Sir Rowland Hill

a taxation upon communication by letters must bear heavily upon commerce; it is, in fact, taxing the conversation of people who live at a distance from each

s the communications of various persons living in Manchester

cost of the country. I do not think that either of these, useful and valuable as they are to the community, and fit as they are for Government to sanction, are more

the free transmission of letters."-(Si

y the high rates of postage."-G. Hen

swept away the old system-the following passage from Miss Martineau's "History of the Thirty Years' Peace, 1815-1845" is quoted with excellent effect. From a novel point of view, and in somewhat startling colours, it presen

of us how like to this was the fate of the largest classes in our own country. The fact is that there was no full and free epistolary intercourse in the country except for those who, like Members of Parliament, had the command of franks. There were few families in the wide middle class who did not feel the cost of [Pg 41] postage to be a heavy item in their expenditure; and if the young people sent letters home only once a fortnight, the amount at the year's end was a rather se

eparation was mainly caused by dear postal charges. Fourpence carried a letter 15 miles only; the average rate, even taking into account the many penny letters circulated by the local town-posts-which, it is said, numbered some two hundred, the greater part being very profitable undertakings-was 6-?d.[21] Mr Brewin of Cirencester, in his evidenc

ut, generally speaking, it had also smaller purchasing power in the 'thirties than it came to have later in the century when freer trade and lighter taxation prevailed. The real hardshi

ented by the franked letters, excluding those which were, or which purported to be, 'On His Majesty's Service,' amounted in 1716 to what was, for that time relatively to the total Post Office revenue, the enormous sum of ￡17,500 a year" (p. 142). By 1838 the number of franked

the Post Office became a Crown monopoly. The first intention was that franking should be enjoyed only by Members during each session; but later it was practised in and out of session. When the measure came before the House, a few Members condemned it as "shabby," "a poor mendicant

e such things as fifteen couples of hounds, two maid servants, a cow, two bales of stockings, a deal case containing flitches of bacon, a huge feather-bed, and other bulky products, animate and inanim

g

voured few, since the revenue, at all costs, must be maintained. Thus to Rowland Hill's parents, and to many thousands more, in those days of slender income and heavy taxation, the postman's knock was a sound of

gain, a parcel of official papers, small enough to slip inside an ordinary pocket, was sent from Dublin to another Irish town addressed to Sir John Burgogne. By mistake it was charged as a letter instead of as a parcel, and cost ￡11! For that amount t

to say "No," or found that compliance with requests enhanced his popularity, or was to his advantage. Members of Parliament sometimes signed franks by the packet, and gave them to constituents and friends. It was an easy, inexpensive way of making a present, or of practising a little bribery and corruption. The chief offenders wer

half to three-quarters of the entire number. Why forgery should be resorted to is easy to understand. The unprivileged nursed a natural grudge against the privileged, and saw no harm in occasionally e

had to be franked by a peer or a Member of Parliament. But no pretence was ever made that the signatures were genuine; and not only was anybody at liberty to write the name of peer or Member, but the publishers themselves were accustomed to issue the news

es radius from the General Post Office) for delivery within the same circle, unless a postage of 1d., in addition to the impressed newspaper stamp, were paid upon it-a regulation which, however, was constantly evaded by large numb

and therefore prepayment of newspaper postage was secured. It may be that when the stamp duty rose to 3d. and 4d., the official conscience was satisfied that sufficient payment had been made; and thus the franking signature became an unnecessary survival, a mere process of lily-painting and refined gold-gilding, which at some future time might be quietly got rid of. If so,

nded its existence in tatters. The repeal of the stamp duty and of that other "tax unwise," the paper duty, changed all this, and gave rise to the penny and halfpenny Press of modern times and the cheap and good books that are now within the reach of all. The fact is worth recording that yet another-perhaps more than one other-article

reate discontent, and justly so. Peel, inimical as he was to the postal reform, was well aware of the evils of the franking system,

mer; and his plan, in that and some other details, was not carried out in its entirety. Franking was enormously curtailed, but it was a scotching rather than a

ffectionatel

h by the London

land Hill suggested the use of postage stamps for letters, it is well to point out that the employment of such stamps before 1840, so far from cheapening or

erefore the Post Office, to suit its own convenience, often obliged some of its mail matter to perform very circuitous routes, thereby [Pg 50] not only retarding delivery, but rendering still greater the already great variability of rates. "Thus, for example, letters from Loughton to Epping (places only 2 or 3 miles apart) were carried into London and out again, and charged a postage of 7d.-that being the rate under the old system for letters between post towns ranging from 30 to 50 miles apart."[28] That this circumambulatory practice was responsible for waste of time as well as increase of cost is shown by the fact that of two letters, the one addressed to Highgate, and the other to Wolverhampton (120 miles further along the same coach road), and both posted in London at the same hour, the Highgate let

r increase was reckoned by weight, the charge being quadrupled when the letter weighed an ounce, rising afterwards by a "single" postage for every additional quarter ounce. It was as well, perhaps, that t

, were added to the first, the postage was doubled. The effect of fastening an adhesive stamp on to a single letter would therefore have been to subject the missive to a double charge; while to have affixed a stamp to an envelope containing a letter would have trebled the postage. In other words, a man living, say, 400 miles from his correspondent, would have to pay something like 4s. for the p

was once sent from London to Wolverhampton, containing an enclosure to which a small piece of paper had been fastened. The process c

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system, it was, save in very exceptional circumstances, far easier to collect the postage at the end of the letter's journey than at its beginning; and, in the absence of prepayment, of what possible use could stamps have been, or what man in his senses would have proposed them?[31] Had later-d

rong artificial light. This process not only gave the examining official some idea of the number of enclosures, if any, but often revealed their character. It was to defeat temptation to dishonesty c

otectionist days to enable the epistle to cross the Scottish border. A letter to Ireland via Holyhead paid, in addition to ordinary postage, steamer rates and toll for using the Menai and Conway bridges.

itant. When, therefore, we think of them as doubled, trebled, quadrupled, and so forth, [Pg 55] it is easy to understand why to all but the rich letter-writing be

000 was enforced. But in 1812 a yet further contribution of ￡200,000 was required; and these higher rates-the highest ever reached

e, even though the shorter distance carried less postage; in 1813 a direct post in place of a circuitous one was constantly being refused on the plea that a loss of postage would result."[33] In the latter year all sorts of oppressive and even bewildering new regulations

a letter travelled from London to Paris, the writer paid 10d., which freed it as far as Calais only, its recipient paying the other 10d

ose countries cost ￡5 under the old system. But at this "reduced" (!) rate only a 3-lb. packet could be sent. Did one weigh the merest fraction of a pound over the permitted three, it could not go except as a letter, the postage upon which would have been ￡22, 0s. 8d.[35]

ntries nearer home than America postal charges rendered letter-writing an expensive occupation even to the well-to-do if they had a large foreign correspondence. To-day "a letter can be sent from London westward

and evasions of many sorts should be practised, notwithstanding the me

e postage was indirectly taken out of the pocket of the man who invested 5d. in every copy of his "daily"-and letters, except those which passed between members of the privileged classes, did not, the newspaper came to be a frequent bearer of well-disguised messages from one member of the unprivileged classes to another. The emp

me forward during the agitation for penny postage as voluntary witnesses to the necessity for the reform, their evidence being the revelation of their fraud made on condition that they should be held exempt from prosecution. There were six different modes of writing Mr Smith's name, one for each working day of the week; and the wording of his trade varied still oftener, and served to give him the latest news of the market. If Mr Smith's fellow-tradesman (and fellow-conspirator) in London wrote the address i

he old system, it seemed to be each person's aim to extract the cost of postage on his own letters out of the pocket of some othe

tly in want of clothing, and made known his need to those at home with as little outlay as though he had been a member of Parliament or peer of the realm.

iters of the letters forming that fourth part, and we among them, were taxed to make up the loss on the franked three-quarters, perhaps even we, immaculate as we believe ourselves to be, might have been tempted to put our scruples into our pock

of paper not intended for acceptance, but sent by her son according to preconcerted agreement as a sign that he was well.[37] This, then, is not only yet another illustration of the frauds to which the "have nots" were driven to resort, but, further, shows how profitless, even costly, was the labour imposed upon the Post Office by the system

be deprived of the letters which, but for that sacrifice, must be carried back to the nearest post office to await payment. One poor woman, after striving for several weeks to make up the money to redeem a longed-for letter from her granddaughter in London, went at last to the local office with the shilling which a pitying lady gave her, only to find that the letter had been returned to town. She never received it. Another poor woman begged a local postmaster's daughter to accept a spoon by way of pledge till the ninepence ch

2] to the chief office, were consigned to the "dead" department, and were there destroyed, thus costing the S

wn pocket, taking his chance of being repaid. But not every postmaster could afford to

nue was, of course, quite distinct from that already mentioned as caused by the use of franks fictitious and genuine. Truly, the unprivileged paid so

y private arrangement with the merchants, the postman, on the first, and by far the heaviest, delivery of the day, did not wait for his money. But after the second delivery he had to call at every house where he had left letters earlier in the day and collect the postage: a process wh

s delivery, his fingers would itch-and not always in vain-to keep it there. Again, an honest man, on his way back to the office with the proceeds of his round upon him, was not safe from attack if h

nt it on to the head office. It went through many hands, and peculation was rife. "The [Pg 64] deputy postmasters could not be held to effectual responsibility as regards the amounts due from them to the General Offi

unt of postage; to stamp the letters-that is, to impress on them the date when they were posted; to assort them for delivery, in which work the letter-carriers assisted; to ascertain the amount of postage to be collected by eac

and quite as complicated, and some seven hundred accoun

nder the old system, however much n

2,100 Registrar's districts into which England and Wales were divided, 400 districts, each containing on the average about 20 square miles and some 4,000 inhabitants-making in all a population of about a million and a hal

n New South Wales.[42] And when he drew this comparison, it counted for much more than it would do to-day. Great Britain and Australia were then practically much further asunder than they are now, sailing vessels at that time taking from four to

llage, of some 1,200 inhabitants, called Sabden, 28 miles from Manchester. Althoug

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e intercourse betwixt London and Edinburgh, that upon one occasion the mail from the former city arrived at the General Post Office in Scotla

the Edinburgh mail is said to have arrived in London containing but

elt that when Queen Victoria's reign began, each inhabitant of England and Wales received on an

lecting or delivery of Letters or Packets of Letters." The fines for the offence were "￡5 for every letter, and ￡100 for every week this practice is continued." But fines could not arrest the smuggling, because the practice was remunerative

ting process women and children were employed. In one district the illegal practice was more than fifty years old, and in at least another, as we see by the notice quoted in the preceding paragraph, its age must have exceeded a century. In one then small town the daily average of smuggled letters amounted to more than 50, and on one occasion rose above 150. The Mr Brewin of Cirencester already mentioned said he knew two carriers who conveyed four times as many letters as did the mail.[45] One carrier confessed to having smu

tterns and other things which coach proprietors, on payment of a trifle for booking, ca

though in many instances letters were sent in coach parcels not so much

of which the postal authorities were well aware; and almost every shipbroker hung a bag in his office [Pg 69] for the convenience of those who sent letters otherwise than through the post. Letters so collected by one broker for different ships in which he was interested were said to be sometimes "enough to load a cab." In 111 packages containing 822 newspapers sent in the course of five months to America, 648 letters were found concealed. The postmaster of Margate reported that in the visitors' season the increase of population there made no propor

hampered trade, severed family ties, and practically created the smuggling offence which scandalised the official conscience. Had the rates been less exorbitant, and had they fallen impart