but to all points on the Mississippi, and other rivers which fall into it. I am certain th

phia," in the beginning of January, 1830, for sixty dollars, having taken two state-rooms for my wife and myself. On that voyage we met with a trifling accident, which protracted it to fourteen days, the computed distance being, as mentioned above, 1650 miles, although the real distance

CKY S

me idea of the pleasures experienced by the sportsmen of Kentucky

, situated as they are along one of the most beautiful rivers in the world, contributed as much to attract the Old Virginians as the desire, so generally experienced in America, of spreading over the uncultivated tracts, and bringing into cultivation lands that have for unknown ages teemed with the wild luxuriance of untamed nature. The

salt springs and licks, its saltpetre caves, its coal strata, and the vast herds of Buffaloes and Deer that browsed on its hills and amidst its charming valleys, afforded

attending every movement which they made, they pushed through an unexplored region of dark and tangled forests, guiding themselves by the sun alone, and reposing at night on the bare ground. Numberless streams they had to cross on rafts, with their wives and children, their cattle and their luggage, often drifting to considerable distances before they could effect a landing on the opposite shores. Their cattle would often stray amid the rice pasturage of these shores, and occasi

FFORD AUD

bundant supply, the blazing light of a huge fire guiding their steps as they approached, and the sounds of merriment that saluted their ears assuring them that all was well. The flesh of the Buffalo, the Bear, and the Deer soon hung, in large and delicious steaks, in front of the embers; the cakes already prepared were deposited in their proper places, and under the rich drippings of the juicy roas

e; and although it took months to accomplish the journey, and a skirmish now and then took place between them and the Indians, who sometimes crept unperceived into their very camp, still did the Virginians cheerfully proceed toward

together, with horses, cattle, hogs and poultry for their companions, while the remaining portion was crammed with vegetables and packages of seeds? The roof or deck of the boat was not unlike a farm-yard, being covered with hay, ploughs, carts, wagons, and various agricultural implements, together with numerous others, among which the spinning-wheels of the matrons were conspicuous. Even the sides of the floating-mass were loaded with the wheels of the different vehicles, which themselves lay on the roof. Have they told you that these boats contained the little all of each f

en very fond of battles, and indeed have always wished that the world were more peaceably inclined than it is; and shall merely add that, in one way or other, Kentuc

a hundred yards. Others will bark off Squirrels one after another, until satisfied with the number procured. Some, less intent on destroying game, may be seen under night snuffing a candle at the distance of fifty yards, off-hand, without extinguishing i

ess of rifle sport, I shall present you with the results of my observation

a ball in the palm of his hand, pouring as much powder from his horn upon it as will cover it. This quantity is supposed to be sufficient for any distance within a hundred yards. A shot which comes very close to the nail is considered as that of an indifferent marksman; the bending of the nail is, of course, somewhat better; but nothing less than hitting it right on the head is satisfactory. Well, kind reader, one out of three shots generally h

ormer undertakings, and which he hoped would not fail on this occasion, as he felt proud to show me his skill. The gun was wiped, the powder measured, the ball patched with six-hundred-thread linen, and the charge sent home with a hickory rod. We moved not a step from the place, for the Squirrels were so numerous that it was unnecessary to go after them. Boone pointed to one of these animals which had observed us, and was crouched on a branch about fifty paces distant, and bade me mark well the spot where the ball should hit. He raised his piece gradually, until the bead (that being the name given by the Kentuckians to the sight) of the barrel was brought to a line with the spot which he intended to hit. The whip-like report reso

the eyes of a Deer or Wolf, by torchlight, of which I shall give you an account somewhere else. A fire was blazing near, the smoke of which rose curling among the thick foliage of the trees. At a distance which rendered it scarcely distinguishable, stood a burning candle, as if intended for an offering to the goddess of night, but which in reality was only fifty yards from the spot on which we all stood. One man was within a few yards of it, to watch the effects of the shots, as well as to light the candle should

it is rare to meet one without a gun of that description, as well as a tomahawk. By way of recreation, they often cut off a piece of the bark of a tree, make a target of

ry one in the State is accustomed to handle the rifle from the time when he is first able to shoulder it until near the close of his career. That murderou

LER AND TH

." Mr. D. T., dismounting, took up a dry stick, and advanced towards the pretty animal, with his large cloak floating in the breeze. I think I see him approach, and laying the stick gently across the body of the animal, try to secure it; and I can yet laugh almost as heartily as I did then, when I plainly saw the discomfiture of the traveller. The Pole-cat (for a true Pole-cat it was, the Mephitis americana of zo?logists) raised its fine bushy t

er end here. We could not proceed much farther that night; as, in the first place, it was nearly dark when we saw the Pole-cat, and as, in the second place, a heavy snow-storm began, and almost impeded our progress. We

this instance, and in such portions of Kentucky, to a shed made of the blades or long leaves that hang in graceful curves from the stalk, and which, when plucked and dried, are used instead of hay as food for horses and cattle. The husk consists of several thick leaves rather longer than the corn-ear itself, and which secure it from the weather. It is quite

t accustom themselves, no matter where, even in a drawing-room, we approached the fire. What a shock for the whole party! The scent of the Pole-cat, that had been almost stifled on my companion's vestments by the cold of the evening air, now recove

he was sorry for his want of knowledge in zo?logy. The good gentleman, however, was not only deficient in zo?logical lore, but, fresh as he was from Europe, felt more than u

be obliged to lie in the same bed with me, but afterwards spoke of it as a happy circumstance, and requeste

me years after, I met my Kentucky companion in a far distant land, when he assured me that whenever the sun shone on his cloak

ubterranean habitation among the roots of trees, or in rocky places. It feeds on birds, young Hares, Rats, Mice, and other animals, and commits great depredations on poultry. The most remarkable peculiarity of this animal is the power, alluded to above, of squirting for its defence a most nauseously scented fluid contained in a receptacle situated under the tail, which it can do to a distanc

HUN

, notwithstanding the almost incredible abundance of these beautiful animals in our forests and prairies, such havoc is carrie

most destructive. The second is called fire-light hunting, and is next in its exterminating effects. The third, which may be looked upon as a mere amusement, is n

the habits of the Deer, not only at different seasons of the year, but also at every hour of the day, as the hunters must be aware of the situations which the game prefers, and in which it is most likely to be found at any particular time. I might he

called, through the interior of the tangled woods, across morasses, ravines, and such places, where the game may prove more or less plentiful, even should none be found there in the

once the terror of the herd, but now containing a pound of the best gunpowder; his butcher knife is scabbarded in the same strap; and behind is a tomahawk, the handle of which has been thrust through his girdle. He walks with so rapid a step that probably few men, beside ourselves, that is, myself a

s hoof. Now he bends towards the ground, on which something has attracted his attention. See! he alters his course, increases his speed, and will soon reach the opposite hill. Now he moves with caution, stops at almost every tree, and peeps forward, as if already within shooting distance of the game. He advances again, but how very slowly! He has reached the declivity, upon which the sun shines in all its growing splendor; but mark him! he takes

ruce bushes, where it intended to repose during the middle of the day. The place is covered with blood, the hoofs of the Deer have left deep prints in the ground, as it bounced in the agonies produced by its wound; but the blood that has gushed from its side discloses the course which it has taken. We soon reach the spot. There lies the buck, its tongue out, its eye dim, its breath exhausted; it is dead. The hunter draws his knife, cuts the

being generally crusted with them for several feet from the ground. At one time he might have marked the places where the Deer clears the velvet from his horns by rubbing them against the low stems of bushes, and where he frequently scrapes the earth with his fore-hoofs; at another he would have betaken himself to places where persimmons and crab-apples abound, as beneath these trees the Deer frequently stops to munch their fruits. During early spring our hunter would imitate the bleating of the doe, and thus frequently obtain both her and

s the physical powers of him who follows the hunter through the thick undergrowth of our woods, having to leap his horse over hundreds of huge fallen trunks, at one time impeded by a straggling grape-vine crossing his path, at another squeezed between two stubborn saplings, whilst their twigs come smack in his face, as his companion ha

the spot where the hunt is to begin, they strike fire with a flint and steel, and kindle the resinous wood. The person who carries the fire moves in the direction judged to be the best. The blaze illuminates the near objects, but the distant parts seem involved in deepest obscurity. The hunter who bears the gun keeps immediately in front, and after a while discovers before him two feeble lights, which are produced by the reflection of the pine-fire from the eyes of an animal of the Deer or Wolf kind. The animal stands quite still. To one unacquainted with this strange mode of hunting, the glare from its eyes might bring to his imagination some lost hobgoblin

he distance over which one has to travel is seldom felt when pleasure is anticipated as the result; so galloping we go pell-mell through the woods, to some well-known place where many a fine buck has drooped its antlers under the ball of the hunter's rifle. The servants, who are called the drivers, have already begun their s

the side of that large yellow poplar, and mind you do not shoot me! The Deer is f

titudes, depending, as it seems to do, on its own swiftness for safety! All is in vain, however; a gun is fired, the animal plunges and doubles with incomparable speed. There he goes! He passes another stand, from which a second shot, better direct

shot from the places called stands by the sportsman, who is stationed there, and waits for it, a line of stands being generally formed so as to cross the path which the game will follow. The person who ascertains the usual pass of the game, or discovers the parts where the animal feeds or lies down during the day, gives intimation to his friends, who then prepare for the chase. The servants start the Deer with the hounds, a

nting by informing you that the species referred to above is the Virginia Deer, Cervus virginianus; and that, until I be able to present you with a full acco

NTRIC NA

undle of dried clover on his back; "how the boatmen stare at him! sure he must be an original!" He ascended with a rapid step, and approachin

be undescribed, and hope you will do so in your next letter. Believe me always your friend B." With all the simplicity of a woodsman I asked the bearer where the odd fish was, when M. de T. (for, kind reader, the individual in my

prised, but I checked their critical glances for the moment. The naturalist pulled off his shoes, and while engaged in drawing his stockings, not up, but down, in order to cover the holes about the heels, told us in the gayest mood imaginable that he had walked a great distance, and had only taken a pas

lower parts of which were buttoned down to the ankles. His beard was as long as I have known my own to be during some of my peregrinations, and his lank black hair hung loosely over his shoulders. His forehead was so broad and prominent that any tyro in phrenology would instantly have pronounced it the residence of a mind of strong powers. His words impressed an assurance of rigid truth, and as he directed the conversation to the study of the natural sciences, I listened to him with as much delight as T

the plant was common in the immediate neighborhood, and that I should show it him on the morrow. "And why to-morrow, Mr. Audubon? Let us go now." We did so, and on reaching the bank of the river I pointed to the plant. M. de T., I thought, had gone mad. He plucked the plants one after another, danced, hugged me in his arms, and exultingly told me that he had got not merely a new species, but a new genus. When we returned home, the naturalist opened

only what he should himself see, I showed him the insect, and assured him it was so strong that it would crawl on the table with the candlestick on its back. "I should like to see the experiment made, Mr. Audubon," he replied. It wa

out the room naked, holding the handle of my favorite violin, the body of which he had battered to pieces against the walls in attempting to kill the bats which had entered by the open window, probably attracted by the insects flying around his candle. I stood amazed, but he continued jumping and running round and round, until he was fairly exhausted, when he begged me to procure one of the animals for him, as he felt convinced they belonged to "a new species." Although I was convinced of the con

hich he greatly extolled. With us, I told him, they were gathered into heaps to be converted into lime. "Lime! Mr. Audubon; why, they are worth a guinea apiece in any part of Europe." One day, as

es connected with the progress of civilization, have greatly altered the face of the country, and reduced the cane within comparatively small limits. It attains a height of from twelve to thirty feet, and a diameter of from one to two inches, and grows in great pat

shower of rain or a fall of sleet, when the traveller, in forcing his way through, shakes down upon himself such quantities of water as soon reduce him to a state of the utmost discomfort. The hunters often cut little paths through the thickets with their knives, but the usual mode of passing through

of various kinds. It sometimes happens that the farmer clears a portion of the brake. This is done by cutting the stems-which are fistular and knotted, like those of other grasses-with a large knife or cutlass. They are afterwards placed in heaps, and when partially dried set fire to. The moisture contained between the joints is converted into steam, which causes the

lves on the best way we could. My companion stopped here and there to pick up a plant and examine it. After a while we chanced to come upon the top of a fallen tree, which so obstructed our passage that we were on the eve of going round, instead of thrusting ourselves through amongst the branches, when, from its bed in the centre of the tangled mass, forth rushed a Bear, with such force, and snuffing the air in so frightful a manner, that M. de T. became suddenly terror-struck, and, in his haste to escape, made a desperate attempt to run, but fell amongst the ca

e T. seriously inquired if we should ever get alive out of the horrible situation in which we were. I spoke of courage and patience, and told him I hoped we should soon get to the margin of the brake, which, however, I knew to be two miles distant. I made him rest, and gave him a mouthful of brandy from my flask; after which, we proceeded on our slow and painful march. He threw away all his plants, emptied his pockets of the fungi, lichens, and mosses which he had thrust into them, and finding himself much lightened, went

his sojourn might be of long duration. But, one evening when tea was prepared, and we expected him to join the family, he was nowhere to be found. His grasses and other valuables were all removed from his room. The night was spent in searching for him in the neighborhood. No eccentri

AND T

ed by us ponds. There it procures abundance of succulent roots, and of the tender juicy stems of plants, upon which it chiefly feeds at that season. During the summer heat, it enters the gloomy swamps, passes much of its time in wallowing in the mud, like a hog, and contents itself with crayfish, roots, and nettles, now and then, when hard pressed by hunger, seizing on a young pig, or perhaps a sow, or even a calf. As soon as the different kinds of berries which grow on the mountains begin to ripen, the Bears betake themselves to the high grounds, followed by their cubs. In such retired parts of the country where there are no hilly grounds, it pays visits to the maize fields, which it ravages for a whil

he air, to assure itself that no enemy is near. It then raises itself on its hind-legs, approaches the trunk, embraces it with its fore-legs, and scratches the bark with its teet

are made, and in this manner can, in fact, form an estimate of the magnitude of the individual. My own opinion, however, is different. It seems to me that the Bear scratches the trees, not for the purpose of shewing its size or its strength, but merely for that of sharpening its teeth a

as not long in dressing, you may be assured, and, on entering the parlor, found my friend equipped and only waiting for some bullets, which a negro was employed in casting. The overseer's horn was heard calling up the negroes from their different cabins. Some were already engaged in saddling our horses, whilst others were gathering all the cur-dogs of the plantation. All was bustle. Before h

which the Bears were at work. The owner told us that for some days several of these animals had visited his corn, and that a negro who was sent every afternoon to see at what part of the enclosure they entered, had assured him there were at least five in the field that night. A plan of attack was formed: the bars at the usual gap of the fence were to be put down withou

he centre they were heard hurrying towards the tops of the trees. Fires were immediately lighted by the negroes. The drizzling rain had ceased, the sky cleared, and the glare of the crackling fires proved of great assistance to us. The Bears had been so

rt them, and assist in preventing the Bear from escaping by wounding it in one of the hind-legs. The surrounding woods now echoed to the blows of the axemen. The tree was large and tough, having been girded more than two years, and the operation of felling it seemed extremely tedious. How

, whilst a dozen or more scrambled over its back. Now and then the infuriated animal was seen to cast a revengeful glance at some of the party, and we had already determined to despatch it, when, to our astonishment, it suddenly shook off all the dogs, and, before we could fire, charged upon one of the negroes, who was mounted on a pied horse. The Bear seized the steed with teeth and claws, and clung to its breast. The terrified horse snorted and plunged. The rider, an athletic young man, and a capital horseman, kept his seat, although only sa

o come down, and we resolved to try smoking. We surrounded the tree with a pile of brushwood and large branches. The flames ascended and caught hold of the dry bark. At length the tree assumed the appearance of a pillar of flame. The Bears mounted to the t

th by eating the corn. A cart was afterwards sent for the game. But before we had left the field, the horses, dogs, and Bears, toget

UCKY B

ation of an anniversary of the glorious proclamation of our independence is situated on its banks near the city of Louisville. The woods spread their dense tufts towards the shores of the fair Ohio on the west, and over the gently rising grounds to the south and east. Every open spot forming a plantation was smiling in the luxuriance of a su

HOUSE AUD

ng the day of his country's independence. The whole neighborhood joined with one consent. No personal invitation was required where

e seen slowly moving along under their load of provisions which had been prepared for the common benefit. Each denizen had freely given his ox, his ham, his venison, his Turkeys and other fowls. Here were to be seen flagons of every beverage used in the country; "la belle rivière" had opened her finny stores, the melons of all sorts, peaches, plums, and pears, would have sufficed to stock a market. In a word, Kentucky, the land of abundance, had supplied a feast for her children. A purling stream gave its waters freely, while the grateful breezes cooled the air. Columns of smoke from the n

disguised divinities. Fathers and mothers smiled upon them as they followed the brilliant cortége. In a short time the ground was alive with merriment. A great wooden cannon bound with iron hoops was now crammed with home-made powder; fire was conveyed to it by means of a train, and as the explosion burst forth, thousands of hearty huzzas mingled with its echoes. From the most learned a good oration fell in proud and glad

appiness. How the viands diminished under the action of so many agents of destruction, I need not say, nor is it necessary that you should listen to the long recital. Many a national toast was offered and accepted, many speeches were delivered, and many essayed in amicable reply. The ladies then retired to booths that had been erected at a little distan

gh the air. The "hunting-shirts" now joined in the dance, their fringed skirts keeping time with the gowns of the ladies, and the married people of either sex stepped in and mixed with their children. Every countenance beamed with joy, every heart leaped with gladness; no pride, no pomp, no affectation were there; their spirits brig

pes of continued prosperity to the country at large, and to Kentucky in particular. You would have been pleased to see those who did not join in the dance shooting at distant marks with their heavy rifles, or watched how they showed off the superior speed of their high bred "Old Virginia" horses, while others recount

to separate. In the still, clear sky, begin to sparkle the distant lamps of heaven. One might have thought that Nature herself smiled on the joy of her children. Supper now appeared on the tables, and after all had again refres

ood-night, trusting that when I again appear with another volum

N HUNT I

ich it evinces to capture all kinds of birds accessible to it in its nightly prowlings, for the purpose of feasting on their flesh, induces me to endeavo

the withered herbage with a coat of glittering white. The sky is still cloudless; a thousand twinkling stars reflect their light from the tranquil waters; all is silent and calm in the forest, save the nightly prowlers that roam in its recesses. In the cheerful cabin all is happiness; its inmates generously strive to contribute to the comfort of the stranger who has chanced to visit them; and, as Raccoons are abundant in the neighborhood, they propose a hunt. The offer is gladly accepted. The industrious woman leaves her wheel, for she has listened to her husband's talk; now she approaches the fire, takes up the board shovel, stirs the em

thern bag swung at his side is attached a powder-horn; his sheath-knife is there also; below hangs a narrow strip of homespun linen. He takes from his bag a bullet, pulls with his teeth the wooden stopper from his powder-horn, lays the ball on one hand, and with the other pours the powder upon it until it is just overtopped. Raising the horn to his mouth, he again closes it with the stopper, and restores it to its place. He introduces the powder into the tube; springs the box of his gun, greases the "patch" over with some melted tallow, or damps it; then places it on the honey-combed

we push. What woods, to be sure! No gentleman's park this, I assure you, reader. We are now in a low flat; the soil thinly covers the hard clay; nothing but beech-trees hereabouts, unless now and then a maple. Hang the limbs! say I-hang the supple-jacks too-here I am, fast by the neck; cut it with your knife. My knee has had a tremendous rub against a log; now my foot is jammed between two roots; and here I stick. "Toby, come back; don't you know the stranger is not up to the woods? Halloo, Toby, Toby!" There I stood perfectly shackled, the hunter laughing heartily, and the lads glad of an opportunity of slipping off. Toby arrived, and held the torch near the ground, on which the hunter, cutting one of the roots with his hatchet, set me free. "Are you hurt, sir?"-"No, not in the least." Off we start again. The boys had got up with the dogs, which were baying a Raccoon in a small puddle. We soon joined them with the light. "Now, stranger, watch and see!" The Raccoon was all but swimming, and yet had hold of the bottom of the pool with his feet. The glare of the lighted torch was doubtless distressing to him; his coat was ruffled, and his rounded tail seemed thrice its

of my friends asked me where, in the name of wonder, I had got that black eye. At length the tree began to crack, and slowly leaning to one side, the heavy mass swung rustling through the air, and fell to the earth with a crash. It was not one Coon that was surprised here, but three-ay, three of them, one of which, more crafty than the rest, leaped fairly from the main top while the tree was staggering. The other two stuck to the hollow of a branch, from which they were soon driven by one of the dogs. Tyke and Lion, having nosed the cunning old one, scampered after him, not

r something round, which is likely to prove a coiled-up Raccoon. There's one! Between me and the moon I spied the cunning thing crouched in silence. After taking aim, I raise my barrel ever so little, the trigger is pressed; down falls the Raccoon to the ground. Another and another are on the same tree. Off goes a bullet, then a second; and we secure the prey. "Let us go home,

him. He knows the habits of mussels better than most conchologists. Being an expert climber he ascends to the hole of the Woodpecker, and devours the young birds. He knows, too, how to watch the soft-shelled Turtle's crawl, and, better still, how to dig up her eggs. Now, by the edge of the pond, grimalkin-like, he lies seemingly asleep, until the Summer-Duck comes within reach. No negro knows better wh

NG OF

formerly abundant, and in many parts of which it still occurs in considerable numbers, it is not more mercifully dealt with than in other parts of the world. Traps and snares of all sorts are set for catching it, while dogs and horses are trained for hunting the Fox. The Wolf, however, unless in some way injured, being more powerful and perhaps be

axes on their shoulders, and walked as briskly as the narrow path would allow. Some transient glimpses of light now and then met their eyes, but so faint were they that they believed them to be caused by their faces coming in contact with the slender reeds covered with snow. Suddenly, however, a long and frightful howl burst upon them, and they instantly knew that it proceeded from a troop of hungry, perhaps desperate Wolves. They stopped, and putting themselves in an attitude of defence, awaited the result. All around was dark, save a few feet of snow, and the silence of night was dismal. Nothing could be done to better their situation, and after standing a few minutes in expectation of an attack, they judged it best to resume their march; but no sooner had they replaced their axes on their shoulders and begun to move, than the foremost found himself assailed by sev

ction. He had three pits, within a few hundred yards of each other. They were about eight feet deep and broader at bottom, so as to render it impossible for the most active animal to escape from them. The aperture was covered with a revolving platform of twigs attached to a central axis. On either surface of the platform was fastened a large piece of putrid venison, with other matters by no means pleasing to my olfactory nerves, although no doubt attractive to the Wolves. My companion

r himself, and so escaped. On peeping into the next, he assured me that "three famous fellows were safe enough" in it. I also peeped in and saw the Wolves, two black, and the other brindled, all of goodly size, sure enough. They lay flat on the earth, their ears laid close over the head, their eyes indicating fear more than anger. "But how are we to get them out?" "How, sir?" said the farmer; "why, by going down, to be sure, and hamstringing them." Being a novice in th

ad, its disabled legs swinging to and fro, its jaws wide open, and the gurgle in its throat alone indicating that it was alive. Letting him drop on the ground, the farmer loosened the rope by means of a stick, and left him to the dogs, all of which set upon him with great fury and soon worried him to death. The second was dealt with in the same manner; but the third, which was probably the oldest, as it was the blackest, showed some spirit the moment it was left loose to the mercy of the cu

OP

niana of Pennant, Harlan, and other authors who have given some accounts of its habits; but as none of them, so far as I know, have illustrated its p

layer of fat. Its movements are usually rather slow, and as it walks or ambles along, its curious prehensile tail is carried just above the ground, its rounded ears are directed forward, and at almost every step its pointed nose is applied to the objects beneath it, in order to discover what sort of creatures may have crossed its path. Methinks I see one at this moment slowly and cautiously trudging over the melting snows by the side of an unfrequented pond, nosing as it goes for the fare its ravenous appetite prefers. Now it has come upon the fresh track of a Grouse or Hare, and it raises its snout and snuffs the keen air. At length it has decided on its course, and it speeds onward at the rate of a man's ordinary walk. It stops and seems at a loss in what direction to go, for the object of its pursuit has either taken a considerable leap or has cut backwards before the Opossu

the nettle shoot up, and on their tender and juicy stems it gladly feeds. The matin calls of the Wild Turkey Cock delight the ear of the cunning creature, for it well knows that it will soon hear the female and trace her to her nest, when it will suck the eggs with delight. Travelling through th

s off with it, and nothing can now be done, unless you stand there to watch the Fox or the Owl, now exulting in the thought that you have killed their enemy and your own friend, the poor Crow. That precious hen under which you last week placed a dozen eggs or so is now deprived of them. The Opossum, notwithstanding her angry outcries and rufflings of feathers, has removed them one by one, and now look at the poor bird as she moves across

teat. The kind mother not only nourishes them with care, but preserves them from their enemies; she moves with them as the shark does with its progeny, and now, aloft on the t

the more reluctant is the animal to manifest resentment; at last there it lies, not dead, but exhausted, its jaws open, its tongue extended, its eye dimmed; and there it would lie until the bottle-fly should come to deposit its eggs, did no

e placed on the roof or deck, and were immediately assailed by the crew, when, following their natural instinct, they lay as if quite dead. An experiment was suggested, and both were thrown overboard. On striking the water, and for a few moments after, neither evinced the least dispositio

five having been brought to me. I found them excessively voracious, and not less cowardly. They were put into a large box, with a great quantity of food, and conveyed to a steamer bound for New Orleans. Two days afterwards, I went to that city, to see about sending them off to Europe; but, to my surprise, I found that the old males had

greedily eaten by it, and in severe weather I have observed it eating lichens. Fowl

nowledge, have pronounced it excellent eating. After cleaning its body, suspend it for a whole week in the frosty air, for it is not eaten in summer; then place it on a heap of hot wood embers; spri

E-SUGA

ordinary walk which he performed to save his fellow creatures at Fort Massacre from the scalping knives of the irritated Indians.[59] Now and then a Raccoon or Opossum, causing the fallen leaves to rustle, made me pause for a moment; and thus I was forcing my way, thinking on many things dismal as well as pleasing, when the glimmer of a distant fire suddenly aroused me from my reveries, and inspired me with fresh animation. As I approached it, I observed forms of different kinds moving to and fro before it, like spectres; and ere long, bursts of laughter, shouts, and songs apprised me of some merry-making. I thought at first I had p

ly murmured as they hastened toward the larger stream; and as the sun dissolved the frozen dews the few feathered songsters joined the chorus of the woodsmen's daughters. Whenever a burst of laughter suddenly echoed through the woods, an Owl or Wild Turkey would respond to it, with a signal welcome to the young men of the party. With large ladles the sugar-makers stirred the thickening juice of the maple; pails of sap were collected from the trees and broug

oin the Lehigh, and there meet with a sugar camp, take my advice and tarry for a while. If you be on foot or on horseback, and are thirsty, you can nowhere find a more wholesome or more agreeable beverage than the juice of the maple. A man when in the Floridas may drink molasses diffused in water; in Labrador he may drink what he can get; and at New

h is placed beneath and receives the juice, which trickles by drops, and is as limpid as the purest spring water. When all the trees of a certain space have been tapped, and the troughs filled, the people collect the juice, and pour it into large vessels. A camp has already been pitched in the midst of a grove; several iron boilers have been fixed on stone or brick supports, and the business p

l no longer grain by boiling, and only produces a syrup. I have seen maple sugar so good, that some months after it was manufactured it resembled candy; and well do I remember the time when it was an

ecome sickly, exhibit monstrosities about their lower parts, gradually decay, and at length die. I have no doubt, however, that, with proper care, the same quantity of sa

RCH AND THE

it its habits; and glad no doubt it is to enter one of the numberless tributaries whose limpid waters are poured into the mighty river. Of these subsidiary waters the Ohio is one in whose pure stream the White Perch seems to delight; and towards its head-springs the fish advance in numerous shoals, following the banks with easy progress. Over many a pebbly or gravelly bar does it seek its food. Here the crawling Mussel it crunches and devours; there, with the speed of an arr

a cray-fish, piercing the shell beneath the tail, and forcing the keen weapon to reach the very head of the suffering creature, while all its legs are left at liberty to move. Now each man, holding his line a yard or so from the hooks, whirls it several times overhead, and sends it off to its full length directly across the stream. No sooner has it reached the gravelly bed than, gently urged by the current, it rolls over and over, until the line and the water follow the same direction. Before this, however, I see that several of the men have had a bite, and that by a short jerk they have hooked the fish. Hand over hand they haul in their lines. Poor Perch, it is useless labor for thee to flounce and splash in that manner, for no pity will be shown thee, and th

y during a transient rise of the water. Few persons fish for them with the pole, as they generally prefer following the edges of the sand-bars, next to deep water. Like all others of its tribe, the White Perch is fond of depositing its spawn on gravelly or sandy beds, but rarely at a depth of less than four or five feet. These beds are round, and have an elevated margin formed of the sand removed from their centre, which is scooped out for two or three inches. The fish, although it generally remains for some days

ason; the flesh is then white and firm, and affords excellent eating; but during the heats of summer they become poor, and are seldom very good. Now and then, in the latter days of September, I have eaten some that tasted as well as in spring. One of the most remarkable habits of this fish is that from which it has received the name of Growler. Whe

not done the first time it touches the bait, you rarely succeed afterward; and I have seen young hands at the game, who, in the course of a morning, seldom caught more than one or two, althou

outhern parts of the Union. If I mistake not, we have two species at least, one more an inhabitant of rocky streamlets than the other, and that one by far the best, though the other is good too. Both species swim by means of rapid strokes of the tail, which propel them backwards to a considerable distance at each repetition. All that I regret concerning these animals is that they are absolutely little aquatic vultures-or, if you please, crustacea with vulturine habits-for they feed on everything impure that comes in their way, when they cannot obtain fresh aliment. However this may be, the crays somehow fall in with this sort of food, and any person may catch as many as he may wish, by fastening a piece of flesh to a line, allowing it to remain under water for a while, and drawing it up with care, when, wi

p, another may be two or three feet, and a third even more. They are easily procured when thus lodged in shallow holes; but when the burrow is deep, a thread is used, with a small piece of flesh fastened to it. The cray eagerly seizes the bait, and is gently drawn up, and thrown to a distance, when he becomes an easy prey. You have read of the method used by the White Ibis in procuring crays,[60] and I leave you to judge whether the bird or the man is the best fisher. This species is most abundant round the bord

RICAN S

deep or shallow, broad or narrow, the water must be clear enough to allow the sun's rays to fall unimpaired on the rich coat of mail that covers the body of the Sunfish. Look at him as he poises himself under the lee of the protecting rock beneath our feet! See how steadily he maintains his position, and yet how many rapid motions of his fins are necessary to preserve it! Now another is by his side glowing with equal beauty, and poising

th, swept along by the current, labors in vain to extricate itself from the treacherous element; its body, indeed, at intervals, rises a little above the surface, but its broad wings, now wet and heavy, bear it down again to the water. The Sunfish has marked it, and as it passes his retreat, he darts towards it, with twenty of his fellows, all eager to seiz

leness and certainty; the bait now floats and anon sinks; his reel slowly lengthens the line, which is suddenly tightened, and he feels that a fish is secured. Now whirls the reel again; thrice has the fish tried its utmost strength and speed, but soon, panting and exhausted, it is seen floating for a moment on the surface. Nothing now is required but to bring it to hand, which done, the angler baits anew, and sends forth the

cts of their desire, whether in the open turbulence of the waters, or under the low boughs of the overhanging trees, where, in some deep hole, a swarm of the little

ghbor. Well, there they are, "three merry boys," whirling their rods in the air to unroll their lines, on one of which, you observe, a cork is fastened, while on another is a bit of light wood, and on the third a grain or two of large shot, to draw it at once to a certain depth. Now their hooks are baited and all are ready. Each casts his line as he thinks best, after he has probed the depth of the stream with his rod, to enable him to place his buoy at the proper point. Bob, bob, goes the cork; down it moves; the bit of wood disappears, the leaded line tightens; in a moment up swing the "Sunnies," which, getting unhooked, are projected fa

y from their favorite abode. There I have seen them in such multitudes that one could catch as many as he pleased with a pin-hook, fastened to any sort of line, and baited with any sort of worm or insect, or even with a piece

lee of a rock, every place sheltered by a raft of timber, will afford you amusement. In some parts of the Southern States, the negroes procure these fishes late in the autumn in shallow ponds or bayous, by wading through the water with caution, and placing at every few

iderable change in their color in different parts of the United States, and in different streams, ponds, or lakes, I was led to think that this curious effect might be produced by the difference of color in the water. Thus the Sunfish caught in the deep waters of Green River, in Kentucky, exhibit a depth of olive-brown quite d

rcular cavity. In a few days a little ridge is thus raised around, and in the cleared area the roe is deposited. By wading carefully over the extent of the place, a person may count forty, fifty, or more of these beds, some within a few feet of each other, and some several yards apart. Instead of abandoning its spawn, as others of the family are wont to do, this little fish keeps guard over it with all the care of a sitting bird. You observe it poised over the bed, watching the objects around. Should the rotten leaf of a tree,

n on the bottom. The fish, I perceived, had marked me, and as the worm intruded on its premises, it swam to the farther side, there poised itself for a few moments, then approached the worm, and carried it in its mouth over the side next to me, with a care and gentleness so very remarkable as to afford me much surprise. I repeated the experiment six or seven times, and always with the same result. Then changing the bait, I employed a young grasshopper, which I floated into the egg-bed

witnessed the actions of this little fish, as I was, with admiration of the Being who gave such instincts to so humble an object. I gazed in amazement at the little creature, and wondered that Nature had endowed it with such feelings and powers. The irrepress

a match for me, I rolled up my line, and with the rod ga

ed from the water, returned to its station. The effect of the blow on the water was now apparent, for I per

OF DRAWIN

nder the impression that it was a finished picture of a bird because it possessed some sort of a head and tail, and two sticks in lieu of legs; I never troubled myself with the thought that abutments were requi

wever, spoke very differently to me; he constantly impressed upon me that nothing in the world possessing life and animation was easy to imitate, and that as I grew older he hoped I would become more and more alive to this.

neither more nor less than in stiff, unmeaning profiles, such as are found in most works published to the present day. My next set was begun in America, and there, without my honored mentor, I betook myself to

ancied I had mounted a step on the high pinnacle before me. I continued for months together, simply outlining birds as I observed them, either alighted or on the wing, but could finish none of my sketches. I procured many individuals of different species, and laying them on the table or on the ground, tried to place them in such attitudes as I had sketched. But, alas! they were dead, to all intents and purposes, and neither wing, leg, nor tail coul

ored with wood, cork, and wires, and formed a grotesque figure, which I cannot describe in any other words than by saying that when set up it was a tolerable-looking Dodo. A friend ro

a bath, and, returning to the town, entered the first opened shop, inquired for wire of different sizes, bought some, leaped on my steed, and was soon again at Mill Grove. The wife of my tenant, I really believe, thought that I was mad, as, on offering me breakfast, I told her I only wanted my gun. I was off to the creek, and shot the first Kingfisher I met. I picked the bird up, carried it home by the bill, sent for the miller, and bade him bring me a piece of board of soft wood. W

COTTAGE AT MILL GROVE

APH FROM W. H.

ed it, without a thought of hunger. My honest miller stood by the while, and was delighted to see me pleased. This was what I shall call my f

its oiseaux," and thought much of the meaning imparted in the first line, which, if I now recollect rightly, goes on to say that "Quiconque a beaucoup vu, peut avoir beaucoup retenu." To

ch value; 'tis a pity that instead of being merely an adage it has not become a general law;

r forms and habits, and the use of my wires was improved by constant practice. Whenever I produced a better representation of any species the preceding one was destroyed, and

m. The Pewees, which I knew by experience were positively Flycatchers, led me to the discovery that every bird truly of that genus, when standing, was usually in a passive attitude; that they sat uprightly, now an

that the Herons walked with elegance and stateliness, that, in fact, every family had some mark by which it could be known; and, after having collected man

me, its nature, previously known to me as far as habits went, and its general form having been frequently observed. Now I could examine more thoroughly the bill, nostrils, eyes, legs, and claws, a

DU

CH AFTER , BY JOHN

ry 28

h dispirited at this, particularly when vainly endeavoring to imitate birds of soft and downy plumage, such as that of most Owls, Pigeons

nd although I labored a great deal to repair the damage, the blur still remained. Recollecting that, when a pupil of David, I had drawn heads and figures in different colored ch

ons; indeed, after a few years of patience, some of my attempts began almost to please me,

to draw birds in my manner, and I have always felt much pleasure in showing it to a

E KN

by Henry

N

ol. John

on, ii

nian,

Sciences, i.

Arts, Edinb

s, Philadelphia, i

New York. See New Yor

charinum

maculari

Bernard

hn Quincy

i. 230, 233, 23

semipalmat

a, i.

i. 329;

384, 419, 420, 424.

gueii,

River,

64-366, 369, 383

4, 7, 9, 16, 20, 23, 25

rs, i

lliam, i.

ains, i. 62, 454,

205; ii. 251, 255, 258,

ver, i

, i. 22

Castle

53-255, 270, 276, 277, 281, 289, 295-297, 301, 310, 31

pany, i. 72, 525

or, i. 365, 3

ithological

sland, i.

s, i.

s bairdi,

culus] leco

dam, i

usca,

i. 414. See al

cura,

School, Oxf

s, i

e, The" (b

Inn, i

as, ii

frons gamb

i. 370. See a

0, 56, 58, 60-65, 87, 90, 95, 102, 104-106, 108, 113, 114, 117, 11

nsylvanicu

384, 391, 399. See

ys] spragu

i Island

a american

y, Edinburgh, i. 1

eek, ii.

White,

hrysa?tu

d, Georg

ovicianus, i. 458, 522

nax,

odias, i.

entalis,

s, i. 53

, i. 161, 291;

Sir Thomas,

llo, i

Rock,

Seat, i.

ia, ii.

s, i.

sylvanica, i.

arius,

Genera

, i.

51, 77, 78, 97, 107-109, 112, 121, 1

" (steamer)

rving's, i

Liverpoo

, London

British,

n, Mr.,

n, Mr.,

cean, i. 9

d, Lord

Georgiana

l Jean, i.

66, 67, 69, 70, 73-76, 81, 120, 230, 232, 259, 291

, 35, 39-41, 48, 51, 52, 60, 63,

, infant

, i. 24,

G. See Audub

1, 53, 54, 60, 62, 66-71, 73, 75, 76, 230, 291,

nd Bakewe

an perio

n Park

s Bluff,

s Isle,

reat,

r-billed

yes, i

t, i.

River,

er, i. 2

W. O.,

gamook, Lak

68, 70, 72, 76, 426, 441, 449, 467,

ria R.

e, John,

ver, i

36, 146, 147, 16

. 12, 117; Birds of N

l, i. 1

min, i. 2

ee Audubon,

, i. 20, 29,

, i. 17, 18

Gifford, i.

i. 83; ii

i. 87;

ewfoundla

10, 449, 453, 4

gh Castl

ii. 390,

ms, i

Moncrévier,

toine Alexa

, i. 101, 10

ii. 2

otel, i.

ii. 93,

er, i. 50

2, 500, 50

uge, ii.

rte, i

6, 388, 392, 40

ne, i

fourche,

8, 62, 81, 130, 231,

mily, i

, 222, 227, 228, 245, 261-263, 267, 269, 270, 272, 294, 319, 320, 324

490, 492; ii. 133, 173,

41, 51, 54, 60, 64-66, 72, 75,

ry, ii

ap, i

t, Mr.,

31; ii. 4, 54, 70, 76, 93, 95, 99, 10

ek, ii

rd, i

teamer),

ee, i

ds, i. 52

Diamond,

Opera, i.

the Vei

rd, i

de, ii

nion on Missouri River trip

Isle,

477, 517; i

rs, Redouté

l, i.

Edward T.

41, 246-248, 250-254, 259

n, i.

chesse de

, 47, 54, 69, 88, 441, 454; ii. 29

mily,

d, Dr.,

ck, i

ert, i. 3

obert, i.

229-233, 237, 238, 2

d Creek

, i. 489, 501;

74, 75, 78, 88, 101, 111, 114, 121-123,

Hill,

t., i. 365, 3

of Birds

shington,

cks,

, 75, 91, 153, 160, 237, 277, 342, 345, 402

lorado Vall

h America, Ba

North West, C

gham,

ck, ii

America

ll Hotel

144, 206, 20

is, ii.

ath,

ii. 20,

. ii.

, i. 471, 472,

rior,

236, 278, 297, 338, 339, 34

ief),

ll, i

Fort, ii

47, 48, 53, 77, 78, 87, 89, 108,

er, ii

l Warbler

all, i

e," i. 160, 161, 172

Mr.,

ablons,

rd, Mr.

, Liverpool,

ians, ii.

down," Ca

oar, i

y, i.

476, 477, 496;

, ii. 50,

Wild,

ink,

A. P.,

George, i. 1

n, i.

ingston, and

Alexis.

, 185, 186, 194, 200, 244, 256, 257, 270, 292, 298

ucien, Ornith

ph, i. 1

40, 185, 186, 217, 238, 273

mbellus,

, ii. 42, 5

Island,

a, ii

érance, i

Carré,

le, Capt

es, i

Island,

459; ii. 241, 245,

amily,

Lick,

works,

orough,

e, i. 459

amily,

345, 351, 411, 422, 441,

l garden

ii. 78, 86,

Lady, i.

gne,

exandre, i.

r., i. 5

ut., i. 39

T., i

ridge,

ury,

ouse,

Samuel

d, Mr.

family

wine,

gham,

anadensi

hinsi,

-413, 421, 428; i

of the ic

. 357, 3

as M., i. 73

id, i. 164, 179-1

59, 161, 169, 172, 174,

s, MacGilliv

um, i. 258,

i. 117, 118, 12

on de, i. 315, 3

Andrew,

rge A.,

John,

Thomas,

i. 111,

Isle de

, Willia

16, 21-28, 31, 33-37, 43, 49, 52, 55-62, 66, 69, 71, 73, 75, 78, 85-94, 102, 104, 105, 107-114, 118-

ries,

ffs, i

ck, i

County,

ohn, ii.

. 357, 387

c Towhee,

rd's, i

-winged

easted Lark,

olored, i.

ow, i

's, i. 477,

digo,

ark,

ce, ii

. 518. See also E

now,

ee, i. 3

ed, i. 387, 391

J. H. K., i. 47

ills, i

n, i.

d Mrs. Edw

Great,

uarré,

n, i.

. 509; ii.

187, 458, 471, 483; ii. 7, 75,

Bluff,

, ii.

eek,

d, M.,

i. 304,

s ornatu

" (steamer

rnia,

, Mr.,

Thomas

ver, i

i. 216, 285, 28

.J., i. 6

, ii.

, i. 15

ir Archibal

len, i

eamer)

s labrador

canadensi

71, 356, 49

rench, i. 37

, C. A.,

atrans,

pus,

ilus,

River, ii.

reek, i

Cape, i.

ait of,

See C

bury,

n Island,

a Songste

lgus, i

macroti

3, 407-409, 432, 433; ii

, i. 411

t. James Henry

Eng., i.

nn., i

nas, i

s, i. 52; ii.

Gen. Jean

Michel, ii

Co., Mo.

k, i. 31;

219, 245, 470

fly,

i. 282;

i. 458. See also

, 498; ii. 10, 15, 24,

ier,"

h Square

birds,

. 505, 508;

s urophasia

x bairdii

, i. 493,

acrotis,

nianus,

nch, i

, ii. 5

e Mars,

-La-Frith

rius,

atus, i. 38

River, ii.

ère River

528, 529; ii. 11-16, 22,

Cross,

iver, i. 4

Mr.," i.

I., i. 2

.C., i. 66-72

, F. A. d

l River

x, Marquis

reasted, i. 47

uum albu

, Eng.,

, M., i.

er, i. 529;

River,

dee, i

saw, i

252, 254, 257, 258, 264,

othe, i

Indian, ii

apt. Hiram M.

Indians,

, Henry

48, 249, 264,

ns, i

, August

2, 454, 463, 468,

ierre, i. 4

's River

l's Wido

, 37, 48-50, 454;

, Lord, i

am, i

Duchess

e, Mr.,

David

nathan

y Mary,

lliam,

y, i. 126,

, John,

, Muzio,

, Lord,

Witt, i. 1

River,

the plain

7; ii. 419

rato-mexica

esii,

See also Woodpec

ridus,

River, ii

irginianu

3, 57, 68, 70, 72, 7

l, Louis

ship), i. 60

lege,

Co.,

ver,

lacialis,

i. 390. See also D

drew, i.

160, 164, 166, 168

t, M., i.

icut, i

t, M.,

chardsonii,

ens, i

apt., i. 35

companion in Labrador,

J. F.,

, Mo.,

72, 532; i

e-winged

4-386, 393-395, 459; ii. 3

-crested,

orida,

ucking,

l, Eng.

Christi

on, i

Elliott, i.

ii. 260-269,

fs, i. 475,

Theatre, i.

s, i. 4

ockhart

l, i. 475; ii.

ooping

ns, ii. 10

ack-and-Whi

nut-sided

ow-back,

Major,

, Major

y, ii. 2

Mr., i.

i. 396, 40

d, i. 385, 412,

, 471, 475, 476; ii. 3

rd, i. 477

181, 183, 190, 3

h, ii.

ii. 50,

i. 10, 33, 48

her" (boat

Alexande

k, George

88; ii.

, i. 1

lack-bill

er, 1843, i. 528; i

81, 85, 88, 89, 111, 1

land,

le, i

er, ii

. Samuel, i. 4

419, 423, 427, 428;

420, 422. See also

rador,

-billed,

-colored

berry,

. W., i.

t, i.

i. 520, 521, 5

306-308, 312, 315-326, 331,

ss, i. 39,

i. 309, 3

leucorrho

. 19, 21-24

River,

stle, i. 18

s hemionu

gton,

., New Orle

, i. 24, 36, 39, 313

essrs.,

Robert, i

, Mr.,

ur, i

23, 26, 35-42, 49-57, 65, 74, 75, 80, 92, 117, 126, 139, 154, 155, 158, 165-168, 174, 175, 205, 206, 222, 245, 261, 262

i. 516; ii. 57, 72

ailed, ii. 65, 7

, i. 484

ia, i. 485

ing, ii.

ay, Lord

Captain,

i. 81, 82, 85, 8

72, 73, 77, 81, 85, 89, 1

i. 67, 345, 389,

i. 11

103, 105, 108-11

re, i. 1

iver, i.

Prince, i

Fran?ois

e, Duke o

s Lake,

63, 145, 156, 1

virginiana

y, i.

, ii.

k-necked

Northern

i. 371, 387, 389

oated, i. 3

r., i. 135

, ii

Pheasant

ux, i. 408,

31. See also Arct

85, 88, 90, 91,

avid,

hn, i. 236

Major,

Cape,

Charles,

. See

dy Isabella,

297, 532; ii. 44, 64, 1

i. 30

tle, i

Dr., i.

ajor Andr

e Theatre

n, i.

76, 487, 494, 497, 502, 504; ii. 21, 39, 86, 95, 154, 155,

ack, i

back, i. 45

sky, i

-373, 376, 379, 387, 3

i. 531; ii.

en-eyed,

lequin,

ing,

rador,

-tailed,

476, 485; ii.

ied,

i. 366, 37

n-billed

mmer,

urf,

i. 359, 36

i. 277; ii

i. 472, 48

gston,

l, C.,

r, i.

rew, i. 146

au, Gabriel

John,

Eng.,

n, i.

1, 352, 388, 415, 436, 458;

dean,

d, i. 4

, ii. 107,

295, 297, 471, 476; ii. 8, 10

Lamb, i.

am, i

353, 355, 365, 366, 435, 4

Island,

litaire,

-181, 195, 196, 200, 201, 210, 214, 216, 219, 221, 223, 22

f Arts. See Academy

Society. See Antiquari

Review, i.

Prince

ille, i.

i.

r, ii. 3

lot, ii.

, i. 4

, Thomas

eale's,

of, i. 169

, 522, 527, 532; ii. 8, 12, 19-27, 30, 36, 65,

24, 526, 527, 5

int, i

aniel G.,

Creek,

bairdii

onteii,

ivora,

496, 498, 517

kii, i. 68

apt., i.

tian" (steam

nigrum,

, 216, 228, 232, 240, 241, 245, 250, 251, 260, 261, 266, 270

Bay,

m, i

pusillus

aux, i

94, 338; ii

oland, i

Miss,

xchange,

k, i. 457, 478, 482, 484, 48

o, i

uboni,

385, 399, 401. Se

o obsoletu

lani,

ndicus,

adoria,

cephalus

rarius,

, i. 2

rador,

1, 398, 399, 410, 428, 45

iver, i

" (boat), i

17, 19, 20, 26, 2

cana, i. 46

nehaugh, M

n, i.

an?ois, Abb

n, Dr.,

Lane,

ue, i

oth Hemispheres,

57, 382, 420, 48

ic Groun

d, i. 496

, 475, 476, 481, 4

ark,

4, 31, 35, 37,

470, 486, 498. See al

ntain,

collared

352, 353, 384, 38

crowned, i

-throated

iver,

Miers, i

iam, Lor

o, ii.

ake, i

er, i

shafted,

ii. 281, 2

i. 176, 253, 305, 306, 309, 332, 333, 34

pe, ii

3; ii. 321, 327

90; ii. 313,

uth, i

son, i

rg. Charl

l Associat

Bluff,

eek,

ve, ii

, i. 90, 4

506, 510, 529; ii

gray, i.

parte's,

lackcapped,

oded,

ee, ii.

-eyed,

, 510, 517; ii. 1

l-creste

e-creste

ish, ii.

e, Lucien

ia, i. 107

ander, ii

thold,

houn,

10, 42, 57,

i. 478; ii

. 519-521; i

, i. 468, 500;

cre, ii.

127, 133, 178, 18

68, 70, 72, 78, 86-88, 101, 11

, 513, 519, 520, 524, 528; ii. 1

overy,

ce, i

, 54, 57, 93, 101, 106, 132, 137, 14

on, i. 510

tes,

s (chief)

8; ii. 102, 105, 166

, i. 356,

s, i. 41

ay, ii

See Fox

airie,

356, 357;

lver,

11, 37, 58, 116

harles, i

ians,

r, ii.

nter,

11, 130, 239, 283, 305, 307, 309, 31

oni,

Kentucky, i

Captain, ii

ati,

James B.

a arctica

ick, i

ton, ii.

Creek,

lution,

-bird,

lla, i

is linari

. 470, 472, 49

aria,

82, 385, 388, 470. See

hyrs, i.

alis,

rula,

anna,

th, i. 145,

na, i. 366. See

iales,

onica, i.

r, i.

350, 438, 440, 433

Company, i. 3

rican. See Ameri

ert, Mr. and

e, ii. 3

C., M.D.,

ston,

352, 355, 358-363, 372,

own, i

cks,

sh, ii

Mr., ii

iver, i. 45

Cape,

Major,

chief),

imber,

mme,

rsarius, i

Cape,

Edinburgh,

i. 32;

ois, i. 324,

cean, i.

s Mills

Missouri,

i. 179, 195, 216,

tel,

The" (ship

, ii

n Creek

William, i.

ii. 176,

i. 365, 371,

nch, i

7, 472, 475, 477, 484, 485, 487, 489, 494, 502, 506, 531

da, i. 4

chins',

now,

e-fronte

d, i. 2

465, 470, 4

cket,

s, i. 4

xander, i.

wk, i

e. See

obert, i.

e, i.

-tailed,

sty, i

Banks,

ls, ii

i. 346, 35

ix, i

i. 462, 53

Town,"

Isle, i

rs. Anne

rack,

ohn E.,

i. 468; ii

Island,

Harbor,

g Harbor

lls, ii.

Swamp, i

ne Swamp

Street, London

i. 47

16, 119, 120, 127-134, 160, 22

ke, i

242, 246, 277, 279,

h, Horat

ille,

Rev. Henr

Helen,

ohn,

ert H.,

123, 126, 140, 167, 169

Samuel, i

Robert Kay

albus,

ii. 166,

eaded, i. 5

lue,

al, i. 471

ening,

-breaste

i. 421,

16-18, 23-25, 48, 68, 132,

og, i. 4

90, 95, 114, 125, 206, 320, 340, 375,

da, i. 3

ock,

ffed,

ge, ii

3, 26, 49, 54, 86, 87,

400, 405, 414

son's,

," ii. 5

363, 377, 384, 386, 393

, i. 354,

ndled,

i. 351, 354,

tream,

Weed,

4, 420, 421, 427, 472; ii. 166, 252, 364

, i. 477, 484, 4

ck-backed, i.

50, 368. See also

billed, i

breasted,

lvery,

, 377, 379, 380-384, 386

's Hotel

con, i

Reuben

ucocephalus,

ut, i

373, 413,

y, i.

hop of,

r, ii.

, 184, 187, 201-203, 206, 209

il, i. 187,

roline

len, i

inburgh, i. 1

New York, i

Major, i

William,

ead, i

ick,

e, Lord,

401, 408, 432, 474, 494; ii. 49, 51, 72

hman's,

rie, i.

ii. 22, 56, 60, 89, 118, 13

ite, i

hiemalis

. 57, 65, 124, 247

m, ii

Ferry,

y, i

41, 444, 451, 453, 455, 458, 461; compani

g. See Ha

nburg,

d, Eng.

imeau and

eph, i. 81, 85,

a, ii

265, 275, 276, 278, 291, 294,

eek, i

k, i.

, 399, 423, 427, 428; ii.

per's,

477; ii. 166, 24

-tailed,

t-footed

i. 444, 474

396, 399, 431, 475; ii. 162

ed, i. 394,

w, i. 428;

ow-tailed

-rumped,

Partridge

el College,

, 198, 203, 207, 211,

bor Bay,

orge P. A

River,

Charles

orge, i.

f Abraham

ate, i

, 46, 47, 162, 480; ii. 203, 206-21

Harbor,

lexander

drew,

s, M.D., i

hn Stevens,

ainte,

, General

Bros.,

. 313, 323, 354, 360, 364-3

, 471, 477, 490,

at Blue

reen,

ght, i

w-crowned

. 357; ii.

, Dr.,

Creek,

ck, i

Creek,

r Creek,

bicolor,

Willia

, i. 104-106,

ary,

Dr. Henry

d, i. 1

Bay of,

r, Melchio

ville,

eld, i

obart,

Me., ii.

n. Willi

er, i. 77,

s Bay,

i. 365, 3

, i.

., i. 119

exander von,

i. 402, 436,

W. H.,

, i. 175, 17

73, 337, 338, 3

, ii. 5

Vaches

Mr., i. 520-

s, i. 4

er, ii

dence,

ding,

ffairs,

ii. 312,

ii. 348,

er, ii

528; ii. 7, 10, 12, 17-23, 43-45, 48, 54, 77, 80, 81, 108-110, 117, 121, 122, 125, 128, 132, 133, 135, 140, 143, 154-157, 164-168

, i. 472, 4

5, 356, 388, 389, 406, 412,

Bishop

obert, i.

lbert, i.

n?ais, i. 31

. 462,

ns, i. 4

er, ii

, i. 42

nd, i

ne bicolo

hannel,

i. 453; ii

(chief),

ngton, i. 456

on, Astoria,

River,

Hill,

iver,

on Road

opera,

ans,

y, i

137, 138, 22

abbit,

r. See Jac

Gen. Andr

iss,

ver, i. 50

; ii. 396. Se

420. See also Le

verpool,

River,

149, 150-156, 165, 172, 176-

lantes, i. 3

306, 312, 313,

yal, i

Hall, i.

152, 154, 160, 179

i.

e, i. 4

i. 381, 43

City, i. 4

ancis, i. 1

Island o

Island

Edward,

rrett,

f Labrador, i

t. U.S.N.

River,

virginianu

gustifoli

uca, i

s, i.

Tokah,

nd Co.,

, ii.

Dr., i.

Charles,

l, i.

nk, i.

n Gardens

329, 419, 478; ii. 203, 208-215, 242-24

Barbecue,

Barrens

River,

ell,

ernier,

348-351, 360,

, M.D., i.

i. 65, 214, 215

L. C.,

i. 99, 1

, i. 471;

39, 261, 433; ii

et, i

College

Earl of

19, 26, 36, 50, 52,

l, Abbey

ssippi, i.

ke, i.

ver, ii.

.D., i. 146,

lle, i

oseph, i. 4

, 68, 344-445;

uritus,

rette,

n Mantle" (boat),

arquis de, i.

13, 115-119, 122, 126, 131-133

ère, i. 6,

i. 405. See a

stris,

Wil

e Rivièr

. 499, 500, 501; ii

uche (chie

ylmer Bour

ter, i

, Marquis

ir Edwin, i

, i. 22

e Blanche

34, 226, 2

easted Prair

391, 405. See als

nut-color

nch, i

06, 509, 510, 526; ii.

souri,

rie, ii.

412, 415, 417, 419, 425; ii. 57,

s, ii. 42, 5

i. 284,

e, i. 6, 3

i. 41, 65, 68, 73, 77,

tatus, i. 3

s smithsonia

nus,

rensis, i

, 377, 379, 383, 385, 387, 389, 402,

actylus

us, see Larus

Comte de

Rev. Jame

ndée,

mas, i. 101, 252-

r," ii

ourbeux

t, i. 498,

(boat), ii

et Rive

, ii. 56, 57, 65

e musique

43-246, 258

ciety. See Natural Hi

phical Hal

c Librar

, ii. 212, 3

George,

ter, i

i. 14

'Hommes (chi

temisia,

is, i. 474,

talli,

cus, i. 46

75; ii. 19. See als

inianus

John,

Primevère,

, 396, 414, 428

us, i. 420

es Alexandre, i

Fran?ois,

Duc de,

See Expedition o

, Ky., ii

Landing,

New York

Thomas,

67; companion in Lab

ndon, i. 252, 282,

i. 322;

, i. 2

, i.

yenne Rive

River, ii

ine Cree

iver, ii. 20,

ver,

iver, i. 4

kers, i

, 114, 117, 118, 127, 132, 148, 161, 174, 177, 216,

en?um,

Asylum, i

il, i

ry Societ

ety, see Philosophica

of, see Royal Inst

throated, i.

, i. 184, 185,

9, 181-183, 186, 188, 191-194, 200, 204, 20

H., i. 154, 155,

les, i. 118

omond,

, i. 6, 8,

6, 219, 236, 248-259, 262-265, 274-280, 284, 285,

en?um,

ety. See Linn?an

y, Marquis

r S. H., i

estnut-colla

own's,

89, 392-394, 43

e, The,

Claudius, i.

hilippe

, 182, 185, 239, 241, 261, 273, 301, 387, 49

60-63, 66, 270, 450, 454, 486; ii. 199-203, 21

de Fer,

danse,

i. 308,

ucoptera

c, i

urg, i

374, 378;

David,

ard, M.D.,

Island,

, Island,

h, Dr., i

, William, i

itish Birds. Se

nneth, ii. 1

68, 72-76, 80-97, 103, 113, 115

i. 357; ii

i. 511; ii. 35,

ura,

Thomas C.

ds, i. 354, 355

139, 338, 480, 523,

ans, i. 4

ii. 51, 212, 295, 380, 381,

, Danie

R. See Audub

ii. 116-

ia vivipa

es, ii

5, 129, 133-135, 138-146, 156, 159, 162, 2

y of Natural Hist

titute. See Royal Ins

97; ii. 14, 18, 23,

ge, ii.

ville

ah River

da Lisa

, i. 503

gar Camp

r, ii. 134

, M. de,

uis de Mandev

ii. 345-348, 358-

o., i

458, 461,

ie, i. 53

ill, i

l, John

n, ii. 3

378, 401, 4

41, 375, 477

ohn,

ne, ii

rple,

Major,

usetts,

rince of,

ag River,

as, ii

i. 129,

i. 62; ii.

family,

i. 101, 10

. 101, 113, 127, 137

nce of Wied, i.

i. 58; ii

e Horn,

oll,

dge,

ag Creek,

River,

gford,

2, 115, 121, 134

lincolni,

americana

er, i.

, i. 354, 366, 3

370. See also Merg

i. 98, 99, 112

ria, i. 379. S

i. 70, 88, 94,

92-496, 507, 509, 511, 516;

ians, i. 43

ripariu

, 19, 22, 28, 32, 41-43,

Major,

iver,

Indians, ii

i. 71, 73,

chi, i

ippi, i

322, 329, 490, 492, 507; ii. 222-225, 232, 237,

ri, ii

lls of

ians,

3, 507, 525, 526; ii. 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 15, 20, 21, 24, 48, 53, 57, 72, 78

ng Compa

iopolis

jor, i. 479;

id D.,

rd, i

i. 227, 228

stle,

ll, i

55, 193, 209, 245,

105, 119, 122, 126, 127, 128, 1

la River,

, 116-118, 164, 171

ians, i. 376,

y, Genera

town,

ii. 1

Hunt,

iver, i.

town,

383-386, 392, 426-

r. See Mor

, i. 22

wn, N.J.

of, i. 186, 196-2

. 192, 195-199

jor, i

el Georg

y's Chicken

ert Islan

sant, i

vius, i

ii. 8

eld, i

er, ii

e, Anne

land,

er, i. 45

s, ii. 3

?, i

t, i

rge, i. 123

George, i

bella,

es, ii.

ohn,

Rocks,

copus,

apa, i

ebe, i

an?ais, i

e of, i. 186, 25

484; ii. 5

h Lake,

, 14, 23, 39, 75

. See Bo

e, Mo.,

e, Tenn.

er, i. 365, 3

River, i.

2, 300; ii. 216,

in 1820,

ochez,

Bridge,

y Society, Edi

ry Society, L

" (boat),

ska,

148, 153, 157, 170,

Lord,

Marquis d

oridana, i

s, i. 212, 2

ord, i.

. 66, 407, 444;

o., i

nd, i. 42

y, i. 61;

drid,

59, 81, 86, 87, 96, 178, 284, 329; ii. 48, 202, 2

60, 63, 69, 71, 177, 200, 277, 4

demy of Scie

v. William,

24, 229, 230-236, 23

ary Socie

phical Soci

84, 415, 421, 429, 43

te, i

ra, i

, William

ii. 163, 17

jar, i

iver, i. 5

tana Rive

90; ii.

t, i. 99, 104

in both Hemisp

eil, i

town,

lina, i. 6

hristoph

mpton,

rland, i.

ke of,

Dame,

, 353, 359, 414, 43

ealis, i. 42

sonicus

tch,

bellied,

ithological

7, 416, 445, 472;

William

a, i.

laudi,

aptain,

, ii

The, i

f, i. 54; ii.

ids of,

450, 490; ii. 203-206, 208, 232, 238, 250, 274-277,

ackfat (chie

stle,"

uaw, i

ii. 391,

i. 169, 478,

er, ii

ry Edward, M

, 455, 479, 492, 493, 499,

sas, i

i. 85, 222

, The,

n Fort, i

7, 28, 31, 36, 54, 82

rge, i.

ollege,

vost of

e, i.

more, i.

chard,

i. 321, 327, 33

e d' i. 332

63-65, 69, 276, 405, 457, 459,

y, Bonapar

hus paradox

i. 44, 45, 48

er, ii

alpestris

176, 207, 342, 378, 389, 409, 484

ndians,

r, i. 240

394; ii. 97, 167, 270, 323,

, ii. 212,

ay, i. 393,

rned, i. 132

9, 216, 252,

Catcher

enjamin

. H., i.

?uf,

r." See

i. 307, 318,

éon,

i. 262,

, 295, 301, 303, 306-309, 312-

, i. 300, 303, 307-3

ge, M.D., i.

Island, i

470, 476, 477, 481

uet, i

t, i.

ptain W.

243, 274, 401, 423, 457, 471,

, i. 3

nicus, i. 4

y Indians, i

us bairdi

, David

randt, i. 5

tian R

Museum,

Thomas,

r Robert

american

orhynchus

yrhynchu

171-173, 252, 349,

87, 88, 304; ii

, 473, 476, 477, 484,

Thomas,

10, 61; ii. 203,

Indians,

r, ii.

th, i

d Hills

, Spence

White,

Charles, i

guerite

k, i. 10, 19,

aporal,

té, i

. 88-90,

sky,

rmy, i

incolnii

1, 476; ii.

ted, i.

catcher,

ast, i

t-legged

ern-wood

i. 373,

ax carbo, i

s, i. 370,

s floridan

idanus,

i. 459. See

lus nuttal

rope,

thern,

hyperbore

, 135, 202, 205, 206

6, 55, 58, 63, 277, 453; ii. 202, 203,

ural Sciences, i.

Society of Liv

Say's,

nica, i. 480. S

dy, i

ly, i. 2

Mr., i.

, i. 4

yresii,

ans, ii. 13

Lieut.,

Carrier,

ek, ii

ratory,

ger, i. 42

st, ii

, i. 134,

e-headed

212, 419, 473, 475; ii.

, i. 12

Fabian

Knob,

ey, ii

rest, i

cticus, i

The, i

M., i. 3

62, 329, 454; ii. 21

Duck-bille

i. 469, 477;

t Bay,

nax nivali

r, ii

86, 387, 389. See also

-breasted

n, i. 434

ng, i. 3

reek,

th, i.

ountains

preaux,

bor, i

River,

at, ii

lanche,

vulgaris

Creek,

, i. 504;

, i. 489

Indians

rain Lak

Arts, i.

sterlitz

Jena,

uf, i

Genevièv

ill, i

r., i.

ohn,

, Dr.,

522; ii. 81, 82, 84

adian,

ape,

3, 84, 89, 96;

le-nosed

u, i. 4

Baie de

and,

lo, i. 2

, England,

amies,

e, The

sle Harbo

England

Harvey, Pri

rles, ii. 6,

e Hill,

372. See also Moth

sonii,

, Dr.,

70-76, 80-85, 89-91, 93-95, 98-102, 108, 112, 113, 121, 122,

cyanocepha

rias, i. 455. See

esculenta

75, 389, 390, 392, 4

all, i

llow,

de Taos

4, 410, 427. See a

. See

. See

la, i

mes, i.

America, i. 70, 73,

s, Mr.

122, 126, 134, 140,

376, 380, 408, 409

114, 160. See also Ra

la discor

t River,

rewerii, i.

Maine,

72, 494, 507, 509; ii. 50, 72, 79, 80, 83,

n, i

33, 168, 222-227,

Hunt, A,

e Librar

, Lady,

onstantine S.

rginian,

Tavern

24, 26, 28, 40,

River,

Maxon,

udge John,

, i. 30, 32

Great Britain, Ma

River,

335, 356,

rway,

d, i. 455,

, Basil,

nson,

108, 114, 134-136, 1

, i. 99-102

ard, i. 101-1

, 108, 109, 114, 122, 131, 1

136, 138, 141, 168, 186, 244, 248, 269,

lliam, Jr.,

121, 125, 127, 146, 175, 186, 2

Flycatche

i. 156, 211,

ake" (boa

476, 484, 493, 496, 509, 523, 532; ii. 7, 28, 30, 36

tra americ

ph, i. 320, 321, 326

i. 298,

sser,

i. 498; i

ish,

American,

ng, i

onel, ii.

ke, ii.

, i. 277-279,

rs, ii.

, The, ii.

calendul

375, 432; i

s Creek

William, M

3, 5, 14, 15, 23, 42

on, Majo

, i. 483

Sir James

ee Riccare

See Riccar

358, 364, 371, 397, 400, 417, 435, 439,

Mr., i.

ux Coutea

River,

Samuel, i

269, 351, 353, 357, 379

, Jean Bap

i. 10, 13

t, Mo.,

r, Eng.,

.Y.,

67, 488, 501, 523; i

fur trad

Creek,

7, 229, 240, 242

i. 102, 103, 1

9, 107-110, 113,

William

, 114, 115, 116,

r., ii.

, Redouté'

tle, i. 16

pel, i

dam, i

Edinburgh, i.

y, London

, Edinburgh,

, i. 104-107, 112, 115,

e of Manche

, i. 4

dinburgh, i. 20

of London,

i. 24, 26, 28, 31,

am?morus

i. 84; ii.

, The,

er River, i

ichael, i.

ville,

Arms, i.

ve, i

ke of,

Dr., i.

sland,

ir Edward

5, 378, 401,

i. 351; ii

lhonne

dians,

bans,

Church, Edinb

ew's Day

e, ii. 352,

, Mo., i. 4

ir, Mr.

ud, i.

x River,

sville, i.

. 30, 31, 44; ii

s Bay, i. 4

e's Chann

froy de, i. 307,

de, i. 312,

ollege, Camb

, 444; ii. 254, 330-332,

iver in Flor

seph,

Gulf of, i.

9, 490, 492, 496, 499, 501, 513, 517, 525, 526; ii. 11, 29,

Abbey, Yo

hurch, Cambr

zaire,

hurch, Newcast

mer,

s Cathedr

any Pari

nder,

, i. 3

ver,

, Major,

i. 366, 5

ast, i

rple,

See Sandpi

. 353, 365, 43

son's,

land, ii

é, i. 4

dians, i.

mingo, i

, G. L.

i. 455-457,

wan River

, Howard

ui peut

nah,

. 37, 459, 461

s ph?be

" See Diver,

c Lakes,

i. 10, 17, 41, 43,

d the Bea

aberti

onii, i.

stratus

inensis,

cianus, i

i. 455, 459,

caudatus

ger,

entalis,

audatus,

venter,

yii,

uratus,

gus caroli

halus, i. 4

hite-wing

3, 223, 224, 228, 2

e, i. 177,

use,

146, 148, 151, 155, 167, 169, 170, 1

ty of Arts, i.

rot." Se

ow, i

gle, i

ll, ii

-breasted

04, 408, 410; i

tcher,

hing, i.

sland,

oil,

Turkey,

Lake,

Adam, i.

, i. 307, 3

0-154, 179, 183, 189-193, 224,

ly, i. 226

Lord, i.

ians, ii. 35

. 121, 247, 248, 2

iver, i.

85, 430; i

sking,

345, 377, 388, 392, 397, 420

. 34, 44, 4

ians,

ead, ii.

River,

, 47, 53-55, 270; ii. 2

y, Eng.,

e, ii

erhead,

hi-choo,

rs." See

Hills,

omte, i. 33

, Dr.,

City,

98, 502, 508, 518, 525; ii. 25,

ut River

452, 454, 479, 490,

357, 377, 4

ean C. L.,

camp), i. 5

, i. 170, 17

ohn Stuart

k, i

i. 215;

pox, i

r P. J. de,

t. Constant

, i. 453, 476

y, i. 215

William

e, i

itary,

ird, i

Francis

ural History,

River,

t House

arolina

akota,

Fort,

boat), ii

Point,

Chippin

eld, i

olored, i

ailed, i.

colnii,

g, i. 3

, i. 382,

d, i. 379-381, 3

ted, i. 352, 37

awk, i. 5

r. Willia

ile, ii.

eration

oodii, ii. 37,

em-lineat

em-pallid

rewerii, i

Cape,"

tant on Missouri River trip,

g Water,

Garden,

en Creek, i

Hills

of Labrado

of Labrado

ecretary on Missouri River tr

; ii. 212, 323, 404,

ert's,

, i. 472,

by's Blac

ying,

ox, i

59, 469, 470, 473,

und, ii

ailed, ii.

i. 433;

rn Fox, i

ord, i. 122

rd. See Der

29, 241, 246,

nged, i. 4

ord, i

Stein),

us pomarin

fosteri

elli,

i. 357, 36

gia,

grava,

Dugald,

ort, i

aron, M.D

, i.

jamin, M.D.,

ir Willia

neglecta,

liam, and Co.

ssana,

's Bridg

bert, i.

55, 57, 109, 19

h, The,

Duke of,

5-300, 303, 306-309, 312, 313, 3

m, i. 299, 300,

i. 141;

350, 358, 3

i. 472,

imney,

487, 494; ii

cked, i. 47

. 358, 431;

rtin,

ublican

ed, i. 471, 47

e-bellie

4; ii. 5, 19, 21, 140, 154

t, i

(boat), ii

fish,

parus,

coe, i

iata,

endr?ca] mac

. 157, 165, 1

ta bicolo

ah, i

Isham,

, ii.

vittatus,

, Red,

y, i. 29, 47,

's Mills

om, i. 31, 207

Mr., i

es I.,

n, D.D.

i. 459, 471, 472;

n-winged

. T., i. 23

ee, i.

428, 432; ii.

. 369, 372, 3

k, i. 49

spian,

e, i. 368,

ter's,

i. 357, 368

vell's

ooty,

ver, i.

adensis, i

a] umbell

ellus,

i. 70,

idroma,

" (boat

River,

fran?ais

illiam, i

William

's Creek

ony Todd, i.

omas,

s harpyia

, 226, 242, 27

ack, i

uginous,

-crowned,

it, i. 3

i. 245, 5

, i. 353,

0, 476. See also

n's Water

209, 242, 339, 471

Mr., ii.

." See A

Vecellio

rk, i

, Brown

, i. 477

headed, i.

da, i. 4

on's Bay

Green, i. 2

John,

omas,

Genera

on, Mr.

River,

ii. 309, 3

cularius,

J. K., i.

er River,

112, 115, 116, 120, 127-129, 1

mboat), i. 524-

Lake,

on, i

i. 366,

omas] minut

lla mariti

itima,

tilla,

la, i. 3

d, i. 1

ois, i. 53, 14

, Cambrid

h Cemete

, Cambridg

es bewick

icianus,

Mrs. Franc

headed, i. 478, 4

, Dr.,

o, i

ns de, i. 312, 3

, i. 301. See al

atorius

243, 451, 454, 458, 461, 468-471, 473, 475, 481, 482, 485, 487-490, 495; ii. 168-170,

William, i. 2

i. 360-36

en, ii.

ed, ii. 347,

rhead, ii

, ii. 373

s, The,

Rock,

se, i. 225

i. 230, 23

richardson

Singers

boat), ii

413, 422, 436; ii. 187,

Congress, i.

of Cambri

f Edinburgh,

ife Rive

lle, i.

gvia,

1, 354, 366, 371

r imber

e, i. 3

aron, i.

achille, i. 3

M., i. 3

rge, i. 1

h Swamp,

Joseph Basi

James,

Colonel

r, i. 489, 490

es, i. 3

o subulatu

, Madam

ce de, Nant

ran?ois, i

ward, i. 255-257, 28

nes, i

i. 47

lii, i

's, i. 4

bling,

te-eyed

51, 218, 232,

i. 40; ii. 2

Admira

ran?ois, M.

vus macrou

urus, ii

12, 76. See

atratus

4, 415, 458; ii. 210, 24

il, i

i. 97,

ir Patric

egantook La

ir Walter

River,

k River

i, i.

e" (boat)

242, 357, 379, 382

and Yell

kburnian

d, i. 357, 397,

oll, i. 379

e-eyed,

-winged,

Yellow-ey

lean, i.

ldren's

ier's,

lock, i

ucky, i.

rning,

hville,

ale,

breasted

gor's,

llow,

umped, i. 40

ow-winge

J. F.,

ba. See Blac

n, D.C.,

e, i. 10,

iss.,

o., i

enn.,

oik River

o Hotel

o Place

harles, i.

n, i.

ish, i

iver,

, J. W.

s N., i. 166,

Maine

i. 146, 152, 174, 176, 180,

enjamin

ndies,

int,

o River

John Maco

uel, i.

H., i.

, i.

igan,

ginia, i. 450

William,

242, 245, 471, 473;

oud" (boa

w (chief

er, i. 512;

sland, ii

e Inn,

t Creek

rch, The

, i. 512; i

ne River

e of, i. 52

ce, Willi

aptain, i.

494, 504; ii.

rse, A,

t, i.

W. H., i

5, 108, 128, 261, 292, 298,

, i. 64,

161, 176, 180, 2

reet, Lond

ster,

Scotia, i. 442

tle, i

ver,

nry, i. 17

(boat), i

9, 20, 22-28, 30-33, 36, 37, 40-42, 49, 52, 54, 57-61, 64, 70, 72, 74-76, 80-85, 87-89, 92, 93, 102, 104, 106, 110-117, 121,

rican,

ffalo,

ay, ii

. 481, 483, 49

mber,

i. 501; i

land, i

t, ii

orge W.,

uck, i

k, i. 4

. 129, 132,

, ii. 168

1, 339, 401, 462,

wny, i

ged, i. 433, 4

een, i

iry, i

y-billed

ted, ii.

bellied,

heeked, i

ded, i. 471

patched,

10, 532; ii. 7, 8, 24

-toed, i.

iegated

's Lake,

Bluffs,

lls,

i. 252; i

ille,

ii. 246,

of Florid

, i.

n-crested

71, 475, 477, 4

rsh, i

. 97, 117, 1

owned, i. 3

lled Marsh,

i. 357, 41

am, i

River,

iver, i

rd, Summe

legs, i

shanks,

Maryland, i.

. 4, 9, 16, 18, 28, 29, 37, 48, 53, 57, 65,

0, 242, 243, 260

er, i. 2

eum, i

hical Socie

, ii.

ille,

ichia,

ia querul

ens, i. 271, 28

Journal, Lo

f London, i. 257, 28

Marina,

FORTUNATELY, AMONG THE MANY WHICH THE REPEATED FIRES HAVE DESTROYED WAS THAT OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF ENGLAND. THE LETTER ANNOUNCING TO AUDUBON HIS ELECTION TO T

lomas g

enne de Paris. 6

History, New York.

Naturelle de Pari

and Sciences, Massachus

of Edinburgh.

Society, Londo

cal Society of Quebe

ural Sciences, St. Lou

ociety of Montrea

TNO

in a low plain on the river, and consists of about eighty lodges of an octagon form, neatly covered wi

f the Missouri.... It was divided into two portions, about eighty yards apart, being inhabited by two distinct bands. The whole extended about three quarters of a mile along the r

est bank, very near each other, but separated by a small stream. They consist of a great number of clay huts, round at top, with a square entrance in front, and th

es had rendered him famous in the Far West in conjunction with Mr. [Andrew?] Henry, of the Missouri Tradi

he Missouri; its channel is about 140 feet wide, though the water is now confined within 40; its name is derived f

and in those of the Missouri in its vicinity. They are of various sizes, from that of a musket ball to that of a large bomb, and lie irregularly on the bank, or in the strata, from which they often project to half their thickness; when the river has washed away the earth they then fall down, and are found in great numbers on

ive miles below Fort Rice; Chewah or Fish River of Lewis and Clark; Shewash River o

nder the name of Harvey, Primeau, & Co., which did business for a few years, until, like most of the smaller concerns, it was absorbed by the American Fur Co. He then went back to

on which Maximilian, Prince of Wied

we should call "stevedores," or "roustabouts." The French word charette, or charrette, occurs also as a

posite Bismarck, N. Dak. Here the river is now bridged by the Northern Pacific Railroad, wh

lag-staff.... The fort is built on a smaller scale, on a plan similar to that of all the other trading posts or forts of the c

the river from the original Fort Mandan built by Lewis and Clark i

Stansbury's Exped. Great Salt Lake, June, 1852, p. 309; Vulpes utah of Aud. and Bach. Quad. N. Am. iii

obose species, quite different from the common Opu

y in these villages, whose authority corresponded with that o

try with highlands bare of timber, and the low grounds particularly supplied with cottonwood, elm, small ash, box, alder, and an undergrowth of willow, red-wood, red-berry, and choke-cherry.... It enters the Missouri with a b

the mouth of the great Missouri. The chain of blue hills, with the same singular forms as we had seen

d not been published in English; that translation appe

were the Minnetaree villages. It falls into the Missouri from the north, in Mountraille Co., 55 miles above the mouth of the

ratively small stream, eighteen and one half mi

d Co. This is the last considerable affluent below the mouth of the Yellowstone, and t

ilian, Pri

the Thirteen-lined, or Federation Sphermophile, the variet

ur, whose MS. autobio

hich Audubon dedicated to Mr. Sprague under the name of Alauda spragueii, B. of Am. v

O. Ayres. It is the Colaptes hybridus of Baird, and the C. aurato-mexicanus of Hartlaub; in which the specific characters of the Golden-winged and Red-shafted Flickers are

Canfield of California, April 10, 1858, and soon afterward became generally known. (See Proc. Zo?l. Soc. Lond. 1865, p. 718, and 1866, p. 105.) Thereupon it became evident that, as Audubon says,

may be seen from the two accounts following; the first f

dren.... The accounts we have had of the effects of the small-pox are most distressing; ... when these warriors saw their strength wasting before a malady which they could not resist, their fren

837, in the village of the Mandans, from which it spread in all directions with unexampled fury.... Among the remotest tribes of the Assiniboins from fifty to one hundred died daily.... The ravages of the disorder were most frightful among the Mandans. That once powerful tribe was exterminated, with the exception of thirty persons. Their neighbors, the Gros Ventres and the Riccarees, were out on a hunting excursion at the time the disorder broke out, so that it did not reach them till a month later; yet half the tribe were destroyed by October 1. Very few of those who were attacked recovered.... Many put an end to their lives with knives or muskets, or by precipitating themselves from the summit of the rock near the settlement. The prairie all around is a

r fauna when thus dedicated by Audubon to his friend Dr. Thomas M. Brewer of Boston, but had already been described by Wagler from Me

nd figured by Aud. and Bach., Quad. N. Am. ii., 1851, p. 272, pl. 88. It is now generally rated as a subspecies

Woodpecker which has been a

rmophiles, as it nests on the open ground, like Sprague's Lark, McCown's Longspur, and most other small birds of the Western plains. But the surmise regard

pecker which he considered identical with Colaptes cafer, and also others wh

he chief trader or person in charge of a

ut bounds with every foot from the ground at the same t

ry in color, presenting a case which, as Audubon justly observes, is

51, or V. macrourus of Baird, as already noted. This is the Western variet

our Buffalo hunts, on the 26th July, 1843," and adds: "I have named this species after my young friend Spencer F. Baird, of Carlisle, Pennsylvania." Special interest attaches to this case; for the bird was not only the first one ever dedicated to Baird, but the last one ever named, described, and figured by Audubon; and the plate of it completes the series of exact

account of the

ptilus nuttalli, which has a two-syllabled not

r, dressed and stretched to the desired shape. All articles made fro

and for others here named, see t

h of the Big Sioux. This small stream is Roloje Creek of Lewis and Clark, Ayoway River of Ni

in. See a previous

e rose during the Civil War to be lieutenant-colonel of the Fourth

anta hu

ching New York by rail] There were two roads, and hearing wheels, some ran one way and some another, each hoping to be the first to see him; but he had left the carriage at the top of the hill, and came on foot straight down the steepest part, so that those who remained on

ee pag

cKenzie, which follow, are in Audubon's writing, at the end of one of the Missouri River journals, and

nd three have been omitted, that on Bewick being in the "Journa

was in 181

was writte

n odd fish. He was sitting at a table before the fire, with a Madras handkerchief wound around his head, exactly in the style of the French mariners of a seaport town.... He showed himself to be an original throughout, but admitted he was a Frenchman by birth, and a native of La Rochelle. However, he had come in his early youth to Louisiana, had grown up in the sea-service, and had gradually bec

ier, from Louisville to St. Genevieve, then in Upper Louisiana. They left L

Audubon's return trip to St. Gene

lock Warbler; Ornith.

the last being, I believe, in Philadelphia, on the e

en Phil

the wreckers and smug

ed. 1827-1839; plate

ted to me by my young friend, Thoma

n vol. ii. of the "Orni

ner, and arrived at Boonesborough on the 20th, after a journey of 160 miles, duri

ping the fragments into the deep cavity that has been made by the animal. Then the Ibis retires a single step, and patiently waits the result. The Cray-fish, incommoded by the load of earth, instantly sets

perspective as a landscape, and the lack of this is no defect in a work on Natural History. Naturalists prefer the real color of objects to those accidental tint

since been destroyed by fire, o