Japan and the California Problem

t of Japanese traits and ideas. We did so because we believed that a knowledge of th

but we concluded that the question may best be answered by observing those of Japanese descent born and reared in different countries. Later, when we examined the characteristics of the American-born Japanese and discovered that they appear to have lost most of the Japanese traits, an

ew of the fact that Japan's industry-her only hope in the future-has to depend largely on the supply of raw material from her Asiatic neighbors, the assurance of good-will and friendly co?peration with them is essential for her welfare. It is in the failure to obtain

and the limited prospect of industrial development due to the scarcity of raw material. Moreover, the peculiar social and political conditions in Japan are such as to obstruct, by numer

Nearly a quarter of a century's effort at emigration into the new worlds, with the exception of partial succ

as congestion in particular localities and different manners and customs. The nationalistic policy of Japan was also pointed out as a factor making for resentment. What renders the situation

number of Japanese in the United States the percentage of Japanese in California is remarkably high, nearly 60 per cent. of them being domiciled in that one State. Then we examined the factors-immigration, smuggling, and births-which contributed to the increase of the Japanese population in California. Under the subject of immigration it was made clear that the net gain from immigration h

me of life and that the percentage of married people is remarkably high. In forecasting the future of the birth rate we stated that if immigration is stopped the present generation will in time pass out without being re-enforced, leaving behind American-born children, who, wi

useful assets to the farmers of California. Under the topic of the Japanese farmer, we examined the reasons given for the discrimination against Japanese in agricultural pursuits. The first reason-that they are "crushing competitors of California farmers"-was criticized on the ground that there is not much competition between white and Japanese farmers, since there is a pretty clear line of demarkation between them, the former being engaged in farming on a large scale and the latter engaged in small intensive agriculture. The second apprehension-that the Japanese farmer, if left unchecked, will soon control the greater part of California agriculture-was characterized as an entirely exaggerated

to cope with the legislation, we suggested that neither legal nor diplomatic disputes will bring about a satisfactory resu

scussed in the preceding cha

in the situation. First and foremost, we have to consider the rights and interests of California. Then we have the United States, which is no less directly concerned with the problem. For the Japanese living in California, the issue is a matter of life and death; their entire interests and welfare are at st

them has so far been put into effect, since each has failed to adjust the interests and rights of

ut it has perhaps done more harm than good. In the first place, it confuses the cause and method of discrimination against the Japanese. The Japanese ineligibility to citizenship has certainly been seized on as a weapon for discrimination, but it is by no means the cause. The cause is elsewhere. In the second place, the advocates of the proposal argue that, if adopted, it will defeat the entire discrimin

t be equitable at all and satisfactory to the four parti

ce and international courtesy; it must redres

, operate to allay the fear they entertain of the alarmin

ace, without molestation or persecution, the blessings of "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness," and par

visions. It may, however, be presumed that it will go a long way toward redressing Japan's grievances and meeting America's wishes. The latter will probably be met by Japan's adoption of drastic measures to check completely the influx of her immigrants. Knowing that Japan has always been sincere a

have, during the last year, held many conferences with some prominent Americans-those representing the Chamber of Commerce of San Francisco and the party headed by Mr. Frank Vanderlip. A better understanding of the situation must have resulted as a consequence of the conferences. The earnestness of the Viscount and his friends to do what they could for the good of both countries is beyond praise. But we fear they have been measuring America by Japan's standard and trying to cure the trouble without remedyi

ns of both countries should replace academic discussion by action. As a means o

ion of both countries, and particularly of California, be formed with the object of formulat

New York and other cities, as well as of the Japanese Association of America and similar organiz

nistrator of proved executive ability and

half a million dollars be raised by contribution

the purpose of uprooting the cause of that annoyance. The Japanese in California who have interests at stake would surely be more than willing to contribute their quota to the fund. The native Californians, too, we strongl

to avoid the repetition of the same story of congestion as that in California, the plan of dispersal above outlined might prove a boon to all concerned. If the initial stage of the plan be earnestly carried out before the eyes of t

or opposition. They must show this willingness not only in intention but also in practice. They must improve their command of English, alter many of their customs and manners. They must endeavor to elevate their standard of living and culture. They must give up beliefs and ideals wh

rovides that a Japanese boy who has acquired a foreign nationality by reason of his birth in a foreign country may divest himself of Japanese nationality if his father, or other parental authority, takes the necessary steps to that end before he is fifteen years of age, or, if he has attained the age of fifteen, he may himself take the same steps, with the consent of his father or guardian, before he reaches the age of seventeen.[57] This law is objectionable because it fixes the age limit of expatriation at seventeen, when the subject is yet a minor and is not competent to exercise his own choice. Fixing the age limit at seventeen is a provision in consonance with the Japanese military law, which imposes on all male Japanese subjects above that age the duty of military service. Consequently, all American-born Japanese males who have

nd it is America's duty to make them worthy members of the nation. They are not foreigners or aliens, and, accordingly, it is clearly wrong, as well as unwise, to deal with them as if they were. Upon what we can do to guide the rising generation depends the future of the Japanese problem in America. This in turn must depend upon how America trea

Pacific Coast what it is to-day. To prevent the influx of Japanese immigrants, to avoid the possible future development of difficult problems with Japan, there certainly oug

o with no better effect than general irritation, a new policy be initiated, a policy of constructive Americanization based upon generosity, sympathy, and understanding, the result will surely be far-reaching. It is a common fact of human experience that one's attitude is directly responded to by other people with whom we deal.

ns into a cohesive system. At present there are two centers of such forces, one in the East and another in the West, each trying to influence the other. By virtue of being the youngest and the most vigorous representatives of the two spheres, Japan and America, respectively, are naturally destined to shoulder together the great task of harmonizing and unifying these two great

and ideals? The approach to the common standard of culture and ideals between the peoples of Asia and Europe and America is precisely the task in which Japan and the United States are engaged in unison. Herein is the explanation of our earlier assertion that the California problem is a miniature form of the problem of the East and West. Herein also is the support of our contention that to accelerate the co?perative effort of America and Japan for mutual understanding is the

END

er I

er I

END

IGATION AND PROTOCOL BETWEEN JAPAN AND THE U

which happily exist between the two nations, and believing that the fixation in a manner clear and positive of the rules which are hereafter to govern the commer

sale and retail, to own or lease and occupy houses, manufactories, warehouses, and shops, to employ agents of their choice, to lease land for residential and commercial purposes, an

, to pay any charges or taxes other or higher than thos

otection and security for their persons and property and shall enjoy in this respect the same rights and privileges as are or may be

of the contracting parties, equally with the subjects or citizens of the most favored nation shall have liberty freely to come with their ships and cargoes to all plac

rges on the exportation of any article to the territories of the other than are or

ortation of any article from or to the territories of the other which shall not

vigation, any privilege, favor, or immunity which either contracting party has actually granted or may hereafter grant, to the subjects or citiz

lar

lare that the Imperial Japanese Government are fully prepared to maintain with equal effectiveness the limitation and con

d) Y.

ry 21,

END

A'S ALIEN

ed May

tate of California

joy, transmit, and inherit real property, or any interest therein, in this State, in the same manner and t

, in the manner and to the extent and for the purposes prescribed by any treaty now existing between the Government of the United States and the nation or country of which

ued capital stock is owned by such aliens, may acquire, possess, enjoy, and convey real property, or any interest therein in this State, in the manner and to the extent and for the purposes prescribed by any treaty now existing between the Governmen

r said provisions, said heir or devisee would take as such, the court, instead of ordering a distribution of such real property to such heir or devisee, shall order a sale of said real pro

e proceedings to have the escheat of such real property adjudged and enforced in the manner provided by section 474 of the Political Code and title eight, part three of the Code of Civil Procedure. Upon the entry of final judgment in such proceedings, the title to such real property shall pass to the State of California. The provisions of this secti

dings to have such escheat adjudged and enforced as provided in section five of this act. In such proceedings the court shall determine and adjudge the value of such leasehold, or other interest in such real property, and enter judgment for the State for the amount thereof together with costs. Thereupon the court shall order a sale of the real property covered

pon the power of the State to enact laws with respect to the acquis

nconsistent or in conflict with the pro

END

N LA

Novembe

D DISABILITIES OF

ciations, and Corporations in Which they Hold Majority Interest, to Acquire and Transfer Real Property Only as Prescribed by Treaty, but Prohibiting Appointment Thereof as Guardians of Estates of Minors Consisting Wholly o

State, providing for escheats in certain cases, prescribing the procedure therein, requiring reports of certain property holdings to facilitate the enforcem

tate of California

joy, transmit, and inherit real property, or any interest therein, in this State, in the same manner and t

or any interest therein, in this State, in the manner and to the extent and for the purpose prescribed by any treaty now existing b

in, in this State, in the manner and to the extent and for the purposes prescribed by any treaty now existing between the Government of the United States and the nation or country of which such members or stockholders are citizens or subjects, and not otherwise. Hereafter all aliens other than those specified in section one hereof may become members of or acquire s

h consists of property which such alien or such company, association or corporation is inhibited from acquiring, possessing, enjoying or transferring by reason of the provisions of this act. The public administr

the superior court may remove the guardian of such an est

file the report required by the pr

een or is not being administered with due r

ake the guardian ineligible to app

hing any other legal gr

ent, or in any other capacity has the title, custody or control of property, or some interest therein, belonging to an alien mentioned in section two hereof, or

the office of the Secretary of State of California and in the office of the county clerk o

onal, held by him for or on be

when each item of such property c

nistration and control of such property with particular reference to holdings of corporate stock and leases

is guilty of a misdemeanor and shall be punished by a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars or

e and are not intended to change the jurisdictio

ck in a company, association or corporation which, but for said provisions, said heir or devisee would take as such, the court, instead of ordering a distribution of such property to such heir or devisee,

manner provided by section four hundred seventy-four of the Political Code and title eight, part three of the Code of Civil Procedure. Upon the entry of final judgment in such proceedings, the title to such real property shall pass to the State of California. The provisions of this section and of sections two and three of this act shall not apply to any real property hereafter acquired in the enforcement or in satisfaction of any lien now existing upon, or interest in such

s the court shall determine and adjudge the value of such leasehold or other interest in such real property, and enter judgment for the State for the amount thereof together with costs. Thereupon the court shall order a sale of the real property covered by such leasehold, or other interest, in the manner provided by section twelve hundred seventy-one of the Code of Civil Procedure. Out of the proceeds arising from such sale, the amount of the judgment rendered for the State shall be paid into the state treasu

r sought to be conveyed shall escheat to the State if the property interest involved is of such a character that an alien mentioned in section two hereof is inhib

e is made with such intent shall arise upon

rsons mentioned in section two hereof if the consideration is paid or ag

ns mentioned in section two hereof, together with the memberships or shares of stock held by others but paid for or agreed or understood to be

entioned in section two hereof if said mortgagee is gi

as to preclude other presumptions or inferences that reasonably may be made as to

erein, in violation of the provisions hereof, they are punishable by imprisonment in the county jail or

upon the power of the State to enact laws with respect to the acqui

nsistent or in conflict with the provisions

edings, but the same may be prosecuted and defended wi

ion or proceeding has been instituted thereon at the time of the taking effect of this act or not and actions may be brought upon

to, take from or alter an existing law, sh

d this act in furtherance of its pur

he validity of the remaining portions of this act. The people hereby declare that they would have passed this act, and each section, subsection, sentence, cla

END

y Japanese and

. Total

vation.

e. Perc

pa

tiv

nst

ivat

6,500 5,

4,000 3

12,000 9

,000 15,

2,112 9,

16,000 10

es 15,000

s 102,949

ables 75,00

90,175 18

000 1,2

60,000 4

2,000 77

,220 16,

79,860 1

,000 7,

ts 715,000

2,200,000

e Agricultural Associat

END

ration to the

o. of J

Year. No.

igr

3 1891

8 1892

8 1893

7 1894

9 189

1 1896

3 189

4 189

7 189

2 190

4 190

4 190

1 1903

5 190

7 1905

0 1906

9 1907

94 190

87

88

89

90

ted. Depart

593 5,0

552 5,0

282 5,8

358 5,4

771 5,6

462 6,3

029 5,9

100 6,9

159 6,5

143 7,69

404 8,32

868 11,6

Annual Report of the Commiss

END

ontinental United States

Numb

Departed.

to

70 218

tim

-188

1890

1900

1910

20 87,5

l 16

f tra

igr

awaii

tim

o

0,

,4

,4

END

and Non-i

Total

nts. Non-Immigran

Immi

nst

r Adm

93 255 1

52 116 1

82 736 3

58 894 4

1 1,371 5

2 1,762 6

9 2,214 6

0 2,958 6

9 2,838 6

43 2,604

mi, Japan Review,

END

e and Chinese Populatio

OF JAPANESE

880 1890

tates 148 2039

and 14 4

antic 27 2

Central 7

Central 1 1

lantic 5

Central .

Central .

5 27 5,

1,532 18,

N OF CHINES

880 1890

105,465 107,48

401 1,488

ic 1,277 4,68

ntral 390 1,2

ntral 423 1,0

tic 74 669

Central 90

ntral 758 1,1

,274 11,572

828 85,272

an Democracy and Asiatic

END

f Japanese in

ivision as Reported by F

le. Female. T

4,568 4,3

5,829 1

co 37,375 1

s 22,644 9

2,336

3,320 2

33,135

END

F EXPATRIATIO

of a foreigner, has acquired the husband's nationalit

ome Affairs. The application for the permission referred to in the preceding paragraph shall be made by the legal representative in case the person to be expatriated is younger than fifteen years of age. If the person in question is a minor above fifteen years of age, or a person adjudged incompetent, the application can

ationality, unless he has completed active service in the army or navy, or he is under no obligation to enter into it. A person who actually

. In case the person who has lost Japanese nationality in accordance with the provision of Article XX is younger than fifteen years of age, the application for the permission prescribed in the preceding paragraph shall be made by the father who is the member of the fam

END

INGTON, BEFORE THE HOUSE SUB-COMMITT

EXAMI

27,

ng Se

at

produced as a

duly swor

fol

ns by M

is you

es Sak

e do yo

9 Yesl

born in the

es,

e were

attle, W

ight

Y

full of Sea

You

er to one kind.

I was born in

o to sch

Oh,

he high

Frankli

ttle that were born here, along about your age, from t

hat I associate with. I can't tell yo

u know a

t know ma

alf a

our high school

k I am th

dies? Do you know this you

es,

h nice looking girls

better

long all rig

, yes

ny trouble with you

ve lots

ave a go

es,

nd the Japanese

sir; eig

they teach

ht me J

apanese

es,

each you Japa

able to lear

to learn, but they did that

ey tr

th a boy as bright as you

essful, but I did

the Japanese

read it; it

ally can'

nt kinds of words and lett

opted the road of least resist

S

apanese with

mple, brok

ey talk

e been here quite long, but they hav

is; do you get along

n my

Y

are my fathe

understand the Japanese language sufficientl

d them, but th

t along with you, if you can

guess what I am t

always asking for money.

t any more, b

to you, you unders

; I unders

dn't, and haven't given more attention and worked harder

rd question to

u know, my boy; tell us in your

n school. We attend Japanese school for two hours; that is ove

he kind of a fellow that is going to be thinking a little about

n't got a

h I know you will. Is it your determination when you get a little older, and begin to think over the situation, that you want to bec

American more than a Ja

t devoted your time to the Japanese lang

me year when I went

at wa

I started to kindergarten, and a

kindergarten did you sta

when I

m the time you were six

that is rig

old are

even

the Japanese Emperor b

know a thin

are claimed as a citizen by Jap

care. I was

remain an American citize

an? I was born here. Why should I g

to remain an A

is going t

ou were first told that you were a native-born American

don't

you are a young American citizen? How l

went to Gra

expressed that feeling as you do to u

ome training. My father and mother don't care whether

encouraged you

S

our teac

yes, na

ou like

S

d to remain here all their live

k and see their home once again, but that

wn intention is to live here, except for a

es,

ror still claims you as his subject? Suppose you are required to render

ty difficult one, but

ired to render military service to the U

will

glad to meet you.

ss Exc

END

BORN JAPANESE CHILDREN AND AMERICAN CHILDREN DISCUSSED BY SEVE

ard of Education of Lo

er 24,

dent

of Edu

les, Cal

ear

of American-born Japanese children. Among the data the m

tion you have at your command bearing on the subject. What I am particularly interested in is the aver

ry respe

d) T.

Gatherin

er 31,

Mr. S

e and secure for me at your earliest possible convenience data as to the number of Japanese chil

schools where we have the largest Japanese attendance, this wil

Dor

ry 7,

Hunter, Princip

stock, Principal,

erson, Principal,

enzie, Principal,

ctual and moral status of American-born Japanese children. He is anxious to know the average record of

statement concerning the

truly

t Superi

pl

1

pal of Hewitt St. Sc

ican-born Japa

ry 17

r Mr.

both intellectually and morally. They are like all groups of children. We find some very bright children and some very d

for the past four years, said, "When with them I f

y yo

. Cole

r

2

St. Sch

ry 19

rry M.

t Superi

s City Pub

les, Cal

Mr. S

other children born in America of foreign parentage not Japanese, keeping in mind the differences in social position that exist in all classes, whatever the nationality may be, I cannot see much difference along any line between o

sely in the home. Where home restrictions are lifted, such conditions do not always prevail, any more than in cases of other neglected children. They must be studious. Discipline of American-born Japanese children

imilate quickly, and lose, to a great extent, their parents' national traits in short time; but it is exceedingly hard to get the same results with our Japanese children. They cling to one another, to their own ways, and to their own language, even after m

line, but it is slow work, and work that takes much

public schools are doing with the Jap

respec

. Hend

3

nd Moral Status of Ameri

, Los Angeles

is more slow than that of English speaking children. Japanese children require one year to complete one half year's

. Their chief difficulty is with Eng

hey are neither better nor

a Wilson

l Moneta

ry 14

nd Moral Status of Ameri

. Ame

pa

led.

mp

rk

r. St

e

e. A

e

.-

e. Ra

ion. 1. In What

s Greates

. 4?-6 5 Goo

t speak

Good 1. Drawing,

t speak

6-7 9 Good

t speak

7-8 9 Good

t speak

7-8 10 Good

t speak

0 Excel. Poor 1. S

Eng

0 Fair Good 1. Sp

Eng

0 9 Excel. Excel

Eng

1 Excel. Excel. 1.

Eng

1 Excel. Excel. 1. A

Eng

10 Good Excel. 1.

rith

2? Excel. Excel. 1.

eogr

4

Blvd.

les, Cal

ry 13

rry M.

Supt. Ci

r Mr.

-born Japanese pupils of our school, I enclose st

e purpose desired, and apprecia

cer

A. Mc

nci

School.Janu

n Japane

ican-

understand the English language. In succeeding grades, progress is

rolled.

16

1

2

2

3

3

4

-

5

5

6

-

enroll

promot

and crayon, possessing light touch, having correct ide

f the forty above Kindergarten, three are troublesome and are persistent cases. In general, it may be said

A. Mc

nci

RE ON TH

o

cial Science, January, 1921. Present Day Immig

cal and Social Science, September, 1

Citizenship. Scribners, New York, 1918. The Ame

mmigration. Marshall Pre

ew York, 1912. Asia at the Door. Revell, New York, 191

an to America. G. P. Putn

Problem in the United State

We Fight Japan? The Cen

America to Japan. G. P. Put

The Japanese Cri

e Japanese-American Year Book,

l Publi

ited States Commissioner

nial Reports, and especially, "Rep

l, with Governor Wm. D. Stephens's letter addressed to Secretary of Sta

ese and Japanese in the United States, 1910. B

nts of Immigrant. Senate Document, No. 208, 61st Congress,

e United States. (Revi

ornia Problem. Congressional Reco

Report on the Japa

the United States. (Rev

igrants in the Industries, Vols. 23, 24, 2

of Representatives; Message of the President of the United States

phl

ssociation. Japanese Immigration a

panese Abroad. Japanese Associati

United States and Japan. Japanese Mer

d Leasing in Japan, 1920. Japanese Asso

lated? 1920. Japan and the Gentlemen's Agreemen

Immigration, Its Stat

enator Phelan. 1920. Shall Japanese-Americans in Ida

Dr. Gulick and I. Bureau of Lite

s, and Others

tion by People's League of Justi

Right to Exist. Far Eastern R

and Japan. Reprint f

An Appeal To

tions with Japan. Japan

. California and the Japanese. Oa

Measure to be Presented to the Legi

nk. Mr. Vander

w Flag in California. Reprinted

he Case against t

s in Pe

ations." Wainwright, S. H. Ou

acific." Greenbie, S. North Americ

McLeod, H. New Republic, 2

Business Chronicle, 9, 18

obinson, Geroid. Pacific Rev

." Kawakami, K. K. Nation, 1

m. D. Stephens to the Secretary of State Colby

Problem." The Pacif

ore S. The American Journal of International L

nd America." Kaneko, K. Japan

st the Japanese." New

elations." Shidehara, K. Japan

Pacific." Living

Longford, J. H. Nineteenth Cent

a." Far Eastern R

Suggestion." Otto, M. C. Japan

a Problem." Iyenaga, T. Current H

er." Stead's Revi

trol California." Stoddard,

er." Starrett, W. A.

of Necessity." Livi

ina." The New York Times Current

y." Ferguson, J. C. North A

Inman, J. M. Forum, 65

s." Shidehara, K. Outlook,

" Yoshino, Sakuzo. Pacific Re

" Ryder, R. W. North American Re

to California." Chiba, Toyoji.

Siberia." Chamberlain,

ent, P. J. Review of Revi

H.; Johnson, H. B.; Loofbourow, I.

Irish, John P. Japan Rev

ordan, D. S. The Pacific Re

" Stoddard, L. World's Work, 4

." Kawakami, K. K. Japan R

ia." Locan, C. A. Current His

Schools." Fulton, C. W. North

kami, K. K. Pacific Revie

alifornia." Literary

, H. D. Pacific Review,

estion." McMurray, Orrin K. Pacif

Dewey, John. Dial, 63

." Kinney, H. W. Atlantic Month

Policy." Bland, J. O. P.

an Standpoint." Baggs, Theodore H. Pa

" Irish, John P. Overlan

Coast See It." Hart, J. A.

iplomacy." Pruett, Robert L. Jap

." Mason, G. Outlook, 12

al Analysis." Sato, K. Japan

Meet?" Sato, K. Japan Rev

d Japanese Problem." Vanderli

Americanization?" Sasamori, Junzo.

dachi, K. Nation, 181

ick, Sydney L. Outlook,

N

Japanese dis

perament of

n of Japanese i

, Root-Ta

panese, in Cali

anese progres

nu

orn Japane

n dispo

ion, criteri

rs, Jap

Land Laws

t of,

dixes

Agitation, c

licy, Japa

ion, 137;

onalism,

g of,

ical,

e immigran

panese emigra

apanese in Cali

fessor, q

hevi

hism

do, 1

s of Anti-Japanes

panese influ

among Japanes

ion in,

of Japanese

lation of Japan

ility towards J

tion o

ble

nese emigrat

tali

ofessor, q

T., quo

's co?perati

se, 2

, prolet

tiani

, Japanese p

ianism

ittee on Immigration a

tion, Ja

y, indus

tutions, Japanes

Dan,

sm, Jap

rofessor

Japanese in C

ion, Jap

tionali

West, 4

of Japanese in

n, syste

nature, of

nese ability

a,

ic relat

Law of Japa

nese, in Cali

, Dr., q

's Agreeme

fluence on

lism

oshi

iousness of

Sydney L.,

kir

Lafca

m, Japa

yosh

f Japanes

nism

grat

alia,

da,

Amer

State

al democ

f Japanese in

rriage,

aphical condi

re o

Asiatic P

are

lture,

try,

tion,

ondition

lity to speak

ion of, in Ca

in Califor

stor

ility of,

in Californ

zation

ituti

of, in Cali

California, 1

us of, in Cal

abor,

Californi

n to Ameri

aws, 1

in Californ

ality,

, in Cali

sophy

ion of, in Ca

syste

ibility

g in ci

Fathe

East, qu

ots

g, quo

iki

algamatio

f-governm

ion in

ean

Shiko, n

or,

by Japanese in C

Anti-Alie

ixes C

of Nati

Walter,

huri

kin

e, Japa

essor H. A.,

panese in Cali

, Rola

th

nalis

orn Japa

ada

U. S. Se

ong

é, Dr

panese in Ca

, John, q

tal lea

alism, u

odat

Coast,

port

sm of Ja

Commo

hy, Japa

e brid

rights of

cause of agi

Japanese in Ca

ism, En

tism,

Japanes

agan

e w

ifferenc

s, Japa

p, American

lt, The

hira Agre

apanese

, Sogo

ai, 1

o Chamber of

ayan

ack of, in

n of Japanese i

tung

a, Visco

panese to Unite

, forc

affectin

nizati

, Japanese em

f Control of

vernor, quot

e in J

, Japan

wa rég

, Japa

an-Japanese, 1

he, Japanese imm

natio

taria

ip, Fra

ang Mi

d yellow

oodrow, q

atus of J

o rac

w peri

Japa

tno

amurai Ethics and O

nd Their Import," by T. Iyenaga, in The Am

s at 154,998 souls. Of this total, those living at Dairen number 63,745; Fushun, 12,659; Mukden, 12,268; Port Arthur

S. currency is app

lation of Japanese immi

, Toyo Emigration Co., w

o inquire into the methods by which Oriental l

t as cite

for the initiative bill were 222,086

plomacy, by Walte

1920, by the Bureau of Commercial Af

ntal, State Board of Control

ia and the Or

geographical distribution of Chi

ee App

ia and the Or

nia so far is approximately 30,000, of which

of Commissioner-Gen

, 1911, published by U. S. Department of L

Year Book,

o. 3, p. 363; "The Japanese in

tin 127, 1

y the Bureau of Census, Washington, in

, male 9,598, female 553. The per cent. distribution by sex of the Japanese in 1920 is male 63.2 per cent., female 36.8

pan and the Gentlemen'

Almanac 192

Almanac 1

igration population in Mas

ument, vol. lxv

ument, vol. lxv

ive pertinent facts concerning the methods used by these races (Orientals) in securing land leases, twenty-five stated: "The Japanese pay more r

roblem in the Unite

a and the Orie

bid.,

ia and the Or

mmission Reports, v

merican Year Bo

Problem in the Uni

f crops raised by white and Ja

from California and

ee App

land laws 1913 and 1920

ia and the Or

earings held at Sacramen

nese Problem in the U

The American Japan

nd Outbreeding-Their Genetic and

, Genetics and Eu

ia and the Or

Descendants of Immigrants." Se

A Study of Race

ee App

um, January,

d to Mr. S. Kusama, who furnished us with the materials which were

Census Bullet

ity, Frederick A. Stok

le of testimon

ence and behaviour of native-born Japanese children and American children is

of this law