The Fight For The Republic In China

rsistent mystery about the matter and so many official dementis accompanied every publication of the facts that even to this day the nature of the

thing in these negotiations, Japan nevertheless failed in a very signal fashion to attain her main objective. The Pyrrhic victory which she won with her eleventh hour ultimatum will indeed in the end cost her more than would have a complete failure, for Chinese suspicion and hostility are now so deep-seated that nothing will ever completely eradicate them. It is therefore on

GINAL TWENT

resident, Yuan shih-kai, by Mr. Hioki, th

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general peace in Eastern Asia and further strengthening the friendly relations and

t may hereafter agree with the German Government relating to the disposition of all rights, interests and conc

ovince of Shantung and along its coast no territory or islan

o Japan's building a railway from Chefoo or

, to open by herself as soon as possible certain important cities and towns in the Province of Shantung

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rnment has always acknowledged the special position enjoyed by Japan in So

of Port Arthur and Dalny and the term of lease of the South Manchurian Rail

ngolia shall have the right to lease or own land required either for

avel in South Manchuria and Eastern Inner Mongolia and to e

right of opening the mines in South Manchuria and Eastern Inner Mongolia.

the (two) cases mentioned herein below the Japanese Governme

build a railway or to make a loan with a third Power for the purpose

d Power pledging the local taxes of South Man

se Government agrees

litical, financial or

Manchuria or Easter

ment shall firs

of the Kirin-Changchun Railway shall be handed over to the Japanese Gov

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the Hanyehping Co. have dose relations with each other at present and desiring that the

joint concern of the two nations and they further agree that without the previous consent of Japan, China shall not by her own act d

consent of the said Company, to be worked by other persons outside of the said Company; and further agrees that if it is desired to carry out any undertak

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the object of effectively preserving the territorial int

nt engages not to ce

bay or island along

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Central Government sh

political, financial

and schools in the interior of China s

little misunderstanding, it is for this reason necessary that the police departments of important places (in China) shall be jointly administered by Japanese and Chinese or

t is needed by the Chinese Government or that there shall be established in China a Sino-Japanese join

railway connecting Wuchang with Kiukiang and Nanchang, another line be

ld railways and construct harbour-works (including dock-yard

hall have the right of missionary propaganda in

he sequence in which they were originally conceived as well as to trace the natural history of their genesis. Unfortunately a great deal is lost in their official translation, and the menace revealed in the Chinese original partly cloaked: for by transferring Eastern thoughts into Western moulds, things that are like nails in the hands of soft sensitive Oriental beings are made to appear to the steel-clad West as cold-blooded, evolutionary necessities which may be repellent but which are never cruel. The more the matter is studied the more convinced must the political student be that in this affair of the 18th January we have an international coup destined to become classic in the new text-books of political science. Al

demands, though its legitimate position should be after Manchuria, obviously the purpose of Group I is conspicuously to call attention to the fact that Japan had been at war with Germany, and is still at war with her. This flourish of trumpets, after the battle is over, however, scarcely serves to disguise that the fate of Shantung, following so hard

izabethan manner which still characterizes British official phrasing is an admirable method to be here employed. The preamble is quite English; it is so English that one is almost lulled into believing that one's previous reasoning has been at fault and that Japan is only demanding what she is entitled to. Yet study Group II closely and subtleties gradually emerge. By boldly and categorically placing Eastern Inner Mongolia on precisely the same footing as Southern Manchuria-though they have nothing in common-the assumption is made that the collapse in 1908

that soil just as two other wars have been fought there during the past twenty years. But this does not belong to contemporary politics; it is possibly an affair of the Chinese army of 1925 or 1935. Some day China will fight for Manchuria, if it is impossible to recover it in any other way,-nobody need doubt that. For Manchuria is absolutely Chinese-people must remember. No matter how far the

h once looked down upon the slowly- receding waste of waters, and which to-day contain all the coal and iron. Hitherto every one has always believed that the Yang tsze Valley was par excellence the British sphere in China; and every one has always thought that that belief was enough. It is true that political students, going carefully over all published documents, have ended their search by declaring that the matter certainly required further elucidation. To be precise, this so- called British sphere is not an enclave at all in the proper sense; indeed it can only seem one to thos

ubsidized steam-shipping, the case was different in Hunan and Hupeh provinces. There she was unendingly busy, and in 1903 by a fresh treaty she formally opened to trade Changsha, the capital of the turbulent Hunan province. Changsha for years remained a secret centre possessing the greatest political importance for her, and serving as a focus for most varied activities involving Hunan, Hupeh, and Kiangsi, as well as a vast hinterland. The great Tayeh iron-mines, although entirely Chinese-owned, were already being tapped to supply iron-ore for the Japanese Government Foundry at Wakamatsu on the island of Kiushiu. The rich coal mines of Pinghsiang, being conveniently near, supplied the great Chin

rship of Chinese territory which does not belong to her historically. It is well also to note that although Japan wished it to appear to the world that this action was dictated by her desire to prevent Germany from acquiring a fresh foothold in China after the war, in reality Group IV was dr

e necessary advice in finance, in politics, in every department-foreshadowing a complete and all embracing political control. Never was a more sweeping program of supervision presented, and small wonder if Chinese when they learnt of this climax exclaimed that the fate of Korea was to be their own. For a number of weeks after the presentation of these demands everything remained clothed in impenetrable mystery, and despite every effort on the part of diplomatists reliable details of what was occurring could not be obtained. Gradually, however, the admission was forced that the secrecy being preserved was due to the Japanese threat that publicity would be met with the harshest reprisals; and presently the veil was entirely lifted by newspaper publication and foreign Ambassadors began making inquiries

ing exchange of notes being asked for. It is necessary to recall that, when taxed with making Demands which were entirely in conflict with the spirit of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, the Japanese Government through its ambassadors abroad had categorically denied that they had ever laid any such Demands on the Chinese Government. It was claimed that there had never been twenty-one Demands, as the Chinese alleged, but only fourteen, the seven items of Group V being desiderata which it was in the interests of china to endorse but which Japan had no intention of forcing upon her. The writer, being acquainted from first to last with everything that took place in Peking from the 18th January to the filing of the Japanese ultimatum of the 7th May, has

REVISE

ds on China, twenty-f

26,

ORIGIN

panese text. It is hereby declared that when a final decision is

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general peace in Eastern Asia and further strengthening the friendly relations and g

t may hereafter agree with the German Government, relating to the disposition of all rights, interests and con

nged into an ex

e of Shantung and along its coast no territory or islan

efoo or Lung kow to connect with the Kiaochow-Tsinanfu Railway, if Germany is willing to abandon the privil

r the residence of foreigners, to open by China herself as soon as possibl

ary Exchang

egulations are to be drafted, by the Chinese Government, but t

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ew to developing their economic relations in South Manchuria

f lease of Port Arthur and Dalny and the terms of the South Manchuri

ary Exchang

shall fall due in the 91st year of the Republic or 2002. Article 12 in the original South Manchurian Railway Agreement stating that it may be redeemed by Chi

rchase the necessary land for erecting suitable buildings for t

ide and travel in South Manchuria and to engage i

and criminal cases in which the defendants are Japanese shall be tried and adjudicated by the Japanese consul; those in which the defendants are Chinese shall be tried and adjudicated by Chinese Authorities. In either case an officer can be deputed to the court to attend the proceedings. But mixed civil cases between Chine

nged to an exch

ct for and open mines at the following places in South Manchuria, apart from those mining areas in which mines are being

E OF FE

Distric

T'ai Pe

Fu Kou P

Kang Hai-

'ang Tun

Tang C

n region Fr

n-hsi

NCE o

ern po

ng Ho-lung

Chi-lin (

Kou Hua

hereafter provide funds for building railways in South Manchuria; if foreign capital is requ

e made on the security of the taxes of South Manchuria (not including customs and salt revenue on the security of which

ereafter if foreign advisers or instructors on political, financial, military or pol

ions in railroad loan agreements made heretofore between China and foreign financiers. If, in future, more advantageous terms than those in existing railway lo

es between China an

ept where otherwise

n, remain

oan is to be made on the security of the taxes of Eastern Inner

for building the railways in Eastern Inner Mongolia; if foreign capit

ossible, certain suitable places in Eastern Inner Mongolia as Commercial Ports. The places which ought to be opened are to be chosen,

undertake agricultural enterprises and industries incident

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sts for co-operation, the Chinese Government shall forthwith give its consent thereto. The Chinese Government further agrees that, without the consent of the Japan

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t by herself in accordance w

ong the coast of China may be

o be Ex

ang line, the Nanchang-Hangchow railway, and the Nanchang-Chaochow railway, if it is clearly

om Nanchang to Hangchow and another from Nanchang to Chaochow, the Chinese Government shall not grant the said right t

O BE EX

yard, a coaling station for military use, or a naval base; not to be authorized to set up any other military establishment. Th

of Foreign Affairs,

r, in future, it considers this step nece

se land in the interior of China for establishing schools or hospit

l send military officers to Japan to negotiate with Japanese military autho

panese Minister,

f missionary propaganda the same shall be

ery particularly in the matter; and that all were agreed that the situation which had so strangely developed was very serious. On the 1st May, proceeding by appointment to the Waichiaopu (Foreign Office) the Japanese Minister had read to him the following Memorandum which it is very necessary to grasp as it shows how solicitous China had become of terminating the

ORA

f Foreign Affairs to M

rence held at Wai Ch

the coast of the country, and the fifth relating to the questions of national advisers, national police, national arms, missionary propaganda, Yangtsze Valley railways, and Fukien Province. Out of profound regard for the intentions entertained by Japan, the Chinese Government took these momentou

n South Manchuria, realizing that the Japanese Government attaches importance to its interests in that region, and wishing to meet the hope of Japan, made a painful effort, without hesitation, to agree to the extension of the 25-year lease of Port Arthur and Dalny, the 36-year period of the South Manchurian Railwa

reference in the event of borrowing foreign capital for building railways or of making a loan on the security of the local taxes in South Manchuria. The question of revising the arrangement for the Kirin-Changchun Railway ha

the provision altogether. Again, Japan at first demanded the right of Japanese to carry on farming in South Manchuria, but subsequently she considered the word "farming" was not broad enough and asked to replace it with the phrase "ag

ngtung the Chinese Government has

that the Chinese Authorities should have full rights of jurisdiction over Japanese settlers. Japan declined to agree to it. Thereupon China reconsidered the question and revised her counter-proposal five or six times, each time making some definite concession, and went so far to agree that all civil and crimi

different from those prevailing in South Manchuria. The two places, therefore, cannot be considered in t

ke any disposal of the same as the Government likes, but having regard for the interests of the Japanese capitalists, the Chinese Government agreed that whenever, in future, the said company an

th China's sovereign rights. Thus, it is seen that the Chinese Government, in deference to the wishes of Japan, gave a most serious consideration even to those demands, which gravely affect the sovereignty and territorial rights of

Japan's mere advice to China. Accordingly China has declared from the very beginning that while she entertains the most profound regard for Japan's wishes, she was unable to admit that any of these matters could be made the subject of an understanding with Japan. Much as she desired to pay regard to Japan's wishes, China cannot but respect her own sovereign rights and the existing treaties with other Powers. In order to be rid of the seed for future misunderstanding and to

same time, that it will restore the leased territory of Kiaochow, the Chinese Government reco

rticles in the first group ar

inland residence the police regulation clause has been revised in a more restrictive sense. As for the trial of cases relating

n Inner Mongolia which is within the jurisdiction of South

to the article relat

s revised

e conciliatory spirit of the Chinese Government in making t

emands by Japan an Osaka newspaper published an "Extra" giving the text of the demands. The foreign and the Chinese press has since been paying considerable attention to th

er campaign and the Chinese Minister of Foreign Affairs

s now pending between the two countries will soon come to an end and whatever misgivi

ous articles made more compact, but the phraseology employed conveyed unmistakably, if in a somewhat subtle way, that China was not a subordinate State treating with a suzerain. Moreover, after dealing succinctly

PLY TO REV

1, 1915, to the Japan

26,

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general peace in Eastern Asia and further strengthening the friendly relations and g

apanese and German Governments may hereafter mutually agree, relating to the disposition of all interests,

ests above referred to, Japan will restore the leased territory of Kiaochow to China; and further recognize the

territory of Kiaochow shall, prior to the restoration of the said leased territory to China, be administered as heretofore for the time being. The railways and telegraph lines erected by Japan for military purposes are to be removed forthw

nged to an exch

e of Shantung and along its coast no territory or islan

m Chefoo or Lung kow to connect with the Kiaochow-Tsinanfu railway, if Germany is willing to abandon t

for the residence of foreigners, to open by herself as soon as possible

ary Exchang

regulations are to be drafted by the Chinese Government, but t

efinite agreement in future in their negotiations respecting transfer, etc.,

emands are omitted here as they had already been initiated

with a view to developing their economic relations i

ment with the owners, lease land required for erecting suitable

ide and travel in South Manchuria and to engage i

d criminal cases shall be tried and adjudicated by the authorities of the defendant nationality and an officer can be deputed to attend the proceedings. But all cases purely between Japanese subjects and mixed cases between Japanese or Chinese, relating to land or disputes arising from lease contracts, sha

INNER MONGOLIA (To b

r than customs and salt revenue of that part of Eastern Inner Mongolia under the juris

er Mongolia under the jurisdiction of South Manchuria and the Jehol Intendency; if foreign capital is required, China will n

s, to open by China herself certain suitable places in that part of Eastern Inner Mongoli

s will be made in accordance with those of o

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alists for co-operation, the Chinese Government shall forthwith give their consent thereto. The Chinese Government further declare that China

ed by the Japanese M

of Foreig

dock-yards, coaling stations for military use, naval bases and other establishments for military purposes; and further, that the Chinese Government are borrowing foreign capital for

hinese Minister of Foreign Aff

not given permission to foreign Powers to construct, on the coast of Fukien Province, dock-yards, coaling stations for military use, naval bases or

t it would be difficult to prevent Japan from proceeding to extremities. Accordingly there was little real surprise when on the 7th May Japan filed an ultimatum demanding a satisfactory reply within 48 hours to her Revised Demands-failing which those steps deemed necessary would be taken. A perusal of the text of the Ultimatum will show an interesting change in the language employed. Coaxing having failed, and Japan being 'now convinced that so long as she did not seek to annex th

ULTIMATU

elivered by the Jap

rnment, on M

stions which are detrimental to the intimate relations of China and Japan with a view to solidifying the foundation of cordial friendship subsisting between the two countries to the end that the peace of the Far East may be effectually and permanently

d objects of the proposals in a conciliatory spirit, while on the other hand the proposals of th

rt has been spared to arrive at a satisfactor

by the Chinese Government, modified the original proposals with considerable concessions and presented to the Chinese Government on the 26th of the same month the revised proposals for agreement, and at the same time it was offered that, on the acceptance

he Imperial Government. The Chinese Government not only did not give a careful consideration to the revised proposals but even with regard to the offer of th

n and manifest appreciation of her difficulties. Furthermore, the Chinese Government not only ignored the friendly feelings of the Imperial Government in offering the restoration of Kiaochow Bay, but also in replying to the revised proposals they even demanded its unconditional restoration; and again China demanded that Japan should bear the responsibility of paying indemnity for all the unavoidable losses and damages resulting from Japan's military operations at Kiaochow; and still f

owever compromising it may be, would not be to her interest. The consequence is that

made more remarkable in consequence of the two wars in which Japan was engaged the Chinese Government overlooks these facts and does not respect Japan's position in that place. The Chinese Government even freely altered those articles which the Imperial Government, in a compromising spirit, have formu

ded in the minutes in accordance with the statements of the Chinese delegates, and thus they are not in the least in conflict either with Chinese sovereignty or her treaties with the Foreign Powers, yet the Chinese Government in their reply to the proposals, alleging that these proposals are incompatible with their sovereign rights and treaties with Foreign Powers, defe

s has already been agreed upon by the Representatives of both nations, will undertake to detach the Group V from the present negotiation and discuss it separately in the future. Therefore the Chinese Government should appreciate the friendly feelings of t

l give a satisfactory reply by 6 o'clock P. M. on the 9th day of May. It is hereby declared that if no satisfactory

NATOR

tum delivered to th

apanese Minister

egotiation refer to (a) the employment of advisers, (b) the establishment of schools and hospitals, (c) the railway concessions

n that contained in the Reply of the Chinese Government of May 1st. Although the Ultimatum calls for the immediate acceptance by China of the modified proposals prese

in the Ultimatum the offer of the Japanese Government to restore

and "purchase" may be replaced by the terms "temporary lease" and "perpetual lease" or

ice laws and Ordinances and local taxes by the Japane

ng loans and the loans for the construction of railways, in Eastern Inner Mongolia, which is similar to the agreement in M

Mongolia in respect to location and regulations, may, following thei

any" in Group III of the revised list of demands

d its annexes shall be the official text or both t

ven better terms could be obtained if the matter was left to the discretion of the men on the spot. But the Japanese Government had by now passed through a sufficiently anxious time itself, being in possession of certain unmistakable wa

Government to the Ult

to the Japanese Mini

rs on the 8th

seven articles. The Ultimatum concluded with the hope that the Chinese Government by six o'clock P. M. on the 9th of May will give a satisfactory reply, and i

ovince in Group V as contained in the revised proposals presented on the 26th of April, and in accordance with the Explanatory Note of seven articles accompanying the Ultimatum of the Japanese Government with the hope that thereby all the outstanding questions are settled, so

raordinary diplomatic negotiat