The Buccaneers in the West Indies in the XVII Century

the one who had endeavoured with singleness and tenacity of purpose to clear away the evils of buccaneering. Lord Vaughan had displayed little symp

th gold and silver plate from the Spanish churches and cathedrals of Porto Bello and Panama. The old governor, Sir Thomas Modyford, had been popular in his person, and his policy had been more popular still. Yet Lynch, by a combination of tact and firmness, and by an untiring activity with the small means at his disposal, had inaugurated a new and revolutionary policy in the island, which it was the duty of his successors merely to continue. In 1682 the problem before him, although difficult, was much simpler. Buccaneering was now rapidly being transformed into pure piracy. By laws and repeated proclamations, the freebooters had been offered an opportunity of returning to civilized pursuits, or of remaining ever thereafter outlawed. Many had come in, some to remain, others to take the first opportunity of escaping again.

the master and mate aboard his own vessel, and then seized the ship. Carrying the prize to some creek or bay to careen her and fit her up as a man-of-war, he then started out on a mad piratical cruise, took sixteen or eighteen Jamaican vessels, barbarously ill-treated the crews, and demoralized the whole trade of the island.427 Captain Johnson was dispatched by Lynch in a frigate in October 1682 to find and destroy the pirate; but after a fruitless search of two months round Porto Rico and Hispaniola, he returned to Port Royal. In December Lynch learned that "La Trompeuse" was careening in the neighbourhood of the Isle la Vache, and sent out another frigate, the "Guernsey," to seize her; but the wary pirate had in the meantime sailed away. On 15th February the "Guernsey" was again dispatched with positive orders not to stir from the coast of Hispaniola until the pirate was gone or destroyed; and Coxon, who seems to have been in good odour at Port Royal, was sent to offer to a privateer named "Yankey," men, victuals, pardon and naturalization, besides ￡200 in money for himself and Coxon, if he would go after "La Trompeuse."428 The next news of Hamlin was from the Virgin Islands, where he was received and entertained by the Governor of St. Thomas, a small island belonging to the King of Denmark.429 Making St. Thomas his headquarters, he robbed several English vessels that came into his way, and after first obtaining from the Danish governor a promise that he would find shelter at St. Thomas on his return, stood across for the Gulf of Guinea. In May 1683 Hamlin arrived on the west side of Africa disguised as an English man-of

glish islands. Although he had but 300 or 350 people on St. Thomas, and most of these British subjects, he laid claim to all the Virgin Islands, harboured runaway servants, seamen and debtors, fitted out pirate vessels with arms and provisions, and refused to restore captured ships and crews which the pirates brought into his port.

s, of course, contrary to the Treaty of Madrid, and by giving the pirates only another excuse for their actions, greatly complicated the task of the Governor of Jamaica. Lynch forwarded Coxon's commission to England, where in August 1682 the proprietors of the Bahama Islands were ordered to attend the council and answer for the misdeeds of their governor.437 The proprietors, however, had already acted on their own initiative, for on 29th July they issued instructions to a new governor, Robert Lilburne, to arrest Clarke and keep him in custody till he should give securi

for them, gave up the project and looted some small neighbouring settlements. On the return of Pain and two others to New Providence, Governor Lilburne tried to apprehend them, but he failed for lack of means to enforce his authority. The Spaniards, however, were not slow to take their revenge. In the following January they sent 250 men from Havana, who in the early morning surprised and plundered the town and shipping at New Providence, killed three men, and carried away money and provisions to the value of ￡14,000.440 When Lilburne in February sent to ask the Gov

nd galled by the oppression of the West India Company, displayed their strength in a spirit of indocility which caused great embarrassment to the governor. Although in time of peace the freebooters kept the French settlements in continual danger of ruin by reprisal, in time of war they were the mainstay of the colony. As the governor, therefore, was dependent upon them for protection against the English, Spanish and Dutch, although he withdrew their commissions he dared not punish them for their c

ed him by de Pouan?ay before the treaty of Nimuegen, had made a brilliant night assault upon La Guayra, the seaport of Caracas. Of his 180 followers only forty-seven took part in the actual seizure of the town, which was amply protected by two forts and by cannon upon the walls. On the following day, however, he received word that 2000 men were approaching from Caracas, and as the enemy were also rallying in force in the vicinity of the town he was compelled to retire to the ships. This move

mn of 1681 in command of a merchant ship called the "Mary and Martha," alias the "St. Nicholas." He soon, however, revealed the rogue he was by turning two of his merchants ashore at Cadiz and stealing four Spanish guns. He then sailed to the Canaries and to the coast of Guinea, plundering ships and stealing negroes, and finally, in November 1682, arrived at the city of San Domingo, where he tried to dispose of his black cargo. From San Domingo he mad

d jewels to meet their expectations, they threatened to burn the cathedral and all the prisoners within it, unless a ransom was brought in from the surrounding country. The governor, Don Luis de Cordova, was on the third day discovered by an Englishman hidden in the hay in a stable, and was ransomed for 70,000 pieces of eight. Meanwhile the Spanish Flota of twelve or fourteen ships from Cadiz had for two days been lying outside the harbour and within sight of the city; yet it did not venture to land or to attack the empty buccaneer vessels. The proximity of such an armament, however, made the freebooters uneasy, especially as the Spanish viceroy was approaching with an army from the direction of Mexico. On the fourth day, therefore, they sailed away in the very face of the Flota to a neighbouring cay, where

s sentenced to lose his head for his remissness in defending the city.448 The Spanish ambassador in London, Ronquillo, requested Charles II. to command Sir Thomas Lynch to co-operate with

e governor finally consented on condition that they persuade all the freebooters driven away by de Franquesnay to return to the colony. Two commissioners, named Begon and St. Laurent, arrived in August 1684 to aid him in reforming this dissolute society, but they soon came to the same conclusions as the governor, and sent a memoir to the French King advising less severe measures. The king did not agree with their suggestion of compromise, and de Cussy, compelled to deal harshly with the buccaneers, found his task by no means an easy one.451 Meanwhile, however, many of the freebooters, seeing the determined attitude of the established authorities, decided to transfer their activities to the Pacific coasts of America, where they would be safe from interference on the part of the English or Frenc

retired to Hispaniola.452 According to Charlevoix, before the buccaneers sailed away they celebrated the festival of St. Louis by a huge bonfire in honour of the king, in which they burnt logwood to the value of 200,000 crowns, representing the greater part of their booty. The Spaniards of Hispaniola, who kept up a constant desultory warfare with their French neighbours, were incited by the ravages of the buccaneers in the South Seas, and by the sack of Vera Cruz and Campeache, to renewed hostilities; and de Cussy, anxious to attach

nch sent repeated complaints to de Pouan?ay and to his successor. He also wrote to England begging the Council to ascertain from the French ambassador whether these governors had authority to issue commissions of war, so that his frigates might be able to distinguish between the pirate and the lawful privateer.456 Except at Petit Goave, however, the French were really desirous of preserving peace with Jamaica, and did what they could to satisfy the demands of the English without unduly irritating the buccaneers. They were in the same position as Lynch in 1671, who

elonged to the same faction, was removed from his office as attorney-general of the island. Lynch had had the support of both the assembly and the council, and his actions were at once confirmed in England.459 The governor, however, although he had enjoyed the confidence of most of the inhabitants, who looked upon him as the saviour of the island, left behind in the persons of Morgan, Elletson and their roystering companions, a group of implacable enemies, who did all in their power to vilify his memory to the

oasts;461 he had sent word to the Spanish governors of the intended sack of Vera Cruz;462 he had protected Spanish merchant ships with his own men-of-war and hospitably received them in Jamaican ports. Yet Spanish corsairs continued to rob English vessels, and Spanish governors refused to surrender English ships and goods which were carried into their ports.463 On the plea of punishing interlopers they armed small galleys and ordered them to take all ships which had on board any products of the Indies.464 Letters to the governors at Havana and St. Jago de Cuba were of no avail. English trade routes were interrupted and dangerous, the turtling, trading and fishing sloops, which supplied a great part of the food of Jamaica, we

ates be sent to all the plantations in America, to be passed and enforced in each as a statute of the province.471 On 12th March 1684 a general proclamation was issued by the king against pirates in America, and a copy forwarded to all the colonial governors for publication and execution.472 Nevertheless in Massachusetts, in spite of these measures and of a letter from the king warning the governors to give no succour or aid to any of the outlaws, Michel had been received with open arms, the proclamation of 12th March was torn down in the streets, and the Jamaica Act, though passed, was never enforced.473 In the Carolinas, although the Lords Proprietors wrote urging the governors to take every care that no pirates were entertained in the colony, the Act was not passed until November 1685.474 There were few, if any, convictions, and the freebooters plied their trade with the same security as before. Toward the end of 1686 three galleys from St. Augustine landed about 150 men, Spaniards, Indians and mulattos, a few leagues below Charleston, and laid waste several plantations, including that of Governor Moreton. The enemy pushed on to Port Royal, completely destroyed the Scotch colony there, and retired before a force could be raised to oppose them. To avenge this inroad the inhabitants immediately began preparations for a descent upon St. Augustine; and an expedition consisting of two French privateering vessels and about 500 men was organized and about to sail, when a new governor, James Colleton, arrived and ordered it to disb

a privateering venture with a ship of thirty guns, had been caught and brought back by the frigate "Ruby," but when put on trial for piracy was released by the grand jury on a technicality. Six months later Bannister managed to elude the forts a second time, and for two years kept dodging the frigates which Molesworth sent in pursuit of him. Finally, in January 1687, Captain Spragge sailed into Port Royal with the buccaneer and three of his companions hanging at the yard-arms, "a spectacle of great satisfaction to all good people, and of terror to the favourers of pirates."485 It was during the government of Molesworth that the "Biscayners" began to appear in American waters. These privateers from the Bay of Biscay seem to have been taken into the King of Spain's servic

the island. Before he sailed he had boldly petitioned for powers to dispose of money without the advice and consent of his council, and, if he saw fit, to reinstate into office Sir Henry Morgan and Robert Byndloss. The king, however, decided that the suspension of Morgan and Byndloss should remain until Albemarle had reported on their case from Jamaica.491 When the Duke entered upon his new government, he immediately appointed Roger Elletson to be Chief Justice of the island in the place of Samuel Bernard. Three assistant-judges of the Supreme Court thereupon resi

they should seek redress; others have been brought before the council for trifling offences and innumerable fees taken from them; money has been raised twenty per cent. over its value to defend creditors. Lastly, the elections have been tampered with by the indebted provost-marshal, and since the Duke of Albemarle's death are continued without your royal authority."494 The death of Albemarle, indeed, at this opportune time was the greatest service he rendered to the colony. Molesworth was immediately commanded to return to Jamaica and resume authority. The duke's system was entirely reversed, and the government restored as it had been under the administration of Sir Thomas Lynch. Elletson was removed from the council and from his position as chief justice, and Bernard returned in his former place. All of the rest of Albemarle's creatures were dismissed from their posts, and the supporters of Lynch

t the town. In revenge the Spaniards, supported by an English fleet which had just driven the French from St. Kitts, appeared in January 1691 before Cap Fran?ois, defeated and killed de Cussy in an engagement near the town, and burned and sacked the settlement. Three hundred French filibusters were killed in the battle. The English fleet visited Leogane and Petit Goave in the cul-de-sac of Hispaniola, and then sailed to Jamaica. De Cussy before his death had seized the opportunity to provide the freebooters with new commissions for privateering, and English shipping suffered severely.500 Laurens with 200 men touched at Montego Bay on the north coast in October, and threatened to return and plunder the whole north side of the island.

nd, and nearly every week hostile bands landed and plundered the coast of negroes and other property.508 In December 1693 a party of 170 swooped down in the night upon St. Davids, only seven leagues from Port Royal, plundered the whole parish, and got away again with 370 slaves.509 In the following April Ducasse, the new French governor of Hispaniola, sent 400 buccaneers in six small vessels to repeat the exploit, but the marauders met an English man-of-war guarding the coast, and concluding "that they would only get broken bones and spoil their men for any other design," they retired whence they had come.510 Two months later, however, a much more serious incursion was made. An expedition of twenty-two vessels and 1500 men, recruited in France and instigated, it is said, by Irish and Jacobite refugees, set sail under Ducasse on 8th June with the intention of conquering the whole of Jamaica. The French landed at Point Morant and Cow Bay, and for a month cruelly desolated the whole south-eastern portion of the island. Then coasting along the southern shore they made a feint on Port Royal, and landed in Carlisle Bay to the west of the capital. After driving from their breastworks the English force of 250 men, they again fell t

of 1700 soldiers on a fleet of twenty-three ships sailed from England under command of Commodore Wilmot for the West Indies. Uniting with 1500 Spaniards from San Domingo and the Barlovento fleet of three sail, they captured and sacked Cap Fran?ois and Port de Paix in the French end of the island. It had been the intention of the allies to proceed to the cul-de-sac and destroy

ed and threatened to disband, and it required all the personal ascendancy of Ducasse to hold them together. The Sieur de Pointis, although a man of experience and resource, capable of forming a large design and sparing nothing to its success, suffered from two very common faults-vanity and avarice. He sometimes allowed the sense of his own merits to blind him to the merits of others, and considerations of self-interest to dim the brilliance of his achievements. Of Ducasse he was insanely jealous, and during the whole expedition he tried in every way to humiliate him. Unable to bring himself to conciliate the unruly spirit of the buccaneers, he told them plainly that he would lead them not as a companion in fortune but as a military superior, and that they must submit themselves to the same rules as the men on the king's ships. The freebooters rebelled under the haughtiness of their commander, and only Ducasse's influence was able to bring them to obedience.518 On 18th March the ships were all gathered at the rendezvous at Cape Tiburon, and on the 13th of the following month anchored two leagues to the east of Cartagena.519 De Poin

s and the buccaneers, for the latter wanted the whole of the plunder to be divided equally among the men, as had always been their custom, and they expected, according to this arrangement, says de Pointis in his narrative, about a quarter of all the booty. De Pointis, however, insisted upon the order which he had published before the expedition sailed from Petit Goave, that the buccaneers should be subject to the same rule in the division of the spoil as the sailors in the fleet, i.e., they should receive one-tenth of the first million and one-thirtieth of the rest. Moreover, fearing that the buccaneers would take matters into their own hands, he had excluded them from the city while his officers gathered the plunder and carried it to the ships. On the repeated remonstrances of Ducasse, de Pointis finally announced that the share allotted to the men from Hispaniola was 40,

llion more in gold and silver. Embarking for the Isle la Vache, they had covered but thirty leagues when they met with the same allied fleet which had pursued de Pointis. Of the nine buccaneer vessels, the two which carried most of the booty were captured, two more were driven ashore, and the rest succeeded in escaping to Hispaniola. Ducasse, who had returned to Petit Goave when de Pointis sailed for France, sent one of his lieutenants on a

recognised and whom they servilely obeyed. They lived at a time when they were in no danger of being overhauled by ubiquitous cruisers with rifled guns, and so long as they confined themselves to His Catholic Majesty's ships and settlements, they had trusted in the immunity arising from the traditional hostility existing between the English and the Spaniards of that era. And for the Spaniards the record of the buccaneers had been a terrible one. Between the years 1655 and 1671 alone, the corsairs had sacked eighteen cities, four towns and more than thirty-five villages-Cumana once, Cumanagote twice, Maracaibo and Gibraltar twice, Rio de la Hacha five times, Santa Marta three times, Tolu eight times, Porto Bello once, Chagre twice, Panama once, Santa Catalina twice, Granada in Nicaragua twice, Campeache three times, St. Jago de Cuba once, and other towns and villages in Cuba and Hispaniola for thirty leagues inland innumerable times. And this fearful tale of robbery and outrage does not embrace the various expeditions against Porto Bello, Campeache, Cartagena and other Spanish ports made after 1670. The Marquis de Barinas in 1685 estimated the losses of the Spaniards at the hands of the buccaneers since the accession of Charles II. to be si

ded upon outrage, and the English Governors seemed, in spite of their protestations of innocence, to make no progress toward stopping them, the Spaniards naturally concluded that the English government was the best of liars and the worst of friends. From another point of view, too, the activity of the buccaneers was directly opposed to the commercial interests of Great Britain. Of all the nations of Europe the Spaniards were those who profited least from their American possessions. It was the English, the French and the Dutch who carried their merchandize to Cadiz and freighted the Spanish-American fleets, and who at the return of these fleets from Porto Bello and Vera Cruz appropriated the greater part of the gold, silver and

he East, the great ships from Bengal and the Islands of Spice. And not only did the outlaws of all nations from America and the West Indies flock to these regions, but sailors from England were fired by reports of the rich spoils obtained to imitate their example. One of the most remarkable instances was that of Captain Henry Avery, alias Bridgman. In May 1694 Avery was on an English merchantman, the "Charles II.," lying near Corunna. He persuaded the crew to mutiny, set the captain on shore, re-christened the ship the "Fancy," and sailed to the East Indies. Among other prizes he cap

ven more flagrant. Governor Markham of the Quaker colony of Pennsylvania allowed the pirates to dispose of their goods and to refit upon the banks of the Delaware, and William Penn, the proprietor, showed little disposition to reprimand or remove him. Governor Fletcher of New York was in open alliance with the outlaws, accepted their gifts and allowed them to parade

libusters were especially numerous and active. In 1706 there were 1200 or 1300 who made their headquarters in Martinique alone.533 While keeping the French islands supplied with provisions and merchandise captured in their prizes, they were a serious discouragement to English commerce in those regions, especially to the trade with the North American colonies. Occasionally they threatened the coasts of Virginia and New England, and some combi

. Colon., 1681-85, Nos. 501,

C.S.P. Colon., 1681-85,

Jamaica under arrest to Governor de Cussy in 1684, and thence was sh

eturn) Ibid., No

C.S.P. Colon., 1681-8

return) Ibid.,

(return) Ibi

return) Ibid.,

urn) C.S.P. Colon.

Nos. 1168, 1190, 1223, 1344; c

ast of the Main last month, with sixty of his old crew and as many new men. They call themselves pirates,

1681-85, Nos. 777, 1188, 1189, 1223, 1

1222, 1223, 1676, 1678, 1686, 190

urn) Ibid., Nos. 5

t three here (Port Royal) who were condemned last Friday." (Ibid., No. 769. Letter of Sir Thos. Lynch, 6th Nov. 1682.) A year later, in November 1683, he had again reverted to piracy (ibid., No. 1348), but in January 1686 surrendered to Lieut.-Governor Molesworth and was ordered to be arrested and tried at St. Jago de la Vega (ibid., 1685-88, No. 548). He probably in the meantime

n) C.S.P. Colon., 16

(return) Ibid.

. Thomas Pain, a few months before he arrived in the Bahamas, had come in and submitted to Sir Thomas Lynch,

P. Colon., 1681-85, Nos. 15

return) Ibid.,

return) Ibid.,

libusters who made their headquarters in French Hispaniola. They had seventeen vessels at sea with batterie

Charlevoix, op. cit.,

C.S.P. Colon., 1681-8

n) C.S.P. Colon., 16

liv. viii. p. 133; Narrative contained in "The Voyages and Adventur

varrete, t. x. No. 33, says that the booty at Vera Cruz amounted to more than three million reales de plata in jewels and merchandise, for which the invaders demanded a ranso

turn) S.P. Spain,

d., vol. 70, f. 57; C.S.P.

ica. The Privy Council empowered Lynch to treat with him, offering pardon and permission to settle on the island on giving security for his future good behaviour. But de Cussy arrived in the meantime, reversed the policy of de Franquesnay, rec

, op. cit., liv. viii. pp. 139-14

. ix. pp. 197-99; Duro., op. cit., v. pp. 273-74

y he appeared in the West Indies as the commander of a frigate armed for privateering, and captured near Martinique a Dutch vessel worth 400,000 livres. He carried his pri

ed their ranks. Such was the terror inspired by his name throughout all the Spanish coasts that in the public prayers in the churches Heaven was invoked to shield the inhabitants from his fury. Divorced from his first wife, whom he had married at Teneriffe in 1674, he was married again in March 1693 to a Norman or Breton woman named Marie-Anne Dieu-le-veult, the widow of one of the first inhabitants of Tortuga (ibid.). The story goes that Marie-Anne, thinking one day that she had been grievously ins

P. Colon., 1681-85, Nos. 19

se French Commissions ... but I have learnt since that the Tenor of them is to give a Liberty to Fish, Fowl and Hunt. The Occasion of this is, that ... in time of Peace these Commissions are given as a Warrant to those of each side (i.e., Frenc

1681-85, Nos. 668, 769, 942, 948, 1281

cf. also C.S.P. Colon., 1681-85, No. 1348). Shortly after, according to the memoir, an English ship of 30 guns appeared for several days cruising in the channel between Tortuga and Port de Paix. The sieur de Franquesnay, on sending to ask for an explanation of this conduct, received a curt reply to the effect that the sea was free to everyone. The French governor thereupon sent a barque with 30 filibusters to attack the Englishman, but the filibusters returned well beaten

cident is found in the

urn) C.S.P. Colon.

return) Ibid.,

Nos. 1246, 1249, 1250, 1294, 1295, 1302, 1311,

No. 1938; ibid., 1685-88, Nos.

d., 1681-85, Nos. 668, 769

on., 1681-85, Nos. 1163, 1198; Bi

85, Nos. 1796, 1854, 1855, 1943; ibid., 168

Ibid., 1681-85, Nos.

Ibid., Nos. 963, 992,

eturn) Ibid., No

return) Ibid.,

S.P. Colon., 1681-85, Nos

" in the West Indies. Very likely the fame or ill-fame of the original "La Trompeuse" led other pirate captains to flatter themselves by adopting the

return) Ibid.,

(return) Ibi

) C.S.P. Colon., 1681

return) Ibid.,

rn) Ibid., Nos. 163

) Ibid., 1685-88, Nos

d., Nos. 1029, 1161; Hughs

eturn) Ibid., 16

eturn) Hughson,

) C.S.P. Colon., 1685

(return) Ibi

(return) Ibi

bid., No. 1602; cf. also

C.S.P. Colon., 1685-8

return) Ibid.,

turn) Ibid., Nos.

1-85, Nos. 1759, 1852, 2067; ibid

during these years cf. C.S.P. Colon., 1685-88, Nos. 259, 348, 897, 1449, 1476-7,

1406, 1656, 1670, 1705, 1723, 1733; ibid., 1689-92,

urn) C.S.P. Colon.

: (return) I

return) Ibid.,

(return) Ibi

bid., Nos. 758, 920, 927

., 1685-88, Nos. 1567, 1646, 1655,

(return) Dict.

C.S.P. Colon., 1685-88,

(return) Ibi

urn) Ibid., 1689-9

: (return) I

: (return) I

50, 52, 54, 85, 120, 176-178, 293, 2

on., 1689-92, Nos. 293, 467; Ibid

) Ibid., 1689-92, Nos

.S.P. Colon., 1689-92, N

: (return) I

id., Nos. 2034, 2043, 226

return) Ibid.,

) Ibid., Nos. 2034, 2

rn) Ibid., Nos. 227

) Ibid., 1693-96, Nos

s. 778, 876; Archives Coloniales, Corresp. Gen. d

C.S.P. Colon., 1693-9

1121, 1131, 1194, 1236; Charlevoix, I. x. p. 256 ff.; Stowe MSS.,

sland at this time was variously estimated from 2000 to

urn) C.S.P. Colon,

eturn) Ibid., No

de Graff, who was in command at Cap Fran?ois, and feared falling into the hands of his old enemies the English and Spaniards, which had much to do with the s

return) Ducéré,

return) Narrati

rative of de Pointis; C.S.

rative of de Pointis; C.S.

return) Narrati

S.P. Colon., 1696-97, Nos

(return) Ibid.

n) C.S.P. Colon., 16

(return) Ibi

er fort called Santa Cruz, well-built with 4 bastions and a moat, but provided with only a few iron guns and without a garrison. Two other forts formed part of the exterior works of the town, but they had neither garrison nor guns. The city itself

ntis. Cf. Charlevoix, op cit., liv. xi., f

n) Charlevoix, op. c

hes and convents. This article was not observed by the French. On the return of the expedition to France, however, Louis XIV. ordered the ecclesiastical plate to be sequestered, and aft

eturn) Duro, op.

urn) C.S.P. Colon.

oubly increased, so that there is not now resident upon the place ten men to every house that selleth stro

ford: Bibliotheca Lindesian

l.-lii.; cf. also Archives Coloniales, Corresp. Gén. de S

ives Coloniales, Corresp. G

END

found among the Rawlinson MSS., makes the number of privateering ships fifteen,

Ship M

etstone a Spa

t Griffon, f

y James, f

s American,

oper his f

rris a bri

ningham his

sfield a br

Goodly a

longing to Cape Grati

erdue a f

of which no account was available. The cr

END

ir vessels on the coasts of

Ship M

ammont le H

urens de Graff

Michel la M

Janquais la D

le Sage le

Dedran le C

Mesnil la Tr

Jocard l'Ir

e Brea la F

capne. Lau

Bernanos la

Cachemarée le

e Blot la Q

igeron la Lous

Petit le Ruzé

Lagarde la

Verpre le P

St. Dom., vol. i.-Mémoire sur l'estat de Sai

AND BIBL

t Sources

Record

Vols. 34-72. (Abbreviated in

sh Mu

2,410; 12,423; 12,429-30; 13,964; 13,975;

MSS. V

s. 793 or 894;

. Vols. 3

ian L

6, 31, 32, 175, 347. Tann

t Sources

ministère

érale de Saint-Dom

Saint-Domingue

nérale de Martini

istère des affa

onds divers. Amérique. V

ce politique

hèque n

lles acquisitions

udat

ed So

America and the West Indies. 1574-1699. (Ab

tian. 1603-1617. (Abbreviated

s. Edited by J. Masefiel

can ... or a new survey of the

Commission: Reports. Lo

édits pour servir à l'histoire de la Fra

onquista y colonizacion de las posesiones espa?oles en América y Oceania. 42 vols. Madrid, 1864

elation de l'expedition de Carthagène faite

dded an exact account of Sir Henry Morgan'

as Indias, mandadas imprimir y publicar

Sharp ... in the South Sea ... Also Captain Van Horn with h

State papers of, etc. Edited by T

rrative of, etc. Edited b

nd description of the Isthmus

tate ... collected from the original papers o

West India Company, and after serving three years under a cruel master was rescued by the governor, M. d'Ogeron, joined the filibusters, and remained with them till 1674, taking part in most of their exploits. He seems to have exercised among them the profession of barber-surgeon. Returning to Europe in 1674, he published a narrative of the exploits in which he had taken part, or of which he at least had a first-hand knowledge. This "history" is the oldest and most elaborate c

l. xxxviii. p. 544. But both are very unsatisfactory and display a lamentable ignorance of the bibliography of his history of the buccaneers. According to the

f the book, now ver

yen en onmenschliycke wreend heden die Englese en France Rovers tegens de Spanjaerden in America gepleeght hebben;

ch edition cited by Dampierre ("Essai sur les sources de l'hist

t separate account of the buccaneers, Claes G. Campaen's "Zee-Roover," Amsterdam, 1659. This little volume, however,

were made, one on the top of the other. What appears to be a G

anz?sische und Englische Meer-Beuter wider die Spanier in Amerika

n America ... Met Figuuren, 3 Deel. t'Amst

ter by a Spanish edition, also

de Pardinas Villar de Francos ... por el zelo y cuidado de Don Antonio Freyre ... Traducido de la lingua Flamenc

or two places, but otherwise the translation seems to be trustworthy. The portraits and the map of the isthmus of Panama are the same as

th a different dedication in 1682 and in 1684, and again in Madrid in 1793. It is the ve

ies, by the Bucaniers of Jamaica and Tortuga ... especially the ... exploits of Sir Henry Morgan ... writ

, a. 12 (or) 1197

and a brief chapter on the exploits of Barth. Sharp in the Pacific Ocean. In the same year, moreover, there appeared an entirely different English version, with the ob

es by the pirates of Jamaica and Tortuga. More especially the unparalleled achievements of Sir Henry Morgan ... very much corrected from the errors of the original, by the relati

us., G.

of Basil Ringrose and Raveneau de Lussan, both describing voyages in the South Seas, and the voyage of the Sieur de Montauban to Guinea in 1695. This was the ear

melin appeared two years after the En

vie, les Moeurs, les Coutumes des Habitans de Saint Domingue et de la Tortu? et une Description exacte de ces lieux; ... Le tout enrichi de

us., 955

ers and the freebooters. Accounts of two other buccaneers, Montbars and Alexandre Bras-le-Fer, are inserted, but d'Ogeron's shipwreck on Porto Rico and the achievements of Admiral d'Estrees against the Dutch are omitted. In general the French editor, the Sieur de Frontignières, has re-cast the whole story. A similar French edition appeared in Paris in 1688, (Brit. Mus., 278, a. 13, 14.) and in 1713 a facsimile of this last was published at Brussels by Serstevens (Dampierre, p. 153). Sabin (op. cit., vi. 312) mentions an edition of 1699 in three volumes which included the journal of Raveneau de Lussan. I

dary

aris, 1722), gives an account of eleven years, between 1694 and 1705, spent in Martinique and Guadeloupe, and although of little value as an historian, he supplies us with a fund of the most picturesque and curious details about the life and manners of the people in the West Indies at the end of the seventeenth century. A much more important and accurate work is Charlevoix's "Histoire de l'Isle Espagnole ou de S. Domingue" (Paris, 1732), and this I have used as a general introduction to the history of th

James Burney as the fourth volume of "A chronological History of the Discoveries in the South Seas or Pacific Ocean." Burney casts but a rapid glance over the West Indies, devoting most of the volume to an account of the voyages of the freebooters along the coast of South America and in the East Indies. Walter Thornbury in 1858 wrote "The Buccaneers, or the Monarchs of the Main," a hasty compilation, florid and overdrawn, and without historical judgment or accuracy. In 1895 M. Henri Lorin presented a Latin thesis to the Faculty of History in Paris, entitled:-"De praedonibus Insulam Santi Dominici celebrantibus saeculo septimo decimo," but he seems to have confined himself to Exquemelin, Le Pers, Labat, Dutertre and a few documents drawn from the French colonia

Spanish works which refer at all t

pa en la America espanola desde el siglo XVI. al XVIII., deducidas

ts referring to freebooters on the coasts of Peru and Chili, and deals chiefly with the eighteenth century. The other Spanis

ion de los reinos de Castil

n Spanish sources to which I have had no access. But upon comparison of Duro's narrative, which in so far as it relates to the buccane

in the introduction to vol. i. of "La traite négrière aux Indes de Castille" (Paris, 1906), by Georges Scelle. Weiss, in vol. ii. of his history of "L'Espagne depuis Philippe II. jusqu'aux Bourbons" (Paris, 1844), treats of the causes of the econ

based on the collections of Spanish documents brought together by Pacheco and Navarrete. The volume by E. Ducéré entitled, "Les corsairs sous l'ancien reg?me" (Bayonne, 1895), is also valuable for the history of priv

influyo que tuvo en el comercio, industria y poblac

the Netherlands. Translated by C. A. Bierst

sis of the United Stat

of: Bibliotheca Lindesiana. Handlist of p

iversel diplomatique.

Wolsey to the defeat of the Spanish armada. 12 vols. 1870

the Commonwealth and Protectorate,

... Cartagena, Porto Bello, La Vera Cruz,

itish Honduras ... from

avigations ... of the English nat

o: Historia general de las In

rolina pirates and colonial

of the British colonies. 4 vols. Ox

of ... Edited ... by M. Oppenheim. Vol

andez de: Historia general de

ge aux Antilles fran?aises

e Jean d'Estrées dans la mer de

ell's West Indian expedition.

de la Contratacion de las Ind

ie sur l'Atlantique au XV

N

ulco

pelle, pea

pa,

st duke of, se

of, see Monc

e, Duke of

I., Bull of

ptain (bucc

a, 48,

alt-min

lz, J.W.

l of, see Benn

, James,

groes, 26, 36-

n, Island,

ord of F

ptain Hen

d', see I

ptain (buc

es, 2

, 4, 15,

s, 2, 237, 23

ia,

, Hubert

, Major

Captain (bu

acoa

, 74, 85 and n., 87,

bud

Marques

, Andr

rmada de, 109

ptain (bucc

Captain

Charl

nel Samuel,

rd, Pe

illiam, 97 n., 108 n., 118, 135 and

endant of the French

s, Don J

of Arlington), 100, 122, 128, 132, 1

, Sir Th

20, 75,

aptain (buc

Samuel,

ptain (bucc

yners,

aptain,

Captain (bu

ain (bucca

(Mass

nt-Colonel Joseph

nt-General Willi

5, 36, 47, 4

treatie

in, see Land

Captain (bu

sairs of,

, Georg

in James (buc

(buccaneer), 156

lties of, 147-50

of, 70-7

ion of th

nst, see Laws against

of, 124, 2

f, 67, 69,

ssion of

sels

Ayres

exander VI., se

, Jame

, Corne

(Commissioner of

onel Robert,

Pedro Al

Captain (buc

13 and n., 16, 20, 22, 2

12 n., 22, 107-8, 10

137 n., 138, 143, 155,

sa, Don Alonso

ands, 14,

220, 221, 25

, 15, 16, 22, 50,

Alonso d

onel Theod

eneral Chri

udley, Viscount

ptain Charl

rl of, see H

7, 239, 250, 25

n., 11, 14 and n., 15, 16

osta Rica)

on, 11, 12, 13 n.,

e of Bra

rs, 57-58, 6

s (Hond

(Guiana)

t Cranborne and Earl o

" 104, 105,

ort of, 4

n., 164, 1

r, Capt

ing of Englan

7, 100, 101, 103, 109, 11

ing of S

ror, 10, 1

(Carolina

avier, 58, 62, 70, 78, 81, 24

e-par

0, 11, 1

antai

e, 8 and n., 25-

(Governor of th

, Earl of Cumber

opher (Deputy-Gove

iste, Marquis de S

dmiral Gas

s (Governor of

aneer), 155, 156, 160

.S. of, see

Christop

lado,

ade, see Clan

tain (bucc

ain (buccane

, Julia

Don Lui

, Sir Char

Venezu

Hernan

ico, 13

, Francis,

dies, 13 and n.,

ant," 155

enry (Secretary

0, 223, 224, 225 n., 226, 227-8 and

iscount, see

rted to the colon

iver, 85, 87

23, 26, 32, 42,

ezuela), 16

e (Venezu

arl of, see C

, 129, 131, 134, 135

rnor of French Hispaniola),

aptain Wil

n., 108 n., 221 n., 2

ptain (buc

39, 40, 43, 145, 163, 191

n (buccane

ptain (buc

aptain (buc

r de Rausset (Governor of T

a, 14,

ernard, Sieur de

es, Adr

, Don Francis

(buccaneer)

orsairs o

, 20, 38

rancis

Morf," 60

count see Carle

Jamaica), 91, 96-97, 98, 99 and n.

34, 38, 39, 40, 41, 50,

ernor of French Hispaniola)

Eduard

nandez, 135 n., 2

wars,

dia Compa

iste, 70, 114, 116

es, see I

, Sir Th

s, Bry

29, 31, 34, 38, 39

bert, 248, 2

, 59, 7

or, 1

overnor of St.

overnor of St

c, Mons

Cornelius (bucc

n, Comte d',

acob (buccaneer),

(Governor of S

70, 77, 78, 79, 124, 131 n.,

hard, 103, 106,

sabella, Kings

ld, Phil

min (Governor o

ation of the word,

(Governor of

, see

a, 2,

5, 96 and n., 103, 109, 24

de (Governor of Tort

r-General Richa

ernor of French Hispaniola

wars,

dia Company, 4

er, Mar

174 n., 177 n., 1

i Fernandez

, 16 n., 18,

Company

3, 25 n., 55, 56 n., 62, 7

s' pass

William

10, 16, 1

on Gabri

e la c?

(Venezuela

103, 160, 186, 197, 19

en Hi

Island,

ptain (buc

iral William, 92-

Sieur de, 241-43, 244 n., 245, 24

), 73, 221-2, 240-1, 243, 244

a), 16 n., 136, 1

las Perlas (N

e, Sir R

14, 20, 48,

naha

10, 41

, 36, 37, 38, 23

, Company

sway

ain (bucc

Gonzal

rez de, see P

an (buccaneer), 23

, Thoma

Francisco

Luis d

Peter (buccaneer

aptain, (bu

Captain,

9, 20, 21, 22, 23

corsair

, 31, 34, 36, 37,

llia

ney-General

Island,

, King of

, " 9

g of Englan

ptain (buc

miral Pi

(Governor of T

d n. 26, 32, 34, 35,

rl of, see

miral Sir

07, 208, 211, 2

Sir Ar

rlisle (Governor of Jamaica

Phil

, Conde

Don Carl

rl of, see O'

, pirates in

Spain, cruelt

ncil of the

f foreigners

, pirates in

lonisation

English sh

ults

, see Cland

n, see Ferdina

220 and n.,

60, 161, 162, 205, 212,

tain (buccan

tain William

in (buccaneer

6, 50, 57, 73, 77

0, 217, 218, 227,

, 107, 111, 118, 132,

tain (bucc

nt of Tortu

of England, 46,

England, 253,

n (Virgi

Sir Leo

on José Sá

ptain (buc

ptain (bucc

R.N.

ith,

de India

(Jamaic

Francis

tiste, 70, 73-5

ptain (bucc

(Venezue

see Cin

el, alias Breha (buccane

aptain Abra

olomé de, Bisho

e Graff,

Mons., 1

pirates, 110, 217, 218, 22

Captain Fr

paniola), 1

erre (bucca

" see Pai

suit writer

Duque d

ieu, Pierre

ptain (bucc

, " ( "

ns., 63-66, 7

arl of Marlbo

t (Governor of

eru), 1

s, Cond

1, 208-12,

dward,

muel

ers, Mon

, Hen

France, 9 n., 116, 2

ptain (bucc

p (Governor of

ca), 111, 121, 197, 198, 200-205, 20

nant-Governor of Jamaica), 106

eir

ptain (bucc

n, Marqu

o de Ald

caneer), 73, 131, and n., 134-

t," see

, 15, 22, 50, 156-8,

, Gabr

land, 2, 15,

, 15, 16,

ispaniola), 64,

n Regent of Spain, 141, 159

(Governor of Pe

Earl of, se

r," 87, 97,

ain David (bu

, 81-8

7, 73, 74, 75, 22

Guildfo

en of Eng

usetts,

lota

eli, Duqu

orres, Duq

Yucatan)

ptain (buc

see Ne

ptain (buc

(buccaneer

atin Secretary

ptain (bucca

Colonel Ch

127, 137, 1

119-23, 127, 128, 131-35, 136 n., 13

Don Patr

t-Governor of Jamaica), 237 n

onde de,

New Gran

sland o

nd Duke of Albemarle (Go

f Albemarle, 132, 133,

Earl of Sandwic

Don Juan Fra

Marquise

rrat,

Don Ped

h (Governor of

ptain (buc

re (buccaneer)

120, 121, 129, 130

rnor of Jamaica), 73, 137 and n., 143-96,

olonel Thomas,

(buccaneer), 137, 1

st, 19, 55,

aptain Ro

N., 98 and n., 99 and n., 105,

ntos (Darien),

(buccaneer), 124

s, 99, 101 n.,

del O

, 36-38; cf. also

siento of,

s, truce o

of, s

e-Admiral J

, 63, 86,

6, 92, 93, 116

dland,

da, 11, 1

e Island (Bah

21, 22, 32, 33, 46

k, 129,

, 19, 76,

e, 16

n, peac

s (Darien), 1

mmodore Si

of Inchiquin (Governo

or of French Hispaniola), 1

, Conde

caneer), see

, 2, 32 n., 4

am, J

ord,

as (buccaneer), 23

r, 233-34 a

17 and n., 18, 40, 97, 12

s of, se

of, see Pe

Peru),

, Conde

lliam, 85 and n.

roprietor of

ylvan

dent of Panama), 139, 164, 170 n

ieg

ambu

, Mr.

16, 17, 22, 25,

tain (bucc

, 119, 124, 221, 241, 242, 24

Spain, 14, 30, 31, 3

., King of

of Spain,

ne Islan

ight," valu

eyn, Admiral Piet an

dations in the

gainst,

, 203, 213-15, 2

Francis

(Deputy-Governor of

le, Cleme

nor of the French West

ieur de, s

Louis Phelypeau

Hispaniola), 6

5, 16, 17 and n., 18,

n., 22, 31 n., 34, 3

(Carolina

, 101, 107, 108 and n., 11

nch Hispaniola), 216, 219, 220, 221

Lawrence (buccan

laws again

, 55, 59 and n., 6

, 56 n., 64, 76, 86, 135-7,

lata (Hispa

ello (Vene

ba), 117, 144

Spain, see Marie

vince of,

Walter, 34, 4

(New Gran

ieur de, s

aume, Thomas-

irates in,

and, 223,

y, Earl of

l of Warwick,

Gart

ranada), 38, 40, 44, 9

vo (Jam

n Nicholas (Gover

dal, Manue

sland (Ca

Island,

on, Wil

n Thomas (bucc

Don Pedro,

ain (bucc

-Figueroa, Don

l Michel-Adria

treaty

29, 130

e (Florida),

opher, see

8, 67, 129, 130

, 44, 91, 100, 104-6, 10

amaica), 50, 85

eros (Hispaniol

50, 54, 56, 58, 6

, Mons. de,

, corsai

artin

homas

arl of, see

na,

s Island

on,"

us (Cuba), 13

n., 21, 22, 35, 37, 38,

, see Hi

rl of, see M

Porto Rico,

a, see V

aragua), 16,

f (Chagre), 164-8, 17

r, 11, 1

na, see Prov

z, 20, 48

da), 15, 40, 44, 93, 9

la Vitoria (T

Orinoco),

, Don Christ

action,

tain (buccan

, Joseph

George

(Governor of Ba

n Robert (bucca

or-General Ro

Marquis de,

, 54, 103, 106, 109

mew (buccaneer), 223, 2

Sir Ant

p-tra

tain (bucc

r Samuel, 1

acques,

y, Tho

al laws, 5, 1

al syste

cial sys

ish mariners, 29, 5

Indians, 4, 9,

ne of,

exploration in S

oreigners from S

rs of, 207

ions with Eng

1667 with

h England, 1

ith the Netherlan

panish colonial

of Spanis

Captain,

ptain (bucc

(Governor of Leeward

ain (buccanee

John,

River, 1

Island,

a Island

r, Jo

er, J

t, 81-8

s, Da

ry, Wal

(Secretary o

aptain (buc

5, 48, 67

n Federico

Granada)

ola,

-66, 69, 70, 73, 7

stine, see Cl

-24, 31, 85; cf. al

, Mons

15, 32 n.,

233-36, 238 n.,

uvelle,

ras), 21, 22, 5

(Costa R

, Treat

la, see Is

registre, 1

e, Pierr

id (Yuca

abriel Roxas de, see

Nicholas (buccan

Governor of Jamaica),

bert, 85 and n., 86,

la, 16,

n., 164, 170 n., 174 and

12 n., 14, 21, 22, 38, 49

a, 136

dmiral Ed

ptain (buc

, Treat

bouca

aptain (buc

sa (Tabasco

ledo, Don Fra

Marquis

lands, 40

1, 54, 112, 129

and and France,

nd and Netherland

e and Netherlands

panish Succe

of the Palati

Sir Fran

rnor of Tortuga),

liam (Governor of

Charl

es, see I

Thomas (bucca

s, Capt

King of Engl

, alias Yankey (buccan

ris (buccanee

seph (Secretary of

m, Lord (Governor

ommodore

Francis (Secret

of Jamaica), 97, 101 and n., 104

(Commissioner of

Sir Wi

ptain Francis

stopher (Governor of T

tain (buccan

e Williams,

23, 82 n., 2

Don Pedr