The Criminal

l. We have seen that criminality is a natural phenomenon, to be studied gravely and carefully according to natural method

still quite usual to find that crime is regarded as an abstract matter, not to be treated seriously unless the criminal himself is ignored. On the other hand, when the cri

d unquestioning submission to his wildest acts which to-day can scarcely be found in Europe outside Turkey, has by no means died out where the criminal is con

en in the bones found beneath. Precious above all is the blood of a criminal; even a few drops on a rag are most costly. Such blood, when drunk, heals fevers and other diseases, just as the blood of gladiators was among the old Romans a cure for epilepsy. It must be drunk fresh, if possible warm. Bread dipped in this blood and eaten is good against the gout. The halter with which a criminal has been hanged has much power and brings luck. When it is struck three times on the threshold, the house is preserved from lightning. The same put into a beer cask with a criminal's thumb has an excellent influence on the beer. In Franconia the fat of criminals is sometimes inquired for at the druggist's, and a substance, so called, is handed over. When in Prussia executions took place in public, there was always friction between the arm

ena

nts' den.'" When Cartouche was in prison he was visited by many distinguished ladies and overwhelmed by their attentions. The Abbé Crozes tells us that Tropmann, the brutal murderer, when in prison received a great number of letters from ladies, full of anxiety in regard to his spiritual welfare, and asking for the most minute details concerning him. Some of these letters were reproduced in the Figaro. I have not seen them, but Dr. Corre says: "Their perusal stupefies one; they witness, among women who have been well brought up, to an ill-defined obsession, of the nature of which they are even themselves unaware, and which perhaps had its origin in an unavowable sentiment of love, born of mystery and the unknown." It is not only women in whom this ancient worship of the criminal still survives. In a recent newspaper I read concerning a murderer: "One of the saddest sights we have ever witnessed was the prison van going along Waterloo Place at midnight under the beautiful moonlight with a great crowd runni

by no means unusual for a number of letters to be sent to her, bef

ic-to the general and unmerciful gaze. Not that any of these may not be studied; they must be studied, but not delivered over to unrestrained curiosities, sentimentalities, cruelties. No external force can change this attitude; no censorship of newspapers will avail. Only the slow influences of education, and a rational knowledge of what criminality means, can effect a permanent change. But until this has been effected, one of the most fertile sources of crime, what has been well called the contagion of

d tribunals is one of considerable importance from this point of view, and it is one to which sufficient attention has not yet been given. It is unfortunate that, in this country at all events, there seems to be a tendency to antagonism or divergence between, on the one hand, the medical and scientific side and, on the other, the judicial and executive side in the treatment of the criminal.[114] Whether this divergence is due chiefly to the lawyers or t

insanity, it must be clearly proved that at the time of committing the act the accused was labouring under such a defect of reason from disease of the mind as not to know the nature and quality of the act he was doing, or if he did know it, that he did not know he was doing what was wrong." That this metaphysical and unpractical test will not do has been clearly recognised by some of the most eminent lawyers, who are quite in agreement with medical men. "The test of insanity which commends itself to medical men," says Sir J. Crichton-Browne, "was never more clearly and succinctly expressed than by Lord Bramwell when in the Dove case he asked, 'Could he help it?' Could he help it? That is the real practical question at issue in any case in which

a social life. Under any system, at once fairly humane and fairly rational, the question of insanity, while still of interest, can make little practical difference, either to society or to the criminal. It is unreasonable and anti-social to speak of insanity as a "defence." It is an explanation, but, from the social point of view, it is not a defence. Suppose we accept the definition of insanity which, as we have seen, is now widely accepted by medical men and favoured by many eminent lawyers, that insanity is a loss of self-control, the giving way to an irresistible impulse. It cannot be unknown to any one that self

r cases were treated. One girl was treated kindly and sent to a clergyman's house: she "recovered." Little Marie Schneider was sent to prison for eight years, the years during which she will develop into a woman. What will she be fit for when she comes out at the age of twenty? She may come out a human tigress, or merely the crushed and helpless product of prison routine. In either case what intelligent principle guided the society that co

refer to deliver her from the law altogether. They were, as the judge said, a very merciful jury. But it is not by shuffling evasions of law that civilisation progresses. We need just and reasonable laws, not merciful juries. It is not to the advantage of society that young murderesses should wander at large, though it may very possibly be better than throwing them into the prison as at present constituted. The "merciful" jury, as in the south of Italy, becomes the hysterical and too often venial jury. We canno

awyer. It is not for the interests of justice that one expert, representing perhaps only his own opinion, should weigh against another representing perhaps the general body of scientific opinion on that subject. It is not calculated for the ends of justice that the judge, however quick and intelligent, should have to pronounce on matters concerning which he can only speak as a layman, and necessarily falls into frequent errors of judgment. Special points involving special knowledge or skill must be submitted to a commission of experts, and the verdicts of the commission on these special points must be accepted by the court, though subject to an appeal to a su

ch are concerned, not with the gaining of a cause, but with the investigation of truth. This and all other reforms in our methods of dealing with the criminal, as I have already pointed out, and would again insist, cannot be attained by a mere administrative fiat; nor is it desirable that they should be. Before any reform can be safely embodied in the law it m

y. In France it has risen several hundred per cent.; so also for several kinds of serious crime in many parts of Germany; in Spain the number of persons sent to perpetual imprisonment nearly doubled between 1870 and 1883; in the United States the criminal population has increased since the war, relatively to the population, by one-third.

re proportionately more common than elsewhere. The decrease is in minor offences, and is due in large measure, no doubt, to reasons connected with the police. The anomaly of the comparative freedom of Great Britain from crime has been explained by foreign observers in several ways-by the former frequency of hanging and of transportation in

uses of these methods. In an epoch of stress, and of much change and readjustment in the social surroundings and relations of individuals, ill-balanced natures become more frequent, and the anti-social and unlawful instincts are more often called out than in a stagnant society. The criminality of the Irish in England is far greater than that of the Iris

t can be dealt with by fixing our attention on that and that alone. It is a problem that on closer view is found to merge itself very largely into all those problems of our social life that are now pressing for solution, and in settling the

there is a deep prejudice, ingrained and irrational, would have a greater deterring influence than the prison. There are every morning at Paris 50,000 persons who do not know how they will eat or where they will sleep.[119] It is the same in every great city; for such the prison can be nothing but a home. It is well known that the lot of the convict, miserable as it is, with its dull routine and perpetual surveillance, is yet easier, less laborious, and far more healthy than that to which thousands of honest working men are condemned throughout Great Britain. The fate reserved for a French convict is one that might well be the reward of honesty. He is sent to New Caledonia, to marry, to settle, perhaps to become rich. "I do not know," an ex-deputy, sent out to report on the condition of the convicts, is said to have declared, "any struggling peasant or small proprietor in France who would not gladly exchange his lot for that of a c

hat can avail to prevent crime in any substantial degree must be education in the true sense, an education that is as much physical and moral as intellectual, an education that enables him who has it to play a fair part in social life. The proportion of criminals with some intellectual education is now becoming very large; the proportion of criminals who are acquainted with any trade still remains very small; the proportion of crimina

e recognised and acted upon in those countries that are most alive to the meaning of education; in Sweden, for instance, there is a careful medical supervision of schools, by medical officers who are not subordinate to the teachers, although this supervision is confined to the physical condition and capacities of the child. It is indispensable, if we are to deal effectually with the criminal, that we should be able to refer to the record of his physical, mental, and moral dispositions during childhood. In England recently a committee, consisting of the most eminent medical men specially qualifi

whether a man is born free from vices of nature, or buys freedom, if at all, at a great price. There is evidence to show how much of the welfare of the child depends on the general physical and emotional health of the parents, and that the child's fate may be determined by some physical weakness, some emotional trouble at conception or during pregnancy. No legislation can step in here, save at the most very indirec

well, however, to indicate them, if only to show how large a problem is this of criminality. Perhaps every social problem, when we begin to look into

END

tion of

TISP

Reformatory. It may be compared with Plates XIV. and XV. I am in

AT

ed with the mate into the water, and after a chase on shore he stabbed him. He speaks of the mate as his lifelong enemy. Height 6ft. 0? in. without boots. Very powerful. A

W., mu

years for uttering counterfeit coi

m, age 62; ten years' sentence; petty t

"could not learn the bugle-calls or anything." Weak-minded; most of li

maliciously wounding; "low type of intellect." Very troublesome at Chatham, a

TE

other objected; attempted to murder latter by administering prussic acid. E

eeds, age 50; "very low type;"

avvy, from Durham, age

rpool, fifteen year

sentence for murdering wife's paramour; ge

12. Manslaughter; fifteen years

TE

y, age 18. Assault and robbery; ten

even years for horse-stealing and oth

, age 21; seven years and flogged for robbery w

om Salford, age 21; f

Liverpool; ten years for larceny;

y with violence; ten yea

TE

from Hull; seven

"rest of life a thief." Seven years fo

s, from Birmingham, age 20. Thief

years for felony; seven shorter sent

m Hereford, age 21; ten year

sheep, stolen and cut up by another; previous conviction for stealing f

AT

. In reformatory and seven times in prison. "Very promi

seven years for house

efield; ten years' penal servitude

er; seven years; hou

ve years for stealing parcels. His father ha

r, age 21. Five years

TE

rape on girl of 13

ker, from Stafford; rape on child of

ars' penal servitude; conspiracy by servant girl, he says. Threatened

ears a soldier, farm labourer before and

urer, from Worcester; ten y

er; height 5ft. 0? in.; seven y

TE

n normal subjects, criminals, an

inals. Murde

hieves. Shar

cent. per cent. per ce

ity 8.8 10.9 2.9

56.7 44.1 66.

32.2 52.9 30.5

TE

ly condemned for an unknown crime. The various inscriptions and designs bear witness to h

TE

tentionally, almost at random, in order to show the average types of

A well-known Londo

"A dangerous character." Many

ndler," "of gentlemanly appearance, and

and will assuredly use firearms." A sm

AT

native of London. "A daring burglar;

ffield. "A dangerous thief," who has had eight

dangerous thief, with

n at Hartlepool. "A d

TE

Plate are chiefly Italian, and tak

oues, p

arto

Piedmont

in?edus) of Pesaro,

. Italian

labrian

e, a brig

ilicata

di Caspol

Criminals (from Cor

anic, aged 19, who assassinat

ef, and murderer

officers of the F?deris Arca. Hair black, laughs continually,

the same tragedy. Abandoned in childhood; very intelligent and very

TE

even criminals undergoing

TE

ty-eight criminals undergoin

END

Criminal Anthr

ves were present from France, Italy, Russia, Holland, Belgium, the United States, Denmark, Sweden, Roumania, Servia, Brazil, Mexico, Peru, Paraguay, and Hawaii. Great Britain, it will be observed, was only conspicuous by its absence. Among those who took part in the proceedings of the Congress may be mentioned M. Thévenet, the Minister of Justice, Dr. Brouardel, the Dean of the Medical Fa

the guilty, of protecting them from themselves, and of taking them out of the environment which educates them to crime, have been the object of the meditation and study of great thinkers; and their conceptions have eventually conquered public opinion. It has been the honour of the Italian school-in the land where Roman law, the foundation of all law, was born-that it has again put into

ological misery, of which the origin was intra-uterine. As regards poverty, M. Garofalo could not share Lacassagne's views; his investigations had shown that the number of criminals furnished by the middle classes is, proportionately, quite equal to that furnished by the lower classes, while for some kinds of crime the upper classes gave a higher figure than the lower. Mme. Clémence Royer called attention to the importance of hybridism in the genesis of crime. The recrudescences of criminality, she remarked, correspond to the great epochs of the mingling of races. Benedikt spoke of the relation between insanity and crime; the criminal is a diseased person, he held, or a lunatic, and we must consider the molecular troubles of the cerebral substance as well as the external physical signs. After M. Tarde, speaking as a juge d'instruction, had admitted the existence both of the organic predispositions to crime, and the influence of the social environment, M. Brouardel joined in the discussion. Crime should not, he said, be regarded as the result of any single isolated cause, physical, moral, or social, but of all those causes at once. The diagnosis of the criminal must be subordinated to the same rules as the diagnosis of a disease; that is to say, it is made up of related

of the Belgian Government, presided at the afternoon session, when various

irely neglected. He admitted that his conclusions had sometimes been too rash, although founded on the observation of now nearly 27,000 individuals by himself and others, but he had always been ready to give up an indefensible position. The atavism of criminals, he now believed, may largely be explained by morbid causes. The discussion was carried on by other members, and was sufficient, in the opinion of M. Garofalo, to show that the divergence of ideas was more apparent than real; those who far off seem adversar

he referred to the necessity of creating international criminal statistics, permitting of the comparative study of crime among different nations. M. Laschi brought forward an interesting communication on "Political C

already made in France by the recognition of the gravity of incorrigible recidivism. The old criminal law only recognised two terms, the offence and the punishment. The new criminology recognises three terms, the crime, the criminal, and the method of repression. Criminal law, he concluded, must not be treated as a detached and isolated science; it must be subordinated to psychology and to anthropology, or it will be powerless to interpret and to determine, in any enlightened legislation, the true classification of criminals. M. Alimena, a young Italian lawyer, thought that the considerations brought forward by Garofalo furnished presumptions only, and not judicial certainties. After a lively episode between M. Benedikt and M. Lombroso, M. Brouardel, bringing the discussion back to the point, remarked that the problem pro

vidence only, the maximum of crimes against property is reached in winter. And, again, the most delicate biological modifications must be considered, for rapes and crimes of violence are most common when the temperature is high, and climate and barometrical pressure play a certain part. If the thermometer had marked ten degrees less, or the barometer a few millimetres more, perhaps such and such a crime would not have been committed. The conclusion is that, on the one hand, we must ameliorate social conditions for the natural prevention of crime, and on the other hand exercise measures of temporary or perpetual elimination of individuals, according as the biological conditions in each case seem more or less curable. M. Alimena attached great importance to education

They also visited the Prefecture of Police, where M. Alphonse Bertillon showed his anthropometrical method of identifyi

the education of magistrates. At present there is great confusion, and the magistrate is called upon to decide complex questions of which he is quite ignorant. The duty of the judge to demand the decision of science with the power to tread it under foot was a manifest contradiction. It was not reasonable that a medico-legal judgment should be over-ridden by a jury, and it was time to reverse the ancient maxim that the judge is the expert of experts. When it is a question of legal medicine, the medico-legal expert must be the judge. There should be a medico-legal commission, whose duty it would be n

he State did not undertake the care of children at an earlier age, when there was greater hope of the favourable influence of physical, moral, and intellectual education. M. Lombroso, while expressing his great esteem for M. Magnan (the Charcot of alcoholism, as he called him), was not able to agree with him. What he had himself said about children was founded on the observations of Perez, Taine, and Spencer. Moral sense was often lacking in the child. He was an embryonic criminal. MM. Moleschott and Van Hamel spoke in defence of the child who is unconscious. He was not chaste, because he had no ideas of modesty. He had no respect for truth, and the destructive instinct is strong in him. M. Moleschott referred to the anecdote in which Goethe recorded the delight with which, as a child, he once produced a terrible carnage among the crockery. But we must not confuse a phase of evolution with the conditions of disease or criminality. M. Rollet, the advocate who pleads before the tribunals at Paris the cause of all children who are arrested (about 20 to 30 bo

nce and manners, and there is sexual impotence. Previously brilliant at school, they now become lazy, and incapable of sustained attention or effort. In later life they may become artists, poets, or painters, if born in easy circumstances, but their work does not give proof of the higher artistic qualities. Their devotion to those who surround them is often of almost feminine tenderness. The chief factors in producing this acquired

ictly scientific standpoint. All our acts are determined by our physical nature. M. Coutagne refused to enter the domain of metaphysics. The question was a practical one, and every individual, sane or insane, must be treated as responsible. M. Motet said the question was a clinical one. If the individual is normal, his responsibility is complete; if he is abnormal or degenerated, his responsibility is limited; if he is insane, his responsibility is nil. M. Manouvrier would reject metaphysics absolutely. M. Ferri said

e bar. It would also necessitate the spread of knowledge which is now lacking, and a re-organisation of the administration and medical inspection of prisoners. M. Bertillon trusted that anthropological considerations would not lead the prison administration to neglect its duties of moral reformation. M. Benedikt said that prison chaplains agreed with medical men in recognising the incorrigibility of certain criminals. M. Drill thought that we must clearly distinguish judgment from punishment. Reference had been made to the sentiments of hatred and revenge, but those sentiments were the outcome o

prisonment should be for an indefinite period, and the prisoner carefully observed and examined. The jury should be modified. M. Tarde observed that advocates we

ustrations largely from Spain, where crime differs greatly in different parts of the peninsula. H

of Criminal Sociology." He concluded that there should be a very careful selection of cases for cellular isolation, subject to psychical and

of M. Semal, the Congress affirmed the necessity of a psycho-moral examination of the prisoner as a preliminary to conditional liberation. It was resolved also that it is desirable that law students sho

ey were dealing with one of the most interesting and profound of all problems-a problem which had in all ages exercised the huma

the Congress, and the number for September 1889 was entirely devoted

END

nal Associatio

emarkable proof of the great movement for penal reform which is now everywhere making itself felt. Nearly twenty countries in Europe and America are represented by the association. It is trul

is to combat criminality reg

therefore take into consideration the results

criminality. It is not the only means. It must not, then, be isolated from other soci

habitual criminals is essential in practice as well

w, and as the sentence only acquires value by its mode of execution, the separation, con

e in our system of punishments, the association gives special attention

association considers that the substitution of measu

the length of the imprisonment must depend not only on the material and mor

avity of the offence, and even with regard to the repetition of minor offences, the penal system ought before al

s the conviction that penal science must rest on the firm basis of facts, must attach itself to the realities of social and individual life, and not be content with the purely intellectual development of purely leg

n) contain the reports presented at these meetings, as well as the subsequent discussions. They may be obtained, for a small sum, from the publisher, J. Guttentag, Be

END

es of Cr

irable to lay down any definite system of examination. Elaborate schemes have been prepared; it is more difficult to settle on a definite scheme on a small scale. At present it seem

agger, stones, and glass, received in various quarrels. Head also covered by scars. Hair on head very abundant; entirely without beard. Pro

ght, 40?. Tendon reflexes normal. General sensibility: right, 52; left,

Has thieved frequently, but only found out once at

uently wounded. He has had similar fits for six years; they are followed by complete amnesia. The

kon two coppers that he holds in his hand; and that he cannot recogni

or three days cannot drink water or bathe, on account,

no aspirations; does not c

arents, except that his moth

ecord of love); in epigastric region a transfixed heart (to recall a revenge to be accomplished). A scar

al asymmetry; ears prominent. Hair sparse, dry, and very dark. Fingers very long and slende

34; right, 14; left, 17. Esthesiometer: right, 1.8; left, 1.2; tongue, 0.4. Topographic sensibility erroneous in both hands. General electrical sensibility: right

ild; very precoci

ourteen, at the invitation of a friend who was a thief, robbed a jeweller; from that time commi

ut police or prisons; but confesses that in winte

suffers from palpitation of the heart. One sister is leading a bad life;

s of fur cloaks and similar articles. Age 56. Circumference of

before thefts, had typhoid fever, and also contracted syphilis from her husband. She had frequent and severe pain in the temples. No children. Her mother suffered from arthritis, wh

eral sensibility, 70 mm.; on the hands, while a student has pain on palm at 55, on dorsum at 60, she has pain on right palm at 50,

lute life, and infected his wife with syphilis. Driven wild by her husband's continual ill-treatment, she began to steal furs and other articles from a neighbouring shop. She

risoner's slang, would not associate with her companions, and was alwa

neration. When we add that she was never given to orgies, that she did not care to associate with her criminal companions, that she did not learn the gergo, that she blushed when spoken to without due consideration, we must conclude t

23; height, m. 1.68; wei

fire-arms and knives; one on t

of skin

omplished, arrows as records of love; on his hand a sun; also bears the signs of

that, for example, of students for their collars and ties." "The more one is tattooed," he said, "the

8), lower jaw voluminous; eyes small and very mobile; frontal sinuses prominent. Has a certain air of b

nds, 84; with right, 54; with left, 43. Supports with extended arm a weight of kilog. 5 for fourteen minutes. Esthesiometer: right, 3.5; left, 4.5. Electrical sen

e he was a child. Natural

nd a cyst, which he had as

but it was feigned, as he was then under trial,

ture, and politics does not exist. In the newspapers he on

because he was found taking the impression of a lock. There he w

ed with dexterity, and was once condemned to twenty-five months' imprisonment. He robs from houses, and when opportunity offers picks pockets. At a penal

ounding. Father had five years' imprisonment for attempting to wound his brother, a priest, who refused to give him money; also dr

is game has always succeeded, and he has been acquitted or punishment diminished. When he has money he is an angel, says R. S., but when he has n

G., is a camorr

eals from "aristocrats"; suffers from dizzine

nds a more or less elevated price, according to the amount of the booty. Also studies padlocks, and makes f

condemned more than once for robbery and

aples) of incorrigible insubordination in a soldier is translated from L'An

ad; frequently guilty of theft, insubordination and destruction of military effects.

hat can be obtained as to his

rs of his parents

nymphomania, and deafnes

runkard and

ecile, and ano

e thief, imprisoned f

ily given t

nts; was a shoemaker at Stilo (Reggio, Calabria), his native

L EXAMI

e

-A considerable depressio

l protuberance sc

right side, anteriorly; with pl

e right plante

of the super

all in childhood. Inferior dental arch, with parabolic

face, yell

rd

rcumference at t

mi-circumfe

rior"

sterior c

verse

capacity (results of

-posterior dia

rse diam

76 (cranial type, s

ar diamete

stoid

ontal diam

bital

illary

the fore

ce "

nose (to

"(bas

and

der. Heig

than on right side. Posteriorly the left base of

th long and po

e letters F. and B.; on the left two stars, one large, the other small, the letters L.

, especially the left, out of proportion

spa

aricose in left popliteal region

GICAL EX

ight hand, 90;

ved only at a distance of five mill. In general the sensibility is very feeble. L

ing blood are felt as slight touches. Burns with a lighted cigar are little

ic sensibility.-Ap

pportunity for elec

colours well; sees red bes

immediate contact; on the left only at a short distance.

he has no knowledge. Ammonia alone, deeply inhaled for a

and telling him that it is wine, and then another of vinegar, he swallows it all eagerly without any indication of disagree

ve functions normal. Circul

AL EXAM

y very weak, limited to the most elementary and primitive c

e sentiments almos

mself in any way; tendency

w only about twice a day, because, as he says, he is no longer strong enough. He

asily discovered. He seems to have learnt from fellow-prison

f simulating at certain moments a sta

hort, bent head, and surly look. He is only aro

es, and destroying everything-table, stools, etc. In this condition any opposition only renders him

vagabondage. The animal-like howls are set up; then comes the dest

ments as to the reason of this, he repli

GNO

al degeneration. Phrenasthenia. Mor

AND SOCIAL CO

nal, a person fatally and immutably impe

depression, the marked plagiocephalia and plagio-prosopia, the superior prognathism, and the inferior dental irregularities, the thoracic asymmetry, the pallid complexion, the hypoalges

ling to produce any good effects, succeeded in exercising, so to speak, the natural mechanism

e result of this examination, convinced, declared t

here? Is this verdict sufficien

ely

mode of treatment which, instead of brutalising him, will endeavour to obtain from him the maximum social utility of which

, the method of moral treatment and the wat

appeared in the Vierteljahresschrift für gerichtliche Med

f 18 she had killed her mother with a hatchet; sixty wounds were

rking, and on account of her youthful age, she was examined by medical expe

ceding morbid phenomena and other subsequent circumstances led the experts to an opinion

they were most eager of money, and possessed by the fury of gain; it was proved that this

er was a

ressions. She had acted as a servant, as an assistant in a printing-office, as a sempstress.

on, she was declared by some to

scraped together; she cherished hatred against her parents; continual quarrels and

e to flattening on the right side; there w

than the left; both movab

ually ended with a strong desire for movement, to which she yielded with only partial consciousness. She was sometimes for hours in a semi-conscious condition, with extravagant movements, vocifera

he pretended a want of inclination towards

ing that might cause disgust, and expressing peniten

eloped attacks which wer

erspread by nervous tempests which, in spit

who was avaricious and hard-hearted,

re are religious expressions marked by undoubted sincerity; but when religion did not a

r criminal design to its smallest details, taking care to avoid discovery. After having forme

r the deed she astutely made insinuations against her father, who was entirely innoc

ese days an energy and resolution astonishing in a person so weak.

oods. Her great desire was separation from t

that she was no longer

l disease. She bore herself in an unchanging, composed manner, depressed, free from all eccen

erculosis, to which she succumbed. She died pe

was found in both lungs, also in the

xamined immediately, and

e and lacking in lustre; internally there were bright spots

r the serum in the cavities had flowed away, was 1164 gramme

th great development of the convolutions and numerous atypic clefts. The frontal lobe was small compared to the parietal,

the frontal and occipital lobe

e insufficient development of the frontal and, still more, the occipital convolutions, in the smallness of the convolutions, in the incomplete covering of the cere

idea of atavistic regression. The connections found between the frontal and inter-parietal fissures cannot be considered as the re-crystallisation of the primitive convolutions and the longitudinal fissures which chara

he most irregular, although there was no cranial a

left traces up to near the time of the homicide; her judgments o

er's brain, and the perturbations of her psychical activity during life, but we

END

mi

1885 the Secretary

every case of this sort that came to light, and when the pressure of the approaching examination began to act, nearly every man, willing or unwilling, attacked his author and his outlines. This first examination was sufficiently creditable and the historical part at least was well done; but expected signs were not wanting of mental confusion, of indifference, of ineffectual groping after an author's very palpable meaning, signs which revealed a likely material for mental discipline of the most valuable kind. The only means of removing these difficulties seemed

hat has been done by our class in English Literature. Our students, of course, were not wholly without intellectual culture at the start. A few possessed a large amount of it. All had been imbued with some sense of the excellence of culture by the labours of our lecturers in science, philosophy, and history. The discussions in the Practical Morality class had awakened our argumentative powers and developed a sharp relish for ethical questions. We had all had experience, too, in the reading of standard works of fiction and even of books of utility; but the formal study of an English, often of an old English, author, involving an examination, was something wholly new. A direct movement towards pure ?sthetic culture was unprecedented for men who generally demanded that books should be amusing, should help to kill time in prison. The first effect was, as already remarked, discouraging. English literature did not immediately "take." But necessity made it take, and the inevitable love of literature which quickly sprang up did the rest. The essays and poems were conned over and over, and minds heretofore innocent of culture became saturated with the drinkable gold of the classics. A change of feeling came over us; distaste passed into satisfaction as the intrinsic beauty of the masters leavened our minds; indifference gave way to zeal and the study became delightful. An interest feeble at first had grown rapidly. Among the early favourable indications were the requests for information as to the lives of authors and the eager reading of biographies and literary notices. Then arose

ay, the General Superintendent, writes

ational training, there cannot be confidently predicted any permanent change of mind. To advance a young man from the habit of blind obedience to his instincts to habitual conduct, that is self-regulated by more or less of reason, is to insure some change of character, and usually a change for the better. The general library, although of but moderate proportions, contributes not a little to such an educational advancement. The small reference library has, the year past, been well used under pressure of a demand occasioned by the lectures, which are followed with examinations, affecting the date of the prisoner's release. The books in this library division are mainly of philosophical, mechanical, historical, and biographical character, with a few poetical works from standard authors. The librarian's

, the instructor of the class

f laws and governments, as usually arise as people begin to reflect seriously upon the ways of the better social life, have been considered, besides many practical questions regarding self-control, elevation of feeling and thought, and the part of wisdom in every-day affairs. To provide a thread by which the lectures might be connected into a systematic series, the

to it. On this account both sides of doubtful questions have been noticed and a decision called for. The leading consideration in the selection of lecture topics from week to week has been the needs and interest already shown. Free discussion has always been allowed, an

y seem to be bright and quick rather than deep or close students. Their remarks in the class frequently bring forth applause or signs of disapproval from their responsive fellows, and occasionally a vein of purer metal and greater depth is touched. Without much liking f

n the prison, seem to warrant the belief that considerable moral obscurity has been removed. There is abundant evidence that cant and hypocrisy have less to do with answers in examination than might be su

way writes as follows of militar

ecoming a military government, largely by inmate military officers. The military organisation was made possible, indeed made necessary, by the cessation of labour in August 1888, in obedience to the Act of July of that year; but it has been found to be most serviceable in every way. The health and bearing of the men is better, their habitual mental tone is improved, common disciplinary difficulties have been diminished or well-nigh removed, and the military government of a reformatory seems now almost indispensable to satisfactory management. Holding this view, I have, by the authority

n exercise. A space 40 × 80 feet of the eastern end is devoted to baths, hot, warm, and plunge, and with rooms for massage treatment, etc., etc. Complete scientific apparatus has been purchased, to be erected about the first of December, when, with the enlarged opportunities and improved facilities, as well as with the added experienc

DE

elation to crim

crime a

g criminals,

identification

ugene,

totl

rimina

rey

ré,

Scalia, 3

, 43, 50, 6

lon, A

akof

hoff

in crim

, J.

w, G.

well

ut" among cr

liers,

ca,

ay, Z.

spector, 2

pi,

punish

r, Miss,

nova

ini,

acteristics o

ta,

, crime

family,

e, Va

, 23, 208

dness in cr

on of c

, 128

cteristics of

he facto

l origins

childr

rease o

a social

s, polit

assi

nctiv

ional

tual

ssion

rebral charact

gnomy

of hair

and visc

ng amon

or activi

cal sensibi

l insensib

telligen

vanity

onal instab

religi

slan

rature and

hilosop

atment

ining o

mira,

ic identific

of occas

d as he

hers

zes

Port

ly,

125, 162

ls' ways of me

ne, 3

rez,

ility of cr

Hepwo

124, 130, 147, 153,

don, 66, 8

Luis

ll,

riminals

matory, 92,

y and c

ptics

in crim

lot

43,

., 23, 4

ch,

ging

rio,

l cres

en,

29,

ton

among cri

, 40, 78

E., 81, 9

ralysis an

omin

enig

mann

rra

riminals, an

of crimi

in crim

vé,

gren

5, 159, 16

and cri

, 73, 93, 112,

s, treatm

nd the cri

the, 89,

a priso

9, 82,

, th

amily, th

her

osi

t-Ebi

144, 155,

s, 43

24, 42, 88,

22, 153, 19

ent,

gne, 3

ate

z, 21

ness in cri

t, 3

zt,

re, crim

64, 72, 79, 83, 1

rier,

83, 93, 1

y and cr

sley

w, 14

sclo

among cri

azzi

nity, 17,

u, Ab

el,

vity of cr

omalies in

riminalit

n, 35,

criminal

sa in crimina

minals' l

66, 70, 71, 75

y in crim

in crim

ta,

hy, crim

my of cri

L. O

emo

44, 47,

n, th

nscripti

al crimina

ion and c

bout crimi

elet

lot

m among w

of crim

mong crim

e la Bre

hte

41, 99,

vitch

s, 44,

, 42, 73

crime a

der, M

eca

n criminals,

among crim

gi,

alies in cr

in criminals, 59,

rsity among

iminals, se

ates

r, Ali

crimi

, Justi

ry, T

land,

42, 2

aia, 45,

n crimi

among crim

rni,

hini

s' sla

n, Bru

g criminals,

mas

ard,

izk

, Sir

ism and

lès

amel,

nsibility of

aine

ime, relati

135, 1

n, 13

ow, 6

ilio

sin

G., 12, 96, 12

r, F.

., 88, 12

Jonath

lis

on,

, F.,

crime a

elli C

in crim

arel

Scott, Felling,

tno

a Verbrechen. See also Lombroso, L'Uomo Delinquente, vol. ii., par

9. This case may be compared with that of

nd, West Riding Asy

espine, Psychol

ndau to German translation

C. Hazlitt to Wainewright's

"congenital criminal" (reo-nato). The term "instinctive criminal" seems to

ilent World. By a P

Le Crime, 1

onal Criminals of America. It is not a scientific work, and has no reference to anthropologic methods, but it contains

substantially with that of Professor Enrico Ferri, by him recognised as

tu mortalium facturi pejora qu? contingunt et quo uno modo possunt, desinant esse mali; sed hoc sine odio. Nam quis membra sua tunc odit cum abscidit? Non est illa ira, sed misera curatio. Rabidos eff

r Liszt has proposed "Criminal Biology," and at the last International Congress of Criminal Anthropology, Topinard suggested "Criminology." "Criminal Anthropology," however, is so widely use

mary of its proceedi

ee App

in England on modern scientific lines should be a clergyman-the Rev. W. D. Morrison. See h

ofessor Benedikt quoted in this section, are fr

l to the symmetrical, while the tendency of the brain is from the symmetrical to the asymmetrical. See M.

i Psichiatria.

or Fallot of Marseilles, "Le Cerveau des Criminels," in the Archives de l'Anthropologie Criminelle

nomical Diagnosis of Dise

ariétés Morphologiques de l'Oreille Humaine

r as a Sign of Defective Develo

t as normal, and believes that with a little practice it might be discovered in nearly all

tria for 1888. Fasc. I.-Professor Héger, in a communication to the Société d'Anthropologie of Brussels, remarks that he is able to confirm

ch possibly may be a question of race-is the predominance of blue eyes. Ottolenghi, who con

rown. G

per cent. 63.91 per

35.80 " 59

ers 49.60 " 4

the iris is also found with unusual

vizie e le rughe nei criminali." Arc

n that the red-haired are "relatively more prevalent" among prisoners than among the

taux chez les idiots et les épilepti

i rei contro il buon costume." Arch

riale nei Delinquenti-nati." Archi

edico-Legal Jou

ugdale. Putnam's, New York, 1877. It may be as well to mention that when Conti

s at a million and a quarter dollars during this period, without taking into consideration the entailment of pauperism and crime on s

n, it may be mentioned that among 2739 soldiers of the Italian

fly belonged, replied: "Mostly officers in the army, but civilians too. I have tattooed many noblemen, and also several ladies. The latter go in chiefly for ornamentation on the wrist or calf, or have a garter worked on just below the knee." "On what

in some rare valleys of Venetia where the peasant women trace a cross on their arms. Parent-Duchatelet found that prostitutes of the lowest order tattooed their arms, shoulders, armpits, or pubis with the initials or name of their lover, if young, or their tribade, if old, changing these

mio d' Ancona," Cronaca del M

ing Asylum Re

o nei criminali," Archivio d

42 tattooed criminals, Lombroso found 5 with designs on the penis; Lacassa

ent: he made two equal and symmetrical wounds on the right and left shoulders of a hypnotise

hropological Ins

Société d'Anthropolo

quenti," Archivio di Psi

dult Imbecile." Transactions of the Am

Psichiatria, Fasc

n and women belonging to the ordinary population, chiefly the lower class. Of these

minali," Archivio di Ps

Psichiatria, 18

tabacco nei pazz

Scientifi

plethysmograph in his attractively

tellectual Training

rom a Prison

Psichiatria, 18

ility of criminals may be found in Dr. Corre

ime in an Indian Provi

aland." Journal Anthropolo

für Gegenwart und Zukunft der gerichtlichen Psych

me in England, vol.

ble in Spai

earful extent to which sexual perversity rules in Spanish prisons, especially in the prisons for women. The governor

ons of the Dead

minal Prisons of Lo

ritish Special C

s Crime in an Indi

lla provincia di Napoli

gs from Jai

rom a Prison

sichiatria during 1888-89; Horsley, Jottings from Jail, p

ork, La Contagion du Meutre, pp. 68-91, and s

Now first collected, with some account of the auth

7

ncoys, dont

bueil en

vers emprè

mmun nom

corde d

col que mo

t un jol

e sembloit

allèleme

me in England, 1876

alité Comparée

(Ecker) and 16.9 per cent. Australian skulls (Virchow). Again, the spheno-pterygoid foramen is found in 4.8 per cent. European skulls and in 20 per cent.

ie Criminelle, 1886) rapes are effected by methods common among lower races, and even animals. This is not atavism, but the criminal,

e form of wine-i.e., 11 when children, without knowing the precise age; 2 at five years

us Crime in an Indian P

ics the following table of individuals committed more t

Female. Ma

06 5673

91 5800

18 6773

48 7496

91 8946

34 9316

8 9451 1

4 8981 1

6 9764 1

om sexual relationships have an equally grave influence in the opposite

lité Comparée,

," Revue d'Anthrop

Criminelle," Revue d

c. cit.

minality and epilepsy will be found in considerable detail in the second volume of Lombroso's gre

ffections of Childhood and Youth. The latter contains

n and French P

om a Prison Di

the other prisons of the Peninsula or the Balearic Isles; nor is it an extraneous focus of moral infection, as at Saragossa or Valladolid; nor a merely economic supplement, like that of Alcala and some others; nor, in short, a centre of inaction or of artificial life. The convicts are an integral part of the population, sharing in the economic, social, urban, military, administrative, industrial, and agricultural order of its life, and fulfilling a great variety of functions. They obtain and carry the materials for constructing the fortifications and buildings, make and repair the roads, erect forts and houses, work in timber and in iron, cultivate the field. They are painters, photographers, shoemakers, tailors, servants fulfilling confidential domestic duties; they are clerks, even professors lecturing

oned by Mr. Cook. One Mogador Jew recently brought another before their Governor to recover a sum equal to

.

plaintiff, one

ndant,

n who took th

out of

ler

f prison la

is unable to settle his bill, and is com

er Abschaffung des Straffmasses mit der dagegen Erhobenen Einwendung), as q

m a Prison Diar

d French Prisons (

ns," Archives de l'Anthr

dy Places, by Thor. Fr

ire, tome v., pp. 345,

ns, Criminalité e

minologie (1

1

male di l

i la faccia

à la carc

gannati, p

1

i fratelli e

mangiare e a

pre in mezzo

lavorai mu

eavoured to ascertain if the variation in usual length of sentence in different states has any relation with amount of crime in that state. He was not able to find any connection. "Apparently, the leng

nd Criminals," Journal of

y lies in the fact that the prisoner is frequently already predisposed to insanity. Everything depends on how the isolation is carried out. There is

d Industrial Training of Cri

inals, a valuable little work, in which all the details of t

is a civilising influence to which the criminal is often very sensitive. An able admin

information concerning

the rounded surface of the copper vase, filling up the interstices with pigment, coat upon coat, and firing and filing and polishing it until the finished work was so true and so delicate and so beautiful that nothing except an occasional greater dignity and breadth of design marked the art of the freeman from that of the convict. C'etait à ne pas y croire-one simply stood and refused to believe one's eyes. Fancy the attempt to teach such a thing at Pentonville or Dartmoor or Sing-Sing! When our criminal reaches his prison home in Tōkyō he is taught to do that at which the limit of his natural faculties is reached. If he can make cloisonné, well and good; if not, perhaps he can carve wood or make pottery; if not these, then he can make fans or umbrellas or basket work; if he is not up to any of these, then he can make paper or set type or cast brass or do carpentering; if the limit is still too high for him, down he goes to the rice-mill, and see-saws all day long upon a balanced beam, first raising the stone-weighted end and then letting it down with a great flop into a mortar of rice. But if he cannot even accomplish this poor task regularly, he is given a hammer and left to

lrich Jahn, "Ueber den Zauber mit Menschenblut und anderen Theilen des Men

ce Rudolph of Austria, may be specially mentioned as having produced a

the scientific and medico-legal elements in scientific procedure are lawyers; while medical men show no wish to encro

ty and Disease," La

riminals were transported, there is more criminality than in the other Australian

nsane of the State of Illinois, shows that whereas only 19 per cent. of the

ll Gazette, 4

Service de la

that every increase of six kreutzer in the price o

lité et Repre