The Lenapé and their Legends

s Origin, Authenti

nt of the Walam Olum.-Was it a Forgery?- Rafinesque's Character-T

m-Derivation and Precise Meaning of Walam Olum.-The MS of the Wala

e and his

translation of the Walam Olum, was born in Galata, a suburb of Constantinople, Oct

ly, where he commenced business. As the French were unpopular there, he added "Schmaltz"

by teaching, occupying his leisure time in scientific pursuits and travel. In 1819 he was appointed "Professor of Historical and Natural Sciences," in Transylvania Universit

ished, "The Good Book and Amenities of Nature" (Philadelphia, 1840), he claims to be the author of "220 books, pamphlets, essays and tracts." Including his contributions to periodicals, t

o?logy and conchology; and during the last fifteen years of his life the histor

s branches has been canvassed by several

ings from 1819 to 1830, when the passion for establishing new genera and species appears to have become a complete monomania."[246] But modern believers in the doctrine of the evolution of plant forms and the development of botanical species will incline to think that there was a method in this madness, when they read the passage from Rafinesque's writings, about 1836, which Dr. Gray quote

rof. S. S. Haldeman. It is, on the whole, depreciatory, and convicts Rafinesque of errors of observation as well as o

, by A. G. Binney and Geo. W. Tryon, Jr., without comments. One of the editors informs me that

"Ancient Annals of Kentucky", which was printed as an introduction to Marshall's History of that State, in 1824. It is, indeed, an absurd production, a reconstr

South America." It was printed for the author, and is in two parts. Others were announced but never appeared, nor did the maps and illustrations which the title page promised. Its pa

of the W

last work he published, "The Good Book." In that erratic volume he tells us that he had long

by the Osages and Arkanzas, based on the same-74 used by the Lenàpian (Delaware and akin) tribes in their The Walamolum or Records-

investigations of Col. Garrick Mallery, Dr. W. J. Hoffman and Capt. W. P. Clark, within the l

he had announced it some time before 1840. Already, in "The American Nations"

nd I give his words the greater prominence, because they seem to have been ov

such painted tales or annals, called Neobagun (male tool) by the former."[250] I suspect he derived his knowledge of this from the Shawnee "Song for Medicine Hun

of the W

gives this not very clear acco

inal Wallam-Olum (painted record) of the Linàpi Tribe of Wapihani or Whit

page he w

y; and were unexplicable. In 1822 were obtained from another individual the songs annexed thereto in the original language; but no one could be found by me able to translate them. I had therefore to learn the language since,

of Cynthiana. One of these, in 1824-25, was a friend of Rafinesque, invited him to his house, and shared his archaeological tastes, as Rafinesque mentions in his autobiography.[254] It was there, no doubt, that he copied the signs and the original text of the Walam O

Kentucky-but was inexplicable till a deep study of the Linap

I judge, merely a note, and is not intended

t a F

ses: Was the Walam Olum

he man to do so. No one has ever felt it requisite to propound such an inquiry about the pieces of the celebrated

the learned circles of the city where he spent the last fifteen years of his life. His articles were declined a hearing in its societies; and the learned lingu

was

alled "pulmel," for the cure of consumption. All these were traits calculated to lower him in the respect of the citizens of Philadelphia, and the consequence was, that although a

d him his MSS. Dr. Gray strongly intimates that Rafinesque's assertions on scientific matters were at times intentionally false, as when he

ue's assertions were, therefore, an insufficient

me from the text itself. Nor would it be sufficient to prove that the words of the text were in the Lenape dialect. With Ze

tence in Lenape, to compose lines which an educated native would recognize

the distinguished linguist, Mr. Horatio Hale, and asked him to state them to the Rev. Albert An

given was a genuine oral composition of a Delaware Indian. In many lines the etymology and syntax are corr

chants which the signs were intended to keep in memory, was imperfectly acquainted with the native tongue, and did not always catch terminal sounds. The speaker also may

all agreed that it impressed them as being of aboriginal origin, though the

ne so, he would have used the "Mission Delaware" words which he found in Zeisberger. But

rom their sense. Thus he writes: "The word for angels, angelatawiwak, is not borrowed, but real Linapi, and is the same as the Greek word angelos;"[256] wher

he lines, and not that of Rafinesque. This, it will be observed, is an evidence, not merely that he must have recei

sposition for woak, the Unami form of the conjunction "and," as the sense requires. No such blunder would appear if he had forged the document. It is true that a goodly share of the words in the earlier chants occur in Zeisberger. Thus it seems, at first sight, suspicious to find the three or four superlatives in III, 5, a

undoubtedly familiar with some version of it; had learned

authenticity I have referred to o

study of the text, the opinion I have

authentic modern version, slightly colored by European teachings, of the ancient tribal traditions, it is well worth preservation, and will repay more study in the future than is given it in this volume. The narrator was probably one of the native chiefs or priests, who had spent his life

tic S

n the present text. On this point Rafinesque says: "The orthography of the Linapi names is reduced to the Spanish or French pronunciation, except sh, as in

on of peculiar words, and from the loss of certain grammatical terminations, the Minsi Delawares of to-day, to whom I have submitted it, are of the opinion that it bel

ical

is syllabic and accentual, with frequent effort to select homophones (to which the correct form of the words is occasionally sac

ard rhyme is as prominent as in the Walam Olum. It is well to remember, however, that our material for comparison is exceedingly scanty, and also that for nearly three fourths of a

raphic

hrough examples from the Chipeways and Shawnees. It is quite likely, indeed, that it was the work of a Shawnee, as we

1850, and by Schoolcraft, in his "History and Statistics of the Indian Tribes." There is generally a distinct, obvious connection between the symbol and the sense of the text, sufficient to recall the latter to one who has made himself once thoroughly familiar with it. I have not undertaken a study of the symbols;

on of Wa

modern Minsi, walumin) means "painted," especially "painted red." This is a secondary meaning, as the root wuli

knowledge of these ancient signs has been lost, but that the word olum is still preserved by the Delaware boys in their games when they keep the score by notches

ighly appropriate one for the record

of the W

arto of forty unnumbered leaves, in the handwriting of Rafines

amo

the Creation and Ontogony, 24 verses ║ 2 on the Deluge, &c. 16 v ║ 3 on the passage to America, 20 v ║ Signs and Verses, 60 ║

f the secon

am-

e ║ Painted and engraved tra

P

cles or Annals ║

ent in Ohio, &c. 4 chapters each of

ck to Missouri, a mere succession of n

ns of Zeisberger and Linapi Dic

Rafines

hands. Prof. Haldeman, in his notice above referred to (p. 150), sta

f Kentucky and the neighboring states, and the draft of a work on "The Ancient Monuments of North and South America," came into the possession

nsive use of Rafinesque's surveys, in the "Ancient Mo

a translation of the 'Walum-Olum,' or Bark Record of the Linni-Lenape." This was published in the "American Review," February, 1849, and has been reprin

er. The text was carelessly copied, whole words being omitted, and no attempt was made to examine the accuracy of the translation; the symb

of the MS. there are four pages,

ince abt 1600 when the Wallamolum closes

l text, as nothing is known of "John Burns," and as the document it

opsis of th

olly within the cycle of the most ancient legends of that stock. Although they are not found elsewhere in the precise form here presented, all the figures and all the l

which we hear of among the Delawares, and these are sufficient to show t

under the form of a serpent. The happy days are depicted, when men lived without wars or sickness, and food was at all times abunda

due wholly to the identity of psychological action, the same ideas and fancies arising from similar impressions in New as well as Old World tribes. No sound ethnologist, no thorough studen

ave quoted, in an earlier chapter, sufficient testimony to show that the Lenape had traditions similar to these, extending back for ce

find them in the valley of the Delaware. There is no positive evidence that th

tory from the Walam Olum, as I understa

ith the Snake people, and the Talega, agricultural nations, living in stationary villages to the southeast of them, in the area of Ohio and Indiana. They drove out the former, but the latter remained on the upper Ohio and its branches. The Lenape, now settled on the streams in Indiana, wished to remove to the East to join the Mohegans and other of their kin who had moved there directly fro

uehanna valley, thus cutting off the eastern from the western Algonkins, and ended by

f the sepa

y waste he formed land and sky, and the heavens cleared. He then created men and animals. T

The notion of the earth rising from the primal waters is strictly a part of the earliest Algonkin mythology, as I have am

I

s upon them a flood of water. Many perish, but a certain number escape to the turtle, that is, to solid land, and are there protected by

legend, shared both by Iroquois and Algonkins, under slightly different forms. In one aspect, it is the Flood or Deluge Myth. For the general form of this myth, see my Myths of the New World, pp. 1

I

they journeyed southward, toward what is called the "Snake land." They approached this land in winter, over a frozen river. Their number was large, but all had not joined in the expedition with equal willingness, t

V

r seven head chiefs, one after another, to bring this about, probably but a small portion at a time yielding to the attacks of these enem

t different times, to the east. In this journey from the Snake land to the east, they encountered and had long wars with the

d the east, arriving finally at the Salt sea, the Atlantic ocean. Thence a portion turned north and east, and encountered the Iroquois. Still later, the three sub-tribes of the Lenape settled themselves definitely along the Delaware river, and received the geographical names by which they

WALU

SC

t

NP

alli wemigu

owanaku wak yutali

is nolemiwi elemami

elik hakik owak

gishuk nipa

halawak yu

kan moshakwat[260]

mani-menak

t place, at all tim

an extended fog, and th

ost in space, everywher

e extended la

e sun, the mo

them all to

ly, and it cleared, and the w

slands grew newly,

itanitowit ma

gelatawiwak chi

ito jinwis le

etami gaho

pewik milap, awesik m

sohalawak makowini

great Manito, a

s, mortals,

was a manito to men,

irst mother, the

ve the turtles, he gave the

nito made evil bei

uchewak, sohal

wemi owini w

nand wishiman

nnowak, ni goha neta

netami mitzi

p, wemi ksin-elendame

mi mekenikink wako

he flies, he

ngs were th

manitos were a

en, and to those first mo

em food, when firs

wledge, all had leisure,

n evil being, a mighty

logas maktaton owaga

at, wihillan pay

ch kamik atak kita

ought badness, quar

ther, brought sickn

d on the earth, beyond the gr

I

ko anup lennowak

t nijini essopak shawel

nishawi machiton, nis

wiki nihanlow

s a mighty snake and

e who were there (and) greatly

ey both injured each othe

r homes they fought

penauwelendamep len

amangam petonep,

oka pohoka, eshohok esh

naboush maskaboush ow

mmixin tulagis

, Pehella gahani pommixin

ke firmly resolve

s, he brought a monster, h

rushed and rushed, dashing thro

grandfather of beings, grandfathe

nd creating, as he passed

alk in the floods and shallow waters, d

kdopannek alendy

l-wichemap, Palpal pa

h wemimokom, Winimokom

tulapi-ma tula

ewi pataman tulpe

, Kwamipokho sitwalikho, Ma

monster fishes, wh

g, helped with her canoe, help

ther of all, the grandfather of beings, the gr

e together on the tu

ey prayed on the turtle that wha

ed, the lakes were at rest, all was

I

wi tulapewini psakwiken

eu-akpinep, kshakan-a

the Lenape of the turtle were close togethe

ws where they abode, it storms where t

on wtakan tihill keli

owalessin peyachik

i takau wesit, elowi chi

shawaniwi, wunkeniwi

ki tulpenaki elowak

dki lakkawelendam nako

wemoltin palliaal ki

eak favorably of mild, cool (land

strong, some rich, they separated

most united, the pur

lves at the north, at the ea

hern country, in that turtle country, th

land were disquieted, and all s

east they went forth, goin

1] nungihillan lusasaki p

lendam lowaniwi wemit

ckhapek guneunga waplane

n agunouken pawasinep

enluchundi, Wemata

wemiluen wem

tichin l

chin w

nk to

ton e

lemil w'

nek hak

an pokh

, their land burned, they went, to

without care, went forth from the l

and the White Wolf remain along

es, our fathers were rich, they were in t

Bird said, "Let us go to

ill go along to de

of the nor

the eas

ater, the

nt to e

onderful, sl

e-hard wate

dal Sea, the mu

hen kittapa

gutikun

apanawak

onskan, we

i, wapanapi

tamakwapi,

powatapi,

danisapi

at gunéunga

chanelenda

am kowiyey

thousand

n one

sland, to the

and walk,

the north, the

the Beaver cla

the rich men

those with daughte

hey tarry at the lan

e west come w

their old home at

V

napioken man

sittamaganat yu

ichihaki wella

of the Lenape were at

d Eagle band had be

ing for the Snake Island,

elowichik elmus

olawil saki

ihillalend akh

khowemi gandhat

shinaking sakim

a sakimanep ja

a sakimanep chi

the hunters, about to

eautiful Head,

slaughter at that Snake

were weak, and hid thems

ad, White Owl was chi

ping-Guard was ch

Bird was chief, he

itaton wullato

n chilili, wap

awanaki, kitsh

namesaki, pem

li sakimanep ay

akhonapi mak

ellen sakimak mach

should possess it b

nt south, White

e south, the great Spruce Pi

Fish land, toward the la

the Seizer was chief,

e snakes, the evil

ere ten chiefs, and there wa

wa sakimanep lang

sakimanep tasuk

a sakimanep pem

matemik, sagim

gunokeni, sagima

olumapi, leksa

taguachi shawa

k huminiend mi

e Peaceable was ch

Black was chief, wh

uch-Loved was ch

ood was chief, who w

-Father was chief,

ly-Maker was chief

ith-Cold was chief, who w

r was chief, who brought a

alkosohit saki

k shiwapi, saki

attaminin wapani

silaking nallime

wekwochella, wtenk

kwitikwond, slang

anickam[263] allen

tatamowi wakahol

g-Man was chief, who was

Man was chief; after him

and no corn, so they

the buffalo land, they at last

e (came) the Fatigued;

over; disliking him, an

some went off sec

ho remained made th

pi wittank michi

tamenend sakim

atemenend wemi l

maskansisil saki

sakimanep, wapk

akimanep powata

akimanep, wal

akimanep, lappi

the Yellow river, and had

the Affable was chief,

s Affable, and came as a

e, Strong-Buffalo was

s chief; White

was chief and priest

s chief, the Pain

ief; again there was

menatting tuma

mi palliton mask

sakimanep ako

sakimanep lowa

akimanep towa

imanep sakhelend

uknohokluen make

emassipi[264] nol

wise-in-Couns

make war on all; he

One was chief; he fou

was chief; he fought a

chief; he fought ag

ike was chief; he

ny; let us go together to

Fish river; the lazy

akimanep tallige

sakimanep wap

pomismep talega

wemilowi pal

nitilowan paya

sakimanep tamag

makelima palli

sakimanep wsamim

t sakimanep wem

hief; the Talligewi

as chief; he desire

ast; the Talega rule

, in unison

nds from the north, com

hief; he was the pipe-b

that they should fight a

chief, the Talega to

was chief; they all g

a sakimanep shawa

sakimanep, wingel

unehungind lowanip

s gishelendam gu

sakimanep palli

i sakimanep nu

ieces was chief; all

e was chief; all t

e lakes; the Talamatan fr

s chief, those who were n

was chief; the Ta

was chief; the T

do wulamo tal

nd sakimane

i sakimanep

l, long ago, there

er was chief at

as chief; much

ik sakimanep

n sakimanep

en sakimanep

i sakimanep

em sakimanep

sakimanep

i shawanowi

ak sakimanep

k awolagan

s wunshawononis

g was chief, the

was chief, he pa

rd was chief, the

was chief, the

m was chief, he was

ud was chief,

and the Shawnees

as chief, at the

e praised one, w

t, to the southwest, t

i sakimanep

d sakimanep

ko lappi sinak

om sakimanep

h sakimanep l

uk sakimanep

wan sakimanep

i amigaki w

aki mapawaki

River-Man was chie

was chief; ther

, again with the Stone people,

oats was chief, he w

as chief; he went

ief; he went to the T

was chief; he wa

and a wide land w

snakes, a rich la

at sakimanep

nang hanahol

si sakimane

k gishikshawipek

ip sakimane

p sakimanep

nd tumewan

lat sakimane

i pungelika

er was chief, t

ght river, River

t was chief at

s made wampum agai

was chief at t

Man was chief at

ers and the Wol

was chief, and

e, the Lynxes

end sakimanepit

wemi takwicken

ak sakimanep

ey sakimane

l sakimanep

n sakimanep

l wapekunch

sh sakimanep

le was chief, and

, all were united, u

as chief, remainin

was chief on

r was chief, f

takes was chief,

whites came on

d was chief; he

gus sakimanep

o akowetako

hki sakimanep

sakimanep t

ki mashawoni

at sakimanep

k weminitik

zin sakiman

was chief; he fou

the land of the T

s chief; a friend

as chief; he wen

, to the Shawnees

nd was chief; he wen

l his children,

er was chief, fri

kan sakimane

nso sakiman

amen nakhalis

mini minsimi

nd sakimanep m

sakimanep ma

nd sakimane

wasiotowi s

r was chief; he

erer was chie

esired, three those

nami, the Mins

s was chief; he

y was chief; he s

d was chie

, on the Sciot

is sakimanep

at sakimanep

l lowashawa

ak kitohatew

as chief, a frie

chief, he looked

from north and sou

l, they have great t

O

tures, Copway's Traditional History of the Ojibway Nation, and Schoolcraft's Synopsis of Indian Symbols, in Vol. I of hi

mguna, "at all times" (Anthony). The symbol is that of the sky and clouds

tanito, a compound of kehtan, great, and manito, mysterious being

h he renders "Supreme Wonder-doer." In the latter, the sense of manito is brought out. In the Delaware and related dialects it conveys the idea of making, o

he that made us all." (Rev. David Jones, Journal of Two Visits, etc., p. 62.) See notes to line four. The Algonkin root, etu

the sense of "to be more than," "to surpass," "to exceed;" and maintains that the sy

have quoted, is probably correct. The element an is thus an intensive prefix to the real root it, and the compound radica

lissin, "to be or do so, to be so situated, disposed, or acting" (Zeisberger, Gram. p. 117).

ays represents a manito. Sc

ese terms are formal epithets applied

it. Both these statements are incorrect. The oval is the earth-plain, with its four

notes to verse 2; in the Minsi dialect the corresponding word is kwishelmawak; owak is a mistake for woak, and Rafinesque translates it "much air." Awasagamak, heaven, sky, literally, "the land or place beyond," from awossi, beyond;

repeated with change of relative positions in the next verse. In Minsi

ly k'sch, is intensive, as it is an abbreviation of kitschi, gre

to indicate the w

renders this

meni-menaye

ups of islands?

ose dry and clean from the

us, or so situated; epit is what Zeisberger (Gram. p. 115) calls the "adverbial" form of achpin, to be there, in a particular p

nd islands stood there" (Rafinesque). "All was made br

red point of land, rising a

eat Spirits," Squier. Either of these renderings is defens

Again-he-spake, Great-Spirit, a spirit, spirits. The symbol represents

are Abnaki 8anangmes8ak, "revenants," Rasles, and w'tanglowagan, his death, Zeis. The form in the text, according t

awawak? wtschitsc

rtals? ? ? ? sou

the plural but the conjunction "

pears to be the adverb janwi, ever, always. The symbol is apparently that of birth, or being born.

he was called "the grandmother of mankind" (Me-suk-kum-me-go-kwa, in Dr. James' orthography), and it was to her that Nanabush (Manibozho), imparted the secrets of all roots, herbs

, the world, with the four

god, and was represented as a serpent-like figure. See Co

amangi has the associate idea of terrifying, frightful, hence the refer

"black snake." They can have no such meaning, black, in Lenape, be

the area of a lodge, with central fire and the people in it,

and it looks as if v. 14 and 15 sh

rmer rende

d Wunand, and the good mak

d god, all spirits

the adverb kiwis

could not go as far as the former! As seen in the vocabulary, I attach wholly different notions to thes

of Catawissa, Gattawisu, becoming fat, and thought that gatta, was fat, whereas wisu is "fat." (Zeis. Gram., p. 229.) Wakon

was, as I have shown, page 135, a myth of the Delawares, and George Copway tells us that the Chipeway

at of the "bad spirit under the

pway to signify "bad," p. 135.

, not, and generally conveys a bad sense, as mattele

ere, other than, hence pallhiken, to sho

r bad, ugly, evil, and the like; machtisisu, here it is bad, or ugly. Zeisb. It would seem to be an intuitive recog

t der ste

trees on hills, bent by a sto

to be two countries

the great tidal sea." It is possible this has reference to the deluge, whi

I

ke; but maska is more allied to the Cree maskaw, strong, hard, soli

contrary of wingi, liking, willing. Both are from the subjective radical n or ni, I,

e passive sense given in Rafinesque's translation. All verbs terminating in elendam signify a disposition of mind, the root being again

was intended), hence "to spoil something, to d

t, of no trouble; hence, "peace" as being a time free from trouble; and by a thir

r fighting," which is a total misunderstanding of the w

he sense of the line and the symbol, with three marks to the right of the figure, indicate

the words is to add

hip. nin nanabanis, I am cheated. This term, like the Cree Wisakketjak, which has the same meaning (fourbe, trompeur, Lacombe), was applied to the hero-god of these nations on account of his exhaustless ingenuity in devising tricks, ruses, disguises and transformations, to overco

as been influenced by Chipeway associations, as, indeed, we might expect, since it was obtain

en rise to the strangest theorizing about this line, as, of course, the antiquaries could not resist the temptation to se

er, a water or sea turtle. In their mythology, as I have already shown (ante, p. 134) the earth was supposed to be floating

rabbit, but really "White One." I have fully explained this mistake

having formed the earth on the primal ocean, walked round a

l at Tula;" and in his note to the line he adds, "Tula is the ancient seat of t

nesque's translation is strong evidence that he did not fabricate the t

the symbol of the land

e Virgin who at the beginning of things descended from heaven, and alighting on the back of the turtle became the mother o

g verses form, observes Rafines

nowak as before. Here then begins the particular history of

It seems to refer to the origin of the Un

to bear any such rendering. I take it as a form of champeecheneu, Z. "it is s

, foot, and woalheu, a hole. It has no sort of meaning in this rendering

bly an error for ma

ewhere, is elsewhere," or

I

his is one of a number of instances where Rafinesque altered his first translations, which is further evidence that he did not manufacture the text.

(see Vocabulary), transla

le's Vocabulary), means "buffalo." Its older form is seen in the MS. vocab. of the New Jersey Indians, 1792, where it is sisiliamuus. This is a compound of the generic

thought was that the dreamer (powwow) became wise beyond his followers

to hunt, doubtless conne

e symbols of these two verses were un

Turtle sub-tribe the Unami is asserted to

nslation to the Snake people. They seem to me to be descript

tive of the sea referred to as offering means of subsistence namaes fish pocqueu

ators to determine. The Detroit River and the Thousand Isles in

MS. both as menakinep and akomenep the latte

s 'in the light.' The latter is a metaphor,

he poem on the passage to America, as he understood this narrative to refer to the period

have been confined to tidal waters (see above p. 21). Elsewhere this termination signifies an instrument. Probably it was appli

t says simply "in vast numbers." No doubt

er a broad stream, rich in fish and shell-fish, and arrived at a land covered w

V

to drink, but generally, to smoke tobacco, as in Roger Williams' Key wut-tammagon, a pipe (see above, page 49). Hence I take tamagamat to be the pipe-bearer, he who had charge of the Sacred Ca

Neither Rafinesque nor Squier understood this, and their renderings do not mention the territories North and W

xtinct tribes remembered in Chipeway tradition was the Assigunaik, Stone Peo

e legend of the New England Indians was that a crow flew down from the great God Kitantowit, bringing in one ear a grain of corn, in the other

ian Names of Indiana" We-tho-gan, a corruption of wisawanna. (See Hough's map, in Twelfth Annual Report of the Geology and Natural History of Indiana,

who dealt with William Penn. Heckewelder translates it as "Affable." This is the

, Raf. translates "fat

translated: "They speak well o

ams by the Delawares, but never, so far as I know, to the Mississippi. In the present connection it seems to refer either to th

This seems supported by Loskiel, who, writing on the authority of Zeisberger, says, "Nun nennen die Delawaren die ganze Gegend, so weit die Gew?sser reichen, die in dem

lution of the compound into talli, there, icku, to that place, ewak, they go, with a locative final. The initial t is oft

they call Alligewi Sipo." (Legends and Traditions, etc., in Bull. of the Pa. Hist. Soc. p. 34.) Here the derivation would be from palliton, to fight, ewak, they g

ghany means "fine or fair river," Dr. J. H. Trumbull analyzes it into wulik, hanne, sipu,

Talligewi the translation "there found," from ta

Iroquois roots, as the Seneca De-o-na-ga-no, "cold water" (Amer. Hist. Ma

he Alleghany river, but included the whole of the U

he Onondaga Yenkwe, men (see above, page 14). It is not necessarily connected with Alleghany, which may be pure Algonkin. He says, "Those people called themselves Talligeu or Talligewi." (Indian Nations

at once in the Cherokees, who call themselves Tsa'laki. Moreover, they fill the requirements in other particulars. Their ancient traditions assign them a residence precisely where the Delaware legends locate the Tallike, to wit

to produce in such researches. I can see no reason whatever for Dr. Shea's opinion that the Lenape "in their progress eastward drove out of Ohio t

dwelt in the river valleys north of the Ohio river, in the area of Western Ohio and Indiana, where the most important earthworks are found-and singularly enough none more rema

Lenape and the eastern territory where they were found by the whites. In other words, the Tallike were on the Upper Ohio and its tributaries, and they had to be driven south before the

in a "List of 11 Nations living West of Allegheny" present by deputy at a Conference in Philadelphia, 1759 (M

Len. matta, not, Latin nos, us. That the Lenape did not speak Latin made no difference in his li

ly the White River, Ind

44, 45, 46, and the difference in the spelling shows that the chant was written dow

V.

ni, S

on, T

ki,? ?

nesque snake, appears to be either the animate

r the Twightees, called by them Tawatatwee (see "List of 11 Nations

ako. In the former, the prefix ako may be from ach

te, "Lowushkis are Esquimaux." It means simply "winter land," or "No

akes," i. e., f

tion of Susquehan

s Land, the native name

nd the Minsi seem

f the numbers 34 and 3

the noisy place, or Niagara." It is a d

ranslated "whites" or "Eu

ABU

on of it is then added, with its correct rendering. The standard of the language adopted is that of the Moravian missionaries (see above, p. 97). Th

gated, Gram., p. 142. Chip am, he

menoakit, land on the other side of the water, i. e. England. R. W

thers. Nooch, my father, Z. in wh

g with akho, and some with ako appear to be compounds

e Island. Menatey, isl

ng man. Achgook, and ap

ke coming. Achgook, s

Achgook, snake. Pockhepokink

ake all. Achgook, s

ake. Achgook, sna

8. At beautiful land. Achgook, snake;

sland snake. Achgook,

e fortified island. Akom

island was. Akomen, with

ushing. Kschippehellan, strong s

akes. Weta, a house, H., an

eings or like. The Snake

. Achpil, to stay, abide;

, 5. Stars.

r and preserver. Allouch

V, 32. Some goin

ome kill. Alende, some

. II, 11. S

erring above all. Allowelen

ogs of man. Allum, dog; a

Lean he. Alocuwoa

d. Amangi, great, large. S

ter. Amangi. See Foo

arge reptiles. II, 11. Waters

. Boating. Amocho

ong land. Amangi,

ls also. From angeln, to d

ls. Melechitschant, soul. Z.; melih, corruption

when or if I went. Zeis.

pach tschiechton, to display, t

, 11. Spreading

Apendamen, to make use of;

. Grieving. To gri

st make war. Aski, must

ust go. Aski, must,

man. Assin, a stone; ape

ond. Attach, bey

t us go. Atam, l

Atta, or matta, negative pre

ays friend. Atta, neg. prefix;

corn. Atta, neg. prefi

o raining. Atta, neg.

Much heaven. Awo

. Beasts. Awe

Heavenly. Awullak

ummen, to buy, purchase. K.; from aji, ta

ting. Tschannelendam, to c

0. Souls also. Ts

Tschitschpihieleu, to split as

. Turkey tribe.

bing man, Cheche, to r

schiechek, clean; kschie

ow-bird. Chilili, snow-bird

0. Stiffened he. T

4. Strong. Tschi

5. Strong. Tsch

rong friend. Tschitani

rong and good. Tschitan

13. Birds. T

Daughter. N'dan

hters of man. N'danūss,

W'dellsin, he is or does

. W'dellsinewo, they are or

er. Probably an err

iendly to all. Elang

verywhere, Elemam

hinking. On elendam

en, so, that. K. Also a superlative

he goers. Elemussit,

erful. Z. In this word and in elowapi, Rafinesque m

li, intensive, best or most, and a

s. From allauwin, to hunt. Z.;

erlative form eli, with the

The best. From elu

Doubtful, perhaps, nanne, t

who fails. Pallikiken, to sho

dverbial" by Zeis., Gram., p. 115, who translates it "where he is." It may also be transl

penetrate. Eschooch

I, 2, 3

i, 2. Had become. A form f

go. Ewak, they go.

was that applied to the whites in general by the New England Indians. The Abbé Maurault d

Shallow water. G

2. Mother.

or hiding themselves. Gandh

. Ganschewen, to roar, to make a great no

s. N'gattamen, I wish, des

ant? Z.; gattawisi, becoming fat, proper form o

tivals he made. Kanti, to

eady. See the r

arrior. Gischigin, to be bo

ischelendam, to hatch or meditate

born. Gischigin, to b

un salt sea. Gischihan,

5. Sun. S

e desires. N'gattame

ry. Guneúnga, they stay lon

1. They settle. Gu

2, 20. They tarr

62. Long-and-mi

while fatherly. Guno,

e night. Gutti, one; nuk

unk, on or at the earth. Raf. translates it as

pek, a sea. It may mean "stony sea;" but in the connection

uch land. Hack

ternal being. Halle

er loving. Amhanne, ri

s-possession. Hattan, to hav

ch-hamineu, parched and beaten co

Yonder between.

n, to come; aki, earth. Raf. deriv

the sea. Ikalissi, further, mo

aker. W'nutikowi, he ke

Man-being. See

d of words, alludes to the ground." Baraga, Otch

h. Comp. Kwelik. A

planting corn. Comp. ke

itschi, great; pek, a body

Big Beaver. Kitschi,

ig bird. Kitchi, gre

ou killest some. Nihil

ecretly. Kimi,

. Secretly far of

55. Sharp he w

Lake going. Kitschi, gre

n. III, 17. Of great ocean.

2, 3, 9. God-Cre

9. Earnestly. To

ships or birds. Kito,

Big firland. Kitschi

being. Kitschiwi,

48. Visiting. K

tty bluebird. Kola = w

lain at. Wulit, fine, beaut

head. IV, 5, 8. Wul

ng no trouble. To be free

ld turtle land at. Kikey, old

d. III, 2. It storms. Kscha

the water flows rapidly, a strong current. Z. Z. also

. K'schippehelleup, the water

sy. Ksinachpo,

ching when. N'doniken,

mountain. Klampeecheneu, it

7. Deep water. Quenek = kwelek,

1. Reprover. Quit

led or afraid. Lachan welenda

amatan (Huron), frien

Eagle manly. Woapal

ndly they. Langamu wina

he. Langundo, peaceful, Z

. Made peace. La

Peaceful. Langun

, 18. Peaceful

Whitened. Lappi,

ere is war. Lappi, again; ma

Anthony translates this "again h

water at. Lappi, again;

writing. Lekhiket, writ

. Writing who. Lek

. Men. II, 1, 5. Me

To be. Lissin,

en there. Lenape, wi

n fathers. Qy. "The f

bout. Linquechin, to look, behold;

e manly. III, 7. True

Man of truth. Lenno, ma

. Men. Lenno-w

f men grandfather. Lenno,

ere. Lissil, imperative of

Lowin, to pass by. K. Lauchsin, to

Walker. Lauchsin

rth snake. Lowan,

. Northerlings Lowan, wi

orth country Lowan,

rn manly. Lowan, winter;

wan, winter; pek, lake; or lowan, ape, man

Lowan, winter or north; wemenque, as we

Northern foes. Lowa

walker. Lowan, winter; n

. North and south, Lowan

th land going. Lowan, no

ng. Luchundi, they say, or,

country. Loamoe, long

aceful or keeping peac

ned land. Lussin, to b

Many places or tow

. Big owl. Macheu,

, spoiled. K. Matschiton, to spoil somet

Much warfare then. M

reat meadow. Matta,

s Hilinis. Perhaps "Illini,

Hong (Mengui) or lick

V, 53. Mengwi wa

n. V, 54. Men

acking man. Machit,

akdupannek, II, 11. They

V, 9. Many go

48. They are

Machelemuwi, honorable, precious

be proud or high-minded. K. Or, macheli, much or

Much there is. Mac

any towns. Macheli

uch good done. Machel

honored. Machelemuxit,

27. Red arro

d spirit. Machi man

owis. Qy. Achgunnan, he is cloth

Bad beings. Mach, from m

ch warfare. Macheli, m

d weather. Machtapa

ppiness. Machtatemamo

g teeth. Amangi, big,

Made. Mani

He made. II, 12.

, 17. The spir

re were then. Dou

is rich land. Pawa, ric

There was Shawonis.

robably from maskiek, Chip. mashkig, swamp or marsh, an

g hare. Maskan and wabos

great, large; mangain, Nant. mashka, Chip. strong

rong snake. Maskan, large

7. Strong buffalo.

Strong stone. Maskan

kan, and kithanne, main stream. See Heck. Ind. Nam

der of towns. Matta,

3. Not. Mat

t snake land. Matta, not;

chtit, bad, evil; mattalogasowago

ess man. Mattapeu,

V, 36 There o

2 There is good

Of one mind. Mawa

. Death. M'boa

Mach, prefix indicating evil

Fighting. Mechta

slands. Menat

chtin, to drink together. K, Menaltink, th

that island. Menate

achtu, deer Z. In the N. J. dialect, deer

Whole he. Metschi s

d eat. Mitzopannik, they hav

Big land. Mechti

ch corn. Mechtil, muc

Mil or miltin, to give. The

planting. Min, edible fr

orn land at. Min, ed

52. Wolf tri

9. Food. Mi

. Amochol, a boat

In boats he snaking.

father. Muchomsena,

s grandfather. Amochol,

clears up. Moschkakq

cestor. Muchomes

r or afloat. Nahiwi, down

3 desiring. Nacha, thr

to be. Nacha, three;

riest. Pawa, priest. See abov

ck snake. Nachoak,

achohaneu, he is alone. Z. Suka

vigating. Nallahemen, t

last to eat. Nall, that,

leased. Namen, to

Fish land; Namae

s. Namessall, fishes.

. Fish resort sea. Na

8, 13. Nana-h

The fairies. Nat

iries also. Pl. form

9, 10, 19. H

. Alone the first.

Fish river. Namaes,

gistawachtin, to listen to one ano

he proper name of the Nanticokes, who inhabi

irst land. Netami,

The first. Netami, the

greed. 'Nguttitehen, to be

Ngahomes, my mother.

per. 'Nihillowet, murderer

, 43. He kille

Being free. Nihillape

ll or annihilate. Nihill

. Nik, these, those. K. Nigani, th

night or in the dark.

. Moon. Nipah

, 3. Both,

To be able. To kn

. He was able. Se

s. Nitis, confidential

riends of north. Nit

49. Lazy they. N

3. Invisible.

By trembling. Nungih

64. Trembling

Wives. Ochque

wives or women of man.

n or a hollow between hills. Oley, in Berks county, Pa.

e men or people. F

undler of written

. Prophet. Owoa

From aan, to go, and perhap

g. Waopink or opūnk, opossum. Fro

oks bright. Root wab

There snake or O

56. Cherok

rs. Ochwall, his fath

I, 7. Deeds, action. A v

. An error for woak, and. Comp

oggy. Awonn. Z.

this word, that it "may be analyzed o-wi-ni, 'such they men' or being

irst beings also.

t fulfiller. Pachgihillan,

erry eating. Pakihm, cra

allalogosawagan, crime, evi

me. Zeis. Gram., p. 243. An imper

killing. From pallilissin, to

spoil. II, 7. Much spoiling or destroying. Pal

r made. It is the imperfect o

. At the warfare. Pr

16. Elsewhe

ome, come. Palite

t it be. Paliton, t

. Praying. Pata

ch water turtle. Pa

I, 13. Rich w

in Zeis. Gram., p. 148. Payat, he who comes or

22. Coming th

, 20. Coming

, 12. Coming, c

caping. Pach-, to separate

ter rushing. II, 10. Fl

Sea looking. Pek, s

, 23. Near nort

. Constantly belov

land. Apparently for me

7. Constant tho

solved. Penauwelendam, to

. It is drying. Pen

, 8. Navigator

He brought. Pe

I, 4. Comers

torn. Pikihillen, tor

1. Holy goer. Pi

IV, 57. Stirr

inst north. Tipisqui, a

staken. Pitenummen,

between two hills. The word does not refer to hills

u, a muscle, clam. Z. An important article

, 17. At gap sna

0. Is broken. Poquihilleu or poquiecheu, br

Went or passed. P

ng. Pommisgen, to begin to

Much walking. Po

Pawa, rich, etc. See p.

. Priest snak

39. Pontiff w

19. Priest ma

se together. Psakquiec

ell like (Eries). Pongus

5. Gnats. Pong

Being sad. Sakquel

, 5. King.

. IV, 26.

, 17. Kings

33. With this grea

, 33. King was

15, 18. King was. See

Susquehanah (branch

being. Schawi, imme

s seems a more correct form than H

14. But.

d upright he. Schachachgapew

was. Schachach, straight; here use

2, 24. South he go

Shawano, south; aki, land. Ze

10. South land

Southern manly. Sh

South he saying. Shaw

9. South they go.

. South warrior. Sh

South of the lakes.

Southerlings. Shawa

10. The Shaw

and east there. Shawano,

ubled. Acquiwelendam, to disquie

10. So far goin

Shore friend. See nex

(or Jersey) going. Schej

shore. Scheyichbi, Indian name of N

-goh, spruce fir. Bar. Schind, spruce. Z. Aki, land;

ating. Schingalan,

6. Foe, foes. Schingalus

t man. Schwewak, sal

V, 7. Weak. S

ut then. Schukund

e. Sisili, a buffal

o be. Lissin,

rong snake. Assin

iver over against. Si

ttle land. Sisiliamu

attle land at. Sisili

ath leader. Pipe-bear

ve. Tschitqui, silent; tschitq

Disliking. Skattelenda

, 14, 15; IV, 23. He

5. He causes it

iverer with cold. Ta

. Tach, together, to tie, et

4, 61, 63, 64. H

61. Huron friends

19. Allegheny Mt

1. Talega land

14. Talega R,

56. Talega th

lega head or emperor.

west visitor. See p. 230. Wun

Talegas or there

emend = the leader. Heck. Ind. N

such or Beaver leader. Pip

Tamaque. Camp. Ktemaque. Zeis. A

2. Beaver he.

V, 32. Affable (beaver lik

oud. Tangelensuwi, modest

Altogether. Tach

, 51. At leis

ver black or bad. Ta,

way or shall there. T

Ottawas made frien

. IV,

ttapakki. III

Opening path. Tenk, tit

indey, fire. Z. Tenden, Min.;

30. Dry-he. Teng-

It is cold. Te

Coolness. Tillih

It freezes. Tep

. Frozen sea. Tep

ther snake. Tawa and aki, the Otta

Separated. Tschetschp

is ready. Tulpe, turtle; gischa

urtle's grandfather. T

urtle there. Tulpe,

I, 1. Turtle b

Turtle there. Tu

0. Turtle-back

ula or turtle land.

The turtling. Tu

Turtle country. T

Turtle he. See

13. Turtles

2. Wolf strong.

(mohican). Temmeu, wolf, anit

f manly. Temmeu, and a

. Flies. Utsch

2. Turtle tri

mewhere. Untschihilleu it comes fr

16. Action.

, 2. A

oved. Ahoalan, to love. Woakaho

chunk, high (Min.) Perhaps

40. Painted

5. Painted-book

Saluted. Id. Heck.

e. Z. The root wab, wap, or op, white, ligh

V, 44. White o

East sun or sunris

White owl. Wap, a

White body. Wap,

Lick at. Wap, and mahon

land was. Wap, and aki, l

e river at. Wap, and a

East settling place. W

White eagle. Woaplan

. East some. Wap,

Eastern land. Wap

stern manly. Wap, eas

ast going together.

, 9. Easterl

29. The easte

, 32. East mov

28. East he goes. Wa

sterlings. Wap, east; wi

e big horn. Wap, whit

was or bright. Wap, eas

V, 51. East

ast possessing. Wap, ea

ite or east coming. W

East sea from. Wa

te crane or big bird. Wa

White eagle. Woaplan

north, do go. Wap, east;

Whites coming. Wap,

East of Talega at. W

hite chicken. Wap, wh

White wolf. Wap, w

3. White lynx

. 56. Wasiot

Were there. Preteri

Much fatigued. Wiqueh

Fine land. Wulit

king. Wemi, all; aki, lan

All let us go. Wem

ll hunters. Wemi, all;

iako. III, 8. All the snakes. Wemi,

All children (M

helped. Wemi, all; mit

all; guma, sea water

All saying. Wemi,

f all grandfather. W

All say. Wemi, a

friends. V, 33. All friendl

. To war on all. Wem

All there. Wemi

l given to him. Wem

say to him. Wemi,

All warred. Wemi,

ll friends or allie

trembling. Wemi and n

8. To all saying. We

, 33. All united.

To go all united. Wemiten (infin), t

II, 9, 18. They go forth. They ar

All went. Wemi, with

ing. Wentschiken, to des

The wise they. Wewoa

o be wise or by wise

. With. Wi

Helped. Witscheman

roying or distemper.

ad beaver. Wil, head;

ers. Wikhetschik, culti

. With. Wit

, 20. Wik

. Rich manly. Wil

Sassafras land at or Pen

safras tarry. Winak, sa

ow hunter. Wineu, sno

. It snows. W

. Wingelendam, to a

. IV, 39.

ingly. Wingi, fain

the land of snow. Wine

beings grandfather.

low River. Wisaweu, y

ightened. Wischaleu,

bably for mesitche = Ch

Going with. Wite

Town. Witen, to

ling of Talli. Witen, to g

long. Wiwuntschi, b

thers men. Woaklappi

top; aki, land. Wochgitschi, a

house. Walak, hole; walke

ollow men. Wahhille

his. Won, thi

9. At this time. W

57. Too much stro

water. Wschacheu, it is slippery

Mild. Wtakeu,

ieftain. The smoker or pipe

, 11. Af

ll praised. Wulakenimgu

1; V, 1. Long ago

, 3; IV, 11.

n, to save, to put up. K.

V, 41. To b

7. Wonderful. Wul

make well, to do w

0. Good who (did

stony or well, hardy. Wu

od warrior. Wulit, goo

good god. Root

ing angry. Wundanuxin,

West he went. Wun

Western man. Wundc

, 6. Westerlin

West he visited. See ab

West abandoned. Pak

13. West southerne

, 8. (In the

50. Hut maker.

. Yuh. H. Yuch.

l there. Yukepetschi,

, 48. Let us go

These. Yuki

2. There. Jutal

END

TA. (page

th the opinions of Gen. Clark, Mr. Horatio Hale, a

, "to be of a different language, to be a foreigner." The prefix ago or ako is an indefinite pronoun, having the same form in both singular and plural, and is used with national or tribal appellations, as in akononsionni, "People of the Long House," the gen

" from aktsakann, "être Abnaquis." (See his Lexique de la Langue Iroquoise, pp. 1, 155.) The general name applied by the Iroquois to the Algonkins he gives as Ra

E NEW JERSEY

t Salem, N.J. It was published in the American Historical Record, vol. I, pp. 308-311, 1872. The orthography is English, and it is evidently the same trader's jargon which Gabriel Thomas give

M GRUBE.

a., and there translated into Delaware, with the aid of a native named Anton, a "Harmony of the Gospels," and prepared an "Essay of a Delaw

F THE ALGONKINS.

were from the northeasterly portions of the American continent, toward the west and south. His arguments are based on two Cree legends which he relates, one of which is certainly and the other probably of modern date,

are derivatives from the root wab, and mean a light or open place between two approaching shores, as Chip. wabigama, or wabimagad, "there is a strait between the two shores." (Baraga, Otchipwe Dictionary.) The name Abnaki is, moreover, no argum

itions that they had once possessed the land to the east of that city, and had been driven south and west by the Huron-Iroquois. See

OF A

eferences are in

C. C.,44

r, J

p, G

A., 156

H., 18,20,

J., 35

, B. S

W. W.,

C., 23,4

J., 15

D., 46,62,

ell,

, D. F.

., 66,75,96,

W. P.

G., 61

ngs,

F. H.,

gton,

n, C.

aet,

, C. F

, E.,

rs, J

S. G.

P. S., 77,1

t, M.

er,

4,18,47, 51,83

n, R.

, C.

t, H

M. J.

, W. P

, A., 31

A., 14

B. A.,

N. L

, S. S.,

2,17,18, 36

d, W.

, W. H.,

S. F.

od, J

15-16,18,20-23, 3

, 146,2

ks, Cap

M. J.,

n, W.

d, F.

, 125

, 13,94,9

E., 6

s, I.

s, D

s, P

J., 26,3

P., 46

, Rev.,

., 12,26,

n, J.

trom,

, J.

18,29,47, 70,9

bach,

, I.,

y, T. L

ry, G

n, H.

t, J. A

, B.,

r, J.

ti, Card

., 12,19,21,

J., 31,

, W. V

, E.

, S.,

e, F

S. D

m., 58,

ot, E

ing, J

, T. C

R., 2

e, C. S.,

S., 60

l, W.

dson,

, J.

M., 20,21,36,

k, J.

, 20,58,62, 87,109

E. de, 25,

l, N

J. G.,

an, B.

r, Pet

h, G

J., 23,

h, S

G., 163,1

, Pres

hey,

J., 152,

s, C.

G., 54,7

, C., 48

, G.,

H., 20,30,3

97,105,

G. W.

Donck, 4

nt, F

Dr.,

naer,

, 115(Foot

Conrad

e, Lt.

, A.,

Prince

R., 30,5

, T.,

5,62, 69,76,105,

OF S

eferences are in

i, 11

ion of n

Gold, 1

auta, 1

ation

ns, loc

ts, 11,

s, trait

67, 130,

ends

igin of, 14

i, chie

, 141-2,

derivatio

ng conson

stes

nati

unaik

ikale

tsauk

ed, legen

et, 9,

servation

nape wor

creek, Indi

Josep

nets

o, the

awaye

See C

ego, 15,

s. See

derivat

, tribes

Points,

ribes from,

wbas

, 13, 16,

ay, Indians

mozto

hocki

ki, the,

cothe

6, 62, 113, 130

ina Cr

ty, ch

oronta

ce, cust

oga Cr

togas

acy, Alg

oys

town

use of

lect, 10

es,

ng, or Cro

sacre

rst Indi

atten

amatans a

es. See

Myth of,

the Lenni

s,

belief

use

ander

es,

mex,

os, 7

, foundin

rship,

River

ons. See

icks," t

as deitie

tribe,

elations to the

India

e. See

pechunk,

peech, na

, Micmac

tten, 12

hy, chi

Govern

Govern

reek Mo

, Delawares

rs, Fire a

is, th

the Gr

idols

bolic mean

phics, n

uean, ch

16, 144, 1

ls,

corn. S

paths,

ed ston

ments

s, loca

, 110, 1

derivat

s. See

Delaware

on, 1

-Cherok

on, chief. Se

rawoc

e, th

s of,

ialects,

fixe

cal struc

vatio

ship of, 6

d, Indians

k, the,

, a fest

cks,

i. See M

ative na

in of

ho, See

erivation

s, 42

actur

ok, deriv

chief

worshi

e men,

tle,

dge

ivation, 14

mmegokw

, 9, 1

o, 130

, 10, 4

ay, myt

15, 1

Cree

nk. Se

uas,

36, 114,

lect

elaware d

dialect,

s, 19,

of, 1

. See

k Indi

uilding o

ders,

s. See

f Lenap

sipu, 1

, 130-1,

ke dial

okes,

tions

ticon

n, the,

l Nati

lbion

Lenape, 4

pe, their diale

iwas

oway

e, in Le

lawares

okis

Sack

rivation

of Penn, de

agas,

s, 21

um, t

rke, t

s, 15

ies, 2

go, tri

3, 122, 140

word

, use

Cree

sade

y, deriva

ays, 15,

in American l

lt, the,

chie

, 75, 116

dian na

reatie

ods,

graph

, 40,

uas

ys. See P

y, deriva

an, th

ons,

ndians nea

is name

tomies,

y, nat

erivation

s, nat

India

Stick

ore, t

deriva

Sauks,

or, inscr

ican

ies, t

chbi,

, disease

s, 117

hip, 71-2, 1

a sacred n

n, 29,

, 39, 113, 1

of, 145, Fo

meko,

uage, nat

he Great

e, the, 165

the, 16

er,

one, us

octrine

, use

nowledge

ge Indian

orshi

a, derivat

ds,

cks, 13, 53

ghrone

ns, 165,

, the,

, 141-2,

41, 11

, Mose

onstellat

awas,

or Taw

it, chie

cung,

lent, ch

Isles,

o, th

mputatio

me and cult

hoghs

an,

nimals, t

s, 39

, deriv

i, 166

a,

iver = O

tribe. See

symbol o

b tribe.

sacred n

ees, 1

o, deriva

chtgo

derivat

ct, 79

mis

ther, myt

nge in Le

ivation, 6

am

authenticity, 67

ory o

ic syst

cal fo

aphic sy

of,

sis of

ünk, 5

os, 21

belts,

chki,

kmk, to

, 21, 2

gers,

aptai

god, t

s. See

laqua,

, chief, 5

r, the, 12

caco

nd, chi

h, th

he Lenap

meys

tribe. Se

s, 13,

he nati

orf, Co

BR

OF

AMERICAN

DITOR AND

BRINTO

native races of America. Each work is the production of the native mind, and is printed in the original tongue, with a translation and notes, and on

RE

CHRONICLES

RINTON, M.D. 279 page

complete set

people back many centuries. To these is added a history of the Conquest, written in his native tongue, by a Maya Chief, in 1562. The texts are

IROQUOIS B

HALE. 222 pages. C

sor installed in office. It may be said to throw a distinct light on the authentic history of Northern America to a period fifty years earlier th

COMEDY-BALLET

RINTON, M.D. 146 page

e mixed Nahuatl-Spanish jargon of Nicaragua, and shows distinctive features of native authorship. The Introduction treats of the ethnolo

ION LEGEND OF TH

T. 251 pages. Cl

s of the Gulf States. The strange myth or legend told to Gov. Oglethorpe, in 17

LENPé AND T

. BRINTON. Clot

full original text, and a new translation, notes and vocabulary. A lengthy introduction treats of the Lenapé or Delawa

EPARA

isco Arana Ernantez Xahila. With a tran

Chiefly original material, furn

TNO

an Migrations, in Beach's

ions as Evidenced by Langu

tionnaire de la Langue des Cris.

mmar of the Cree Language,

7-121 (New York, 1869); also, in 1858, in an article "On the Identity of the Adasta

y on the Susquehanna, p

t dialect by the Delawares, as a general term. Bishop Ettwein states that the Iro

ory of Maryland,

istory of the Indi

History of the Oji

at time, are stated to have had reliable traditions runnin

moved hither [to East Tennessee] from the country where Monticello is situated." This memory of their migrations was preserved and handed down by official orators, who repeated it annually, in public, at the national festival of the green corn da

ions as Evidenced

onable doubt that the Cherokees were mo

that the last Cherokees were driven from the upper Ohio river about 1700-10. His essay on the "Traditions and Languages of

ckbridge Indian, Aupaumut, in his Journal, writes of the Delawares, that when they lose a relative, "according to ancient custom, long as they are not comforted, they are not t

Wenuhtokowuk (Nanticokes) and Kuhnauwantheew (Kanawha)." From old Pennsylvania documents, Proud gives the members of the confederacy or league as "the Chiholacki or Delawares, the Wanami, the Munsi, the Mohicans and Wappingers." History of Penna., Vol. II, p. 297, note. Compare J. Long, Voyages and Travels, p. 10 (London, 1791), who gives

Schoolcraft had already given the same derivation

in Mass. Hist. Soc. Co

ems of Consanguinity

of the Indian Tribes o

Ancient Socie

titled Notes, Amendments and Additions to Heckewelder's History of the Indians (8vo, pp. 38.) Unfortunately, this MS. was not plac

MS. in the possession of the American Philosophical Society. Schmick was a Moravian missionary, born in 1714, died 1778. He acquired the Mohegan dialect among the converts at

14, 121, 177. This laborious writer still remains the b

rding to ancient agreement," Journal of Hendrick

p. 87. Heckewelder, Indian Nations, pp. 90, et

Heckewelder, Indian Nations, pp. 93, sqq.; E. de Schweinitz, Life of Zeisberger, pp. 208, 3

imed land in North Carolina. New York Colonial Documents, Vol. VIII, p. 243. But the term "Carolina" was, I think, use

Indian Nations, In

id., pp

he New York colonial government, between the Senecas and Maryland Indians. In this instrument we find this tribe referred to as "the

reters, translated the name Kanawha, as "having whirlpools." (Trans. of the Ame

e form pach, from which are derived, by suffixes, the words pach-at, to split, pachge

rylandiam, p. 63. (Edition

d (Albany, 1876). Fleet was a prisoner among the Pascatoways f

the modern aids of grammars, dictionaries and educated native instructors, it is considered to require five years to obtain a sufficient know

ticum quemdam spiritum quem Ochre nominant, ut n

tory of Maryland

one nation." Minutes of the Provincial C

D. G. Brinton, in the American Historical Magazine, 1866; M. F. F

York, Vol. IV. Index. Loskiel, Ge

ogia Americana, Vol. I, p. 275. Heckewelder says they had four divisions, but

then and ever since called Pi'coweu or Pe'koweu, and after emigrating to the westward settled on and near the Scioto rive

e Language of America, p. 22. The tradition r

story of New York, Vol. I. Comp

e, Report on Indi

ynopsis of the India

onial Documents, Vol.

of ye Shawanese and Assekelaes," under date December, 1731, "I find by our Records that a

sactions of the American Philolo

Easton, 1756, Tedyuscung, head chief of the Delawares, is stated to have represented the "Lenopi" Indians (Minutes of the Council, Phila., 1757), and in the "Conference of Eleven Nati

he spot. "Len-?'-pe was their former name, and is still used." S

f the Indian N

American Philological A

as "people of the same nation," would be mor

called Poh-he-gan or Mo-hee-gan by themselves, and Auquitsaukon." I have not b

heir own designation, is shown by the refrain o

Husca n'l

I-a Le

eople." Trans. Amer. Philos.

ranslating minisink "the water is gone," and Ruttenber, in his History of the Native Tribes of the Hudson Riv

. Archives, Vo

97, S Smith, Hist of New Jersey, p. 456; Hen

ple, Ewbank & Turner's Report, 1

Captayne Thomas Yong, in Mass. Hist. So

rtain. Captain John Smith gives mahcawq for pumpkin, and this appears to be the word in the native name of Chester Creek, Macopanackhan, which is also seen in Marcus Hook. (See

of Two Visits Made to Some Nations of Indians on the West Side of the River Ohio in 1772 and 1773, p. 20.) From this is derived the shortened

, Hist. Indian N

rgan, Ancient So

vincial Council of Penn

on his letter, because of its connection with the mythical "New Albion," but his personality and presen

ey Archives,

d, Vol.

of the Indian Tribes

and in the Nanticoke of Smith oposon, but all these are derived from the root wab, which originally meant "white," and was applied to the East as the place of the dawn and the light.

in Trans American Philosophi

ol. I, 144, II, p. 295. Heckewelder, T

ndian Dictionary, p. 709. (MS in

heuw," etc. Journal of Hendrick Aupaumu

ewelder,

ey Archives,

kable Work of Grace Among the Indians

z, Life of Zeisber

h America, Vol. II, pp

er Williams' Key, p. 162). If there is a genetic connection, the latter is the derivative. The word sakima is not known among the Minsi. In place of it the

organ, Ancient

eschichte der M

anguage of the Indians, in Bulletin of the Pa. Hist. Soc

Causes of the Alienation of the D

authority of Dr. C. Thompson, Essay on Indian Affairs

avels in North Amer

ca, Vol. II, pp. 110-115; William Darlingto

bes these palisaded strongholds, and Campanius (1642-48) gives a picture of one. See also E. de Schweimtz, Life of Zeisberger, p. 83. The Mohegan houses were sometimes 18

om manachen, to cut wood (Cree, manikka, to cut with a hatche

ct of the arch?ology of the Delaware valley and New Jersey has been treated in the most satisfactory manner by the distinguished

robably in part obtained in New Jersey, in part imported from the Lake Superior region. See further, Abbott, Primitive Industry, chap. xxviii. Peter Kalm, the Swedish naturalist, who visited New Jersey in 1748, says t

sylvania Indians. (See Abbott, Primitive Industry, p. 248.) But the Susquehannocks are distinctly reported

ions of the American Philosophical Society, 1st Ser., Vol. III, pp. 222, et seq., by Mr.

st." The second was lennochum or lenchum, which means "the quadruped belonging to man;" lenno, man; chum, a four-footed beast. The third was moekaneu, a name derived from a general Algo

est New Jersey, p

st. Soc. of Penn

ory of the Indian Tribes o

ince of Wied, Trave

the Language of

story of New York,

Language of the Lenn

h translations, in Zeisb

sion, etc., pp. 32, 33; Heckewelder,

he bird's head seen on several specimens might represent the totem of the Turkey gens of the Lenape cannot be well fo

dings Amer. Phil

native signatures reproduced, by Prof. D. B. Brunner, in his use

unt of the Conduct of the Society of Friends tow

f the Indian Tribes, Vol. I, p

kewelder, whose life he aided in saving

initz, Life of Ze

n des Jesuite

tionary of the Otch

see de Schweinitz, Lif

History of New Yor

Weiser; in Early History

. Phil. Soc.,

of the Abnaki Langu

hat locality, that it is "a highly argillaceous loam, interspersed with large and frequent masses of yellow, ochrey clay, some of which

hilicothe. They named it Alamonee sepee, of which Paint Creek is a literal rendering. Rev.

the Language of

rent Lengths, with several distinct Marks, known to none but themselves." James Adair writes of the Southern Indians "They count certain very remarkabl

es, Narrative of J

itional History of the Oj

t, Indian Tribes

d, Life and J

tz, Life and Times o

4th series, Vol. IX, where Capt

er MSS. in Amer

the Society of Friends toward the I

the unbroken wilderness, about twenty miles from Philadelphia. A severe winter set in; their food supply was exhausted, and they would probably have perished but for the assistance of some neighb

oks re

like

ords, no mo

captive among them from 1791 to 1796. He speaks of them as fairly virtuous and temperate, and adds: "Honesty, bravery and hospitality are

and Journ

y deity, and that all things were made by hi

Geschichte der

erd, Life and Jou

s of the New World, chap. vi;

Geschichte der

ccount of New Sweden, Book III, chap. xi.

d, Life and J

he Calls of the Mass Hist Soc

istorie of Travaile

d, Life and T

s Beatty, Jo

us stone, is figured and described by Dr. C. C. Abbott, in the

anger or foreigner; and tschapiet, the invocation of spirits. Among the rules agreed upon by Zeisberger's converted I

nd applied to the shadow or spint of man m

napewoagan, "man-his substance;" but this looks a

oskiel, Geschic

d Journal, pp. 31

z, Life of Zeis

as often heard the lamentable cry, matt

Vol. X, p. 109. Dr. Trumbull's suggested affinity of powaw with Cree tàp-wayoo, he speaks the truth; Nar, taupowauog, wise speakers, is, I think, correct, but the latter are secondary senses. They w

erd, Life and Jou

Ind. Natio

ics of the Indian Tribe

serpent worship were common among the Lenape. Loskiel states that their cast-off skins were treasured as possessing wonderf

and Journal, pp. 310, 312

Life of Zeisberger

e American Philological

the Free Society of Tr

weinitz, Life of Zeisberger, chap. xlviii, who gives a full a

rnal" in Memoirs of the Hist. Soc

ibes, by Whipple, Ewbank and Tu

istics of the Indian T

his essay "On the Algonkin Verb," has learnedly maintained another opinion (Transactions of the American Philological Association, 1876, p. 146). I have not been able, however, to convince myself that his position is correc

r of English nationality pronounced it "sweet, of noble sound and accent." Gabriel Tho

See, also, Mr. Bickering's remarks on the same subject

mmar of the Cree

Ancient Societ

xtremity of anything; as wonach-sitall, the tips of the toes; wonach-gulinschall, the tips of the fingers. The inanimate plural form wolanniall, means the tail feath

. Philol. Assoc

itz, Life of Zei

ich is combined an Analysis of the Chippeway

isberger's Grammar of

of the Cree La

e de la Langue de

es and those of the Abbé Cuoq, in his Etudes Philologiques sur Quelques Langues Sauvages, Chap. I, were collected and extended by Dr. J. Hammond Trumbull, in his paper on "S

. Trumbull compares the Mass. anue, more than. Tra

rammar of the Cre

aft, Notes on the

, M. D. (New York, 1882). Dr. Hammond found that the hombre mujerado of the Pueblo Indians "is the chief pass

chichte der Missio

on the Aborigines of the Valley of t

ns. Amer. Antiq. So

, The Iroquois Boo

itz, Life and Times of

, Indian Nations,

r Unami, the Mohegan form of the name. This seems to limit the peace making power to that ge

s "Grandfather", J. Morse, Report on Indian Affairs, pp. 122, 123, 142. The term was not intended i

., quoted by Bishop Schweinitz,

the treaty of Pittsburgh, 1759, with the Six Nations

ncil at Easton, 1756, in

ory of New Jersey

printed in Beach's Indian Miscellany, pp 90-94; also the able discussion of the question in Dr. Charles Thompson's

e called "Mengwe" by the Delawares, corrupted into "Mingoes." Thus, a writer in the first half of the 17th century says of the "Mingoes" that the river tri

n of the subject in his History of the Indian

he Causes of the Alienation of the Delaware a

caster County, Penna.," in the Collections of the

vincial Council of Penns

, Vol. I,

Provincial Council,

f the Indian Na

Tribes of Hudso

. Antiq. Soc.,

ania Archives,

ania Archives,

Tribes of Hudso

ceau, Memoir on the Treaty at Shackamaxon, Collection

lonial Documents,

auses of the Alienation of the Del

ons, p. 70; E. de Schweinitz,

y, Life of

Indians of the Hu

in New York Colonial Do

ania, p. 31 (Pittsburgh, 1846); and see

he treaty of Lancaster, 1762, was the last trea

tz, Life of Ze

lonial Documents,

ee Ed. de Schweinitz, Life of Zeisberger, p. 374, and an article by the Rev. Stephen

own on Hough's Map of the Tribal Districts of Indiana, in th

eport on the Indi

Agent, in Trans. of the Amer. An

e Baptist Indian Mi

stian Fast, in Beach, I

Conduct of the Society of Friends toward t

g no other missionary among the Indians, in either of these Pro

suspicion of "the cause pretended for such a number of Indians coming to live there is that they are to be taught the Chris

, Further, on Tatemy who had been converted by Brainerd and served him as interpr

1-61, of the labors of the Moravian brethren. In that period 525 Indians were converted and baptized. Of these-163 we

the Western Pioneer and Apostle of the Indians

., 1882). The seeming incongruity of applying such terms as Trickster, Cheat and Liar to the highest divinity

s, Account of New Swe

of the Indians, in Bulletin Hi

ers and Peter Sluyter, p. 268. Translation in Vol. I of the Tran

s believed to be, in all instances, a symbol of the earth, and is addresse

z, Life and Times of Zeisberger, pp. 218,

island, believing it to be entirely surrounded by

Ibid,

oints in favor of the authenticity of the Walam Olum that this halcyon epoch is mentioned in it

the New Netherlands, Coll. N. Y. His

he Rev. David Brainerd, pp.

derstand Loskiel t

lls bey, und kleiden es in Bilder ein

Zeisberger, who was Loskiel's authority, mean

ion among the Frontier Inhabitants of Pennsylvania, and of Introducing Christianity

Ibid,

te der Mission

n. At least a writer speaks of the "seven tribes" into which those in Co

Beatty, Journa

n des Jesuite

cent of Man,

ran. Amer. Philos. S

f Masco, to Major Marston, about 1819. See

he Amer. Antiq. Soc., Vol. I, p. 273). Those of the tribe who now live on the Quapaw Reservation, Indian Territory, repeat every year a long, probably mythical and historical, chant, the words of

of the American Philosophical Soci

ree, amansis, to frighten; tiat, an abbreviated form of tawa, naked, whence the name Tawatawas, or Twightees, app

urnal of Science,

, Archaeology of the

dy but Monsieur Rafinesque himself. Among his manifold projects was a "Divitial System", by which all interested could soon become large capitalists. He published a book on it (of cou

rican Nations

Ibid,

r's Narrati

ican Natio

Ibid,

g, where I surveyed other ancient monuments." Rafinesque

nal of Science, Vol

merican Nat

he Rev. John Heckewelder and P

merican Nat

Read

Var mo

Var. s

ar. men

Var wa

Var mi