Histology of the Blood, Normal and Pathological

and clinical sides. This has particularly assisted h?matology, where a number of problems remain whose solution is only pos

has, in spite of express corrections, repeatedly asserted the contrary. In 1891[20] Ehrlich refuted Altmann's claim to priority, nevertheless, Altmann in the 2nd edition of his El

f the protoplasm. Modern work has shewn that many cells, formerly described as granular, owe this appearance to a reticular protoplasmic framework. And we have no more right to call cells granular in which proteid precipitates occur, either spontaneously as in coagulation, or from reagents (alcohol). The

which could thereby be easily followed through the animal series and in various organs. I further found that certain granules only occurred in particular cells, for which they were characteristic, as pigment is for pigment cells, and glycogen for cartilage cells (Neumann) and so forth. We can diagnose the various

r a convenient length of time stained. I had chosen this apparently coarse method for the special reason that for the histological recognition of new, possibly definite chemical combinations, corresponding to the granulations, all substances must be a

usly unworked direction, was the sharp distinction between acid, basic, and neutral dyes, and between the corresponding, oxy-, baso-, and neutrophil granulations. The triacid solution was only

ed to-day as the most valuable, and the only practical means of grouping the leucocytes. From the first Ehrlich has insisted, that different ki

g process, and the use of a single, always similar stain, constitutes a retrograde step, in

where the formation of granule-like precipitates under the influence of various reagents is experimentally demonstrated, grave doubts as to the reality of Altmann's forms have been raised from various quarters. Ehrlich's dry process, on the contrary, is entirely free from error. Granules cannot be artifi

blications on this subject is that of O. Schultze, who placed the larv? of frogs in dilute methylene blue solution, and after a short period found the granules of the stomach, the red blood corpuscles and other cells stained blue. This method, however, cannot pass as entirely free from error,

Mayer, Solger, Friedmann, Pappenheim and others. This dye was prepared by O. N. Witt from nitrosodimethylamin and metatoluylendiamin, and is the hydrochloric acid salt of

ble, as subcutaneous or intravenous injection, or even feeding, in the higher animals stains the granules; with frog's larv? and invertebrates, to allow them to swim in a dilute solution of the dye is often sufficient. The staining also succeeds i

s recommended, so that the protoplasm and nucleus remain quite uncoloured. Artificial products with this method cannot entirely be excluded, and, e.g. in plant-cells containing tannin, are to be explained by the production and precipitation of the salt of tannic acid. However it is not difficult for the experienc

responding with the weakly alkaline reaction of these forms. Granules staining in pure

nulations almost exclusively, only the granules of the smooth musculature of the stomach were stained intensely blue. With the aid of a threefold combination Ehrlich obtained a still further differentiation of the living cell-granules. There is no doubt whatever that a thorough study of this

d that the liver cells of a rabbit's liver, rich in glycogen, appear in dry preparations as bulky polygonous elements, of a uniform homogeneous brown colour, surrounded by a thin, well-defined yellow membrane. In cells that were not too rich in glycogen, small roundish bodies, clearly of a protoplasmic nature, of a pure yellow, can be seen embedded in the homogeneous cells that are coloured brown with

er food really possess a thin protoplasmic membrane, and a homogeneous glycogen-bearing substa

substances: a hyaline ground substance in preponderating amount, and a more scanty, finely granular, fibrillary substance embedded in it. Kupffer calls the first paraplasm, the latter protoplasm. On warming the preparation to about 22° C. manifest though feeble movements appeared in the network. It can hardly be doubted, that of these two substances the granular reticulated one-the protoplasm-is the mo

long ago as 1883, a view that Altmann advocated many years later, under the name "theory of bioblasts." Altmann's ever repeated assertion that no on

which he also calls by the name "Ozonophores" is shewn b

serve us as an explanation of complicated organic processes. Once again, shortly summarising the properties of the ozonophores; as oxygen carriers

art of the cell. In addition it was found that normally cells occur in which no granules can be recognised by ordinary methods. Finally a pathological observation made untenable the view that the granules are the bearers of the cell function. In a case of pernicious an?mia (cp. Farbenanalytische untersuchungen

rance of the granules death of the cells must follow. But from the point of view of the secretion theory the condition described is easily explainable. Just as under certain conditions fat-cells may completely los

cal differences between them. Ehrlich made these peculiarities clear for the blood-cells, and found that their granulations differ fro

. in birds, the analogues of the granules of mammalian blood are characterised by a decided crystalline form, an

y kind of granule-excepting only the mast cells. The eosinophil granulation re

er classes, accurate and ample researches are to hand. In birds we recognise two oxyphil granulations, of which one is embedded in the cells in the crystalline, the other in the usual granular form. Amongst the vertebrates most investigated classes possess granulated polynuclear cells. To this circumstance H

merous though very minute granules could be found in the polynuclear cells of the mouse. The case shews that it is not permissible to assume the absence of granules, when the ordinary staining methods are not at once successful. There is no u

stance in the dog; and draws from them far-reaching conclusions as to the meaning of the granules. From Kurloff's work (see p. 85) we must insist, on the contrary, that there is no evidence that the non-granulated polynuclears

pted to and capable of emigration. That a certain nutritive function is to be ascribed to the emigration of the granulated cells is a very obvious supposition, scarcely to be denied; and naturally

e cell Ehrlich regards as unfounded, from extensive researches specially directed to this point. Nor has Ehrlich seen a pseudoeosinophil cell of the rabbit change to a true eosinophil[23]. That such a transition does not occur is most distinctly shewn by the fact that the va

etail in the following chapter, neutrophil and eosinophil leucocytes behave quite differently in their susceptibility to chemiotactic stimulation. Substances strongly positively or negatively chemiotactic for one cell group are as a rule indifferent for the other; frequently indeed there is an exactly opp

part composed of a single chemical compound, not necessarily highly complex even, but which seems to be a relatively simple body such as guanin, fat, melanin, etc. Doubtless other granulations have a more complicated constitution, and very often are a mixture of various chemical substances. The most complicated gran

e of the eosinophil granules of the frog. When, for example, anthrax bacilli are introduced into the dorsal lymph sac of the frog they exert a positive chemiotaxis on the eosinophil cells. The latter come in contact with the bacilli, and remain for some time attached to them. During this period Kanthack and Hardy observed a discharge of granules from these cells, which now possess a protoplasm relatively homogeneous. Afterwards these cell

is further especially readily recognisable, since by its great affinity for basic dyes it remains plainly stained, even in preparations that are al

lace of the well-known picture of the mast cell (see page 76) of a colourless nucleus, surrounded by a deeply stained metachromatic granulation, a nucl

gous condition as follows: "in some nodules the mast cells appeared in part twice as large as usual, especially with the new mast cell stain (polychrome methylene blue, glycerine ether mixture). This was caused by the staining of a large round halo, in the centre of which lay the peculiar long-kn

some time in l?vulose syrup or watery glycerine. Evidently part of the dyed mast cell substance is dissolved and retained in the immediate neighbourhood. But as Unna possesses great experience of t

n during life, that these halos are the expression of a vital

e margins of which bodies of various sizes appeared, and which differ essentially from the mast cells themselves by their staining. Nevertheless from their whole configuration and position it is evident that these bodies have arisen i

a distinct progressive decrease of the pseudoeosinophil granules on allowing the samples of blood to remain some time in the thermostat. Further in suppurating foci in man, especially when suppuration has lasted long, or the pus h

al the granules of the wandering cells are destined for excretion. This elimination of t

TNO

ersuchungen xii. zur Gesch

. cit. p

e always insisted on by Ehrlich. It offers such great technica

on of the granules of other organs. No one surely would assert, that a liver, muscle, or brain cell could occasionally secrete trypsin, simply because the granules of the pancreas stain similarly and analogously to those of the cells mentioned. We would here expressly insist that we only

e. Calleja also describes these halos and the method of demonstrating them in detail (thionin staining, and mounting the sections in glycerine).