Sir Rowland Hill

ught else, he was devoted, an interval of about four years elapsed, during a great part of which, as has just been mentioned, he found congenial employm

work, the four-years-long gap may be conveniently brid

This latter fact is especially regrettable when the untruths occur in works of reference, a class of books professedly compiled with every care to guard against intrusion of error. Neglect of this precaution, whether the result of carelessness or ignorance, or from quite dissimilar [Pg 1

se resembles a philatelist catalogue, and may therefore be found to lack interes

laring of the misstatements regarding that beginning contained in the notice on postage stamps which forms part of the carele

writer declares, "was in common

f invention of the street letter-box, and perhaps of the impressed stamp and envelope; although evidence to prove that the boon was intended for public use seems to be wanting. In the days of Louis XIV. how many of the "common"alty were able to make use of the post? M. de Valayer also devised printed forms of "billets," prepaid, and a facsimile of one is given in the Quarterly Review's article.[152] Like our own present-day postcards, one side of the billet was to be u

public by the Government of the Sardinian States in November 1818; and stam

e stamped covers, etc., was almost entirely limited to one small class of the community, namely the Ministers of State, and was in force from about 1819 to 1821 only. "In March 1836, a formal decree was passed suppressing their further use, the decree being required simply to dem

de experimentally in London by Mr Charles Wh

n 1834, his covers being intended to take the place, as payers of postage, of the duty stamp, when that odious "tax on knowledge" should be abolished. Had it been possible under the old postal system to prepay letter-postage as well as newspaper-postage

, the adhesive stamp was made experimentally by Mr Jam

by other untruths

mention of any earlier experiments; neither is allusion made to any such in the numerously-signed "certificate" addressed by his fellow-citizens of Dundee to the Treasury in September 1839. The certificate eulogises Mr Chalmers' valuable public services, speaks of his successful efforts in 1825 to establish a 48 hours' acceleration of the mail-coaches plying between Dundee and London, and recommends to "My Lords" the adoption of the accompanying "slips" proposed by him. But nowhere in the certificate is reference made to the mythical stamps declared, nearly half a century later, to have been made in 1834. Yet some of these over one hundred signatories must have been among the friends who, [Pg 191] according to the fable, visited Mr Chalmers' printing office in that year to inspect those early sta

if a very necessary caution addressed to the custodians there while the Chalmers claim was being rather hotly urge

e article on the Post Office in "Chambers's Encyclop?dia," ix. 677 (edition 1901), is far better informed on the subject of which he treats, though even he says that "Both" [men] "seem to have hit on the plan independently; but," he adds

s is not far to seek. At some time during the intervening months he had read "Post Office Reform,"[158] opened up a correspondence with its author-till then an entire stranger-and joined the ranks of those who we

lphabet to C over H. An accident of this sort gives a misstatement that proverbial long start which is required for its establishment, and [Pg 193] naturally handicaps tr

notable corrections in a later edition of a mistake made in one earlier being that attributing the suppression of garrotting to the infliction on the criminals of cor

which, in at least one case, was refused for apparently a quite frivolous reason-the foolish myth will in all probability be kept alive. The fraud was so clumsily constructed that it was scarcely taken seriously by those who know anything of the real history of the stamps, impressed a

accept any of the invitations my brother gave him to carry the case into Court. Had the claim

the Treasury's invitation to the public to furnish designs, sent in drawings and written suggestions.[160] What more natural than that, as years [Pg 195] went past and old age and weakened memory came on, these persons should gradually persuade themselves a

g

therefore adhesive, occurred to him; and he at once proposed its use, describing it, as we have seen, as "a bit of paper just large enough to bear the stamp, and covered at the back with glutinous wash," etc. As both stamps are rec

ief opponents enumerated as many as nine classes of letters to which he thought that stamps would be inapplicable. The task of replying to eight of these objections was easy enough;

proposed to minimise that risk by having them printed on paper especially prepared. In the case of the envelopes bearing the embossed head, the once famous "Dickinson" paper, which contained fin

2,600 letters containing suggestions and many sets of drawings, of which forty-nine varieties alone were for the adhesive stamps. It was, if possible, an even less artistic age than the present-though, at least, it adorned the walls of its rooms with something better than tawdry [Pg 198] bric-à-brac

t long ago led to the placing on the coinage of the portrait of the reigning monarch because it was familiar to the public eye, and therefore less likely than any other face to be counterfeited. In an engraving of some well-known countenance, any thickening or misplacing [Pg 199] of the facial lines makes so great an alteration in features and expression that forgery is far more easily detected than when the device is only a coat-of-a

it was costly, the reason is obvious why, so far as is known, only two attempts, and those so clumsy that one wonders w

g

e impressions on a soft steel roller of sufficient circumference to receive twelve repetitions, the beautiful work of the original matrix being therefore repeated, line for line, in every stamp printed. The roller, bein

rinted some 95/100ths of our postage stamps, and in that space of time issued nearly 21,000,000,000 of [Pg 201] penny adhesives alone.[170] Later, the contract passed into the hands of Messrs De La Rue, who hitherto, but long after 1840, had

produced, as even a temporary return to prepayment by coin of the realm would by this time have been found irksome. But with characteristic zeal, the firm at once recommenced work, and only a few people were ever aware how perilously near to deadlock the modern postal machine had come. It was after this fire that

g

ps ought, of course, to have been issued in time to be used by the 10th January 1840, when the new system came into force. When they were at last forthcoming, none were forwarded to the receiving offices till complaint was made. The fault was then found to lie with the wording of the Treasury letter giving the requisite directions. Later, another difficulty arose. The Stamp Office persisted in issuing

eel insulted if denied the time-honoured privilege of paying for it, the delayed publication of the

rs, put down pennies and missives together, and when the stamps-called by would-be wits the "Government sticking-plasters"-at last ap

instaking of people were sometimes puzzled, and a certain artist, accustomed, like all his brethren of the brush, to consider that portion of his canvas the right hand which faced his left, was so perplexed that he carried to the nearest post office his letter and stamp, knocked up the clerk, and when the latter's face appeared

unfortunate possessor of an "impossible" patronymic. "What name?" demanded the supercilious clerk. "Snooks," [Pg 204] replied the applica

master. "Certainly," was the reply; "it is quite established." "Oh, well, then," said the man, resolved to give the thing generous support, "give me three stamps!" Not much of a story to tell, p

through the post-thereby enabling dishonest people to defraud the Department by causing the unobliterated labels to perform another journey. Many correspondents,

d the eighty possibly somnolent eyes belonging [Pg 205] to "the Forty"-that among the four winged messengers whom Britannia is sending forth in different directions seven legs only are apportioned. The envelope failed to please the public; it was mercilessly sa

READY E

frauds began soon after the first issue of the adhesives, for by the 21st of May my father was already writing in his diary of the many ingenious tricks which were practised. Cheating the Post Office had so long been an

were barely discernible. The difficulty of dealing with the trouble was, of course, intensified by the fact that whereas the stamps were impressed on the paper by powerful machinery, and had h

f Chemistry at the University of the latter city, came forward on his own account, and showed his interest in the cause by making or suggesting a number of experiments. Many people, indeed, went to work voluntarily, for the interest taken in the matter was widespread, and letters offering suggestions poured in from many quarters. But apparently the chemically skilled among the rogues were abler than those employed by the officials, since the "infallible" recipes had an unlucky knack o

completely removed the obliteration. He then proposed for use an obliterative ink of his own invention, which was tried, but proved to b

a like rate, the work could not have repaid any one, honest or the reverse, for the time spent upon it, Mr Ledingham, my father's clerk, who had throughout sh

[172] The device succeeded, the ink thus formed proving indestructible; and all seemed likely to go well, when a fresh and very disagreeable difficulty made its unwelcome appearance. To enable this ink to dry with sufficient rapidity, a little volatile

many sympathisers. In the end, the colour of the black penny was changed to red, the twopenny stamp remaining blue. Thenceforth, oleaginous inks were used both for printing and for obliterating; the ink for the latter purpose being made so much more tenacious than that used to print the stamp that any attempt

g

antly to the fingers, attracted him less than the cleanlier embossed stamp on the envelope; and perhaps he thought it not unlikely that other people would be of like mind. But from the first the public showed a preference for the adhesive; and to this day the more convenient cover with the embossed head has been far seldomer in demand. It is not impossible that if the present life of feverish hurry and high pressure continues, and even in

a useful servant to the public; and all who knew what was his career there were well aware that when at length he had beaten [Pg 210] down opposition, that object was attain

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