Histology of the Blood, Normal and Pathological

drawn up by Ehrlich, has been accepted by most authors, and we the

ucleus as a concentric border. Between nucleus and protoplasm there is often found a narrow areola, which doubtless results from artificial retraction. Nucleus and protoplasm are basophil, nevertheless in many methods of staining t

ssumed, but rather of a reticular structure. The contour of the lymphocytes is not quite smooth as a rule, at least in the larger forms, but is somewhat frayed, jagged, and uneven (Fig. 1). Small portions of the peripheral substance may repeatedly bud off, especially

asionally be found, the further fate of which is shewn in the accompanying figure (Fig. 3). It is evident that in this

n chiefly as lightly stained nuclei, apparently free. In the larger cells the protoplasm can be seen even in these preparations to be slightly stained.

, are distinguished in the blood of the healthy adult by their small size, approximating to that of the red blood corpuscles. In the blood of children on the contrary larger forms are found even in health; and in lymphatic leuk?mia particularly large forms

g.

in large lymphocytes. Free plasma eleme

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lymphocytes. (Combined picture fro

llow

ber of the lymphocytes amounts to abo

that of the other forms, much more seldom, and will be convenient

abundant protoplasm. The latter is free from granulations, feebly basophil, and in contrast to the protoplasm of the lymphocytes stains less deeply than the nucleus. This group is present in normal blood in but small numbers (about 1%). They are separated from the lymphocytes because they are

eucocytes change in the b

h often give it an hour-glass shape, further by a somewhat greater affinity of the nucleus for stains, and by the presence of sca

us which gives the relatively long, irregularly bulged and indented nuclear rod the appearance of an S, Y, E or Z. The complete decomposition of this nuclear rod into three to four small round single nuclei may occur during life, as a natural process. Ehrlich first discovered it in a case of h?morrhagic small-pox; it is frequently found in fresh exudations. Formerly when various reagents, for instance acetic a

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n larger l

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n in the lymphocytes. No free glycogen is contained in the polynuclear cells as a rule; nevertheless in certain diseases cells are always found which give a marked iodine reaction. In this manner the appearance of cells containing glycogen in diabetes was first proved. (

in the cell as such, but in the form of a compound, which does not stain with iodine

anules, described by Neusser in the polyn

od of the healthy adult amounts to about 70-72%

anule is seen more deeply stained than the interior. The nucleus as a rule is not so deeply stained as in the polynuclear neutrophil, but otherwise in its general shape is completely similar. Both forms have in common a considerable contrac

ugh very sparingly, in every normal blood

liarity, in that with the majority of basic dyes it stains, not in the pure colour of the dye, but metachromatically-most deeply with thionin. As Dr Morgenrot

pe of the nucleus without the use of difficult methods. In triacid preparations the granulat

less cells in the bloo

r mentioned occur in altered numbers, but abnormal

large mononuclear cells lies in the fact that the protoplasm exhibits a more or less numerous neutrophil granulation. Besides the larger myelocytes, much smaller forms, approximating to the size of the erythrocytes are also found. All transitions between these two st

osth?morrhagic an?mia. M. Beck observed them in the blood of a patient with severe mercury poisoning. They are also frequently found in children's diseases, especially

tant observation that a high percentage of myelocytes (3.6-16.4% of the white elements) only occurs in severe cases, and points to an unfavourable prognosis. Myelocytes are also present in mild cases, though not constantly and in much smaller number. Türk has recently undertaken a very exact and thorough analysis of their occurrence in infectious diseases, in the course of which he accurately tabulated the white corpuscles in a

h larger than the polynuclear eosinophils; medium and small sized examples are often found in leuk?mia. Eosinophil myelocytes are almost constantly present in myelogenous leuk?mia and in an?m

and represent products of division of the polynuclear cells; they were first described by Ehrlich in a case of hemorrhagic small-pox. The process of division goes on in the blood in such a manner that the nuclear rod first divides into two to four single nuclei, and then the whole cell splits up into as many fragments. These cells occur also in fresh pleuritic exudations. After a time the nucleus of these cells becomes free, and the little masses of protop

situated, stained a moderately deep bluish-green, with however a distinct chromatin network. The smallest forms stand between the lymphocytes and the large mononuclear leucocytes, but approach the first named as a whole in their size and general appearance. According to Türk's investigations, these

olynuclear and eosinophil cells, and which lead to dwarf and giant forms of them. For however considerable the difference in size, these cells always possess characteristics sufficient for an exact d

TNO

corpuscles, 2 and 3 may be cou

ng foci, is without foundation. A simple investigation of freshly inflamed tissue is suffic

blue solutions, but the colour is different from that of the true eosinophil cells, and much less intense. In the latter mixture