Papers and proceedings of the thirty-fifth general meeting of the American Library Association, 1913

surance gives ample opportunity to our critics for those slings and arrows with which they are so ready. Ideas and ideals of education are rapidly changing and it behooves t

mprove the habits, form the character of the individual, so that he might prosp

t mere recipients, but distributors, not merely to increase their ability to ca

hough the star proves a restive steed and often lands us in the ditch, we travel further while the conne

in education the task is coming to be the training of the good citizen rather than the correction of the bad citizen. And if the library is, as we are anxious to claim, an integral part of public education, it must have a share, however small, in the preventive policy of modern

o face. It is on this account that all social agencies working with children endeavor, so far as each is able, to supply an "illusory home" and t

pecial place each one has to fill, so that it becomes a counselor, not only to the children but to those parents who are anxious to assume their just responsibility in the guidance of their children's reading, and yet feel their inability to breast unaided the yearly torrent of children's books. The stimulation of this fe

lunteer library assistant has been proved to be a potent force in the life of the neighborhood, for the "friendly visitor," if she be of the proper stuff, is not merely a circulator of books, she is an all-round good neighbor

ct with more than a few of the children in her community. And in order to provide that intimacy with books from which we wish no child to be debarred, she must depend not alone upon her children's room, beautiful and homelike though that may be, but she must place her resources at the disposal of other educational agencies, all of which are working toward a common end. Of these the most powerful is the school, and through the lessons in the use of the public library, through the collect

illages are gradually making provision for the gratification of the desire of the people to play. Nowhere does the library find an alliance more satisfactory than with these play-centers, for it is in the union of the physi

a thirsty land, channels into which run the tributary streams of deposit stations, churches, settle

ook that does this most effectively is the book behind which lies some personality. We all know the popularity of "the book Teacher says is good." But the problem of the children's librarian is not limited as is the tea

s for good or ill. The tendency of a neglected group is to develop strongly a regard for the interests of

ooks, the way may be a circuitous one and baseball, basketry, and dramatics may be met on the way. But aside from the book interest, without which no library club can be considered legitimate, there is the opportunity of guidi

mpulse is strong and may be so led as to in

wark, to become a part of the school curriculum. Indifference to the fatherland is not the best foundation on which to build the superstructure of American patriotism, and the confused and homesick foreigner welcomes with gratitude the books in his own tongue provided by the library, the opportunity to use the library's auditorium for the meetings of his clubs with unpronounceable

ren and they grow to understand that though their elders may have been outstripped in the effort to become Americanized they

nd to open up the delights of a new world to imaginations often starved in squalor and poverty. Both the reading aloud and the storytelling have their

d needs more efficiently as Miss Smith has suggested, the l

s which can command the co-operation of a good museum. Given an exhibit case containing a few interesting specimens, a placard bearing a brief description of the specime

theaters announcing the location of the library and bearing some such legend as this: "Your Free Public Library has arranged with this management to select interesting books and magazine articles upon the historical, literary, and industrial subjects treated in these pictures. It is a bright idea to see something good and then learn more about it." Mr. Percy Mackaye in his r

gton State has intimated that it would do so, provided the Carnegie Trust Fund would give it money. It is a sign of the times, and one of which not

essure or because of a lack of interest in their school work the fact remains that 32 per cent of the children entering school drop out before they reach the sixth grade, and only 8 per cent finish the fourth year of high school. Manual training and vocational guidance are taking a hand in the matter and the pa

res, creeping home at night too tired to move unnecessarily, or letting the individuality which has been so sternly repressed al

ry may combine the intimate personal relationships of the small branch, the club, the story hour, and the vocational bureau. It may, as the Sears, Roebuck library has done, publish lists of books covering certain grades of a school cour

f a person whose duty it is to use every means to deepen, strengthen, and broaden the capacity of every employe so that he may remain an individual and not become a machine. This is an age of industrialism which has early placed up

life in the city through the children's rooms, the homes, the schools, the playgrounds, the factori

e than half of our population is in the country, it is but logical that libraries should long ago have made some attempt to reach a class of readers who, as Mr. Dewey says, "have a larger margin of leisure, fewer distracti

to "effectualize rural society." When we think of books and the country, we think also of Hagerstown and the book wagon, an institution which in its influence on country life may well be added to the famous trilogy of "rural free delivery, rural

nciple: that of co-operation with all other available agencies to the end that the boys and girls may have a fuller opportunity to become good citizens. We cannot be

se fine, moving chapters; regret that they have been so brief. We are reconciled only by the fact that there are two fine compa

ND THEIR RELATIO

f the morning: "Children and young people; their conditions at home, in the school, and in the library." Indeed librarian and teacher have more in common than

actice, has to say about the attitude and method and practice of library work. With open mind and modest, may we attempt a statement of "library pedagogy" to

et see what we are at. The good brother, a Ph. D. of one of our best universities, a successful city school superintendent, now a fellow professor, who said, "I can see how instruction of our normal school students in library methods will help them in their work here, but how will it help them as teachers? Anyone can find a book in a school library." The superintendent who complained that all his pupils got at

he public library. There is State Superintendent Alderman, of Oregon, and Mrs. Alderman. There is the United States Commissioner of Education, Mr. Claxton, and Mrs. Claxton. In every state are men like a western Kansas superintendent (way out next to Colorado, on the prairies), who found his community destitute of books; even school books and tablets had to be ordered by the drug store from a distant city; no community interest, no debating societies, no class plays, no school athletic teams. He made school vital to t

hool, which requires two years of college cultural and professional work, high school graduation being required for entrance. Third, the normal college or state teachers' college, which grants the bachelor's degree for the completion of four years of college cultural and professional work. As a rule the graduates of the high school normal course go into the rural or the small-town schools; the graduates of the two-year college course, into elementary schools and spe

e many other normal schools of its type has an assured future and a fine field of influence. You will pardon another example, I hope, cited because I can be still more definite in describing it: The Kansas State Normal School, at Emporia, is a type of the four-year normal college. It was established in 1865. Last year it had 2,750 students, 350 in the training school (comprising kindergarten and grades one to eight), 1,100 in the normal high school, and 1,300 in the college. It had a faculty of 100, nearly half of these being men, many of the

ied notably by the School of Education of the University of Chicago, and Teachers' College of Columbia University, the last-named being perhaps the most efficient teachers' college in the world. I hasten

stand the life that now is and can teach boys and girls to live that life and to be useful members of society here and hereafter. These organized institutions of teacher-training take themselves seriously, they accept the responsibility of their task, and they are measurably succeeding; despite the declarations of popular magaz

on?; Education for freedom; The personal element in our educational problems; Teaching, and testing the teaching of essentials; Measuring results. Second, What shall we do with the single-room school?; The rural school; Fundamen

s definition of education from the lat

hat does not assume that a doctor must be an educated man and that a mechanic or a farmer cannot be; education that appeals to the masses, that makes better citizens a

ou will discover that something like this is happening in the educational world: The content of education is being adapted to meet the needs of all the clas

tant to develop the undiscovered resource than to run all boys and all girls through the same hopper. A phrase used in the School Arts Magazine for May, 1913, in describing a notable Boston exhibit of art illustration, breathes th

a man out of him, not that he may be a self-centered unsocial phenomenon, but that he may be a fello

not mean coddling. It does not mean allowing the child to do as he pleases. On the other hand, motivation does not mean forcing an unnatural process or s

and impulse the wise teacher leads the child to a respect for fair-play, order, law, justice. The child never knows where he got it, but he has what he needed, and he has it indelibly. This process assumes a G

twelve,-in that period which is called adolescence. Why do so many boys and girls drop out of the upper grades? Why do so many youths never complete high school? The vocational training people have one answer, and it consists in letting the boy work at something of which he feels the need.

ill in Massachusetts. Teacher is immediately challenged, and she replies, "Well, I'll debate it with you; and I'll be fair and square with you and tell you of some material on your side. But there is one man whose authority I would not want to dispute; you'll surely treat me fairly, won't you?" A young lady member of the class at once puts a motion to the class that it will not be considered fair to use the writings of Edmund Burke against teacher. Does that class depend up

t is important for him to find the answer. Is it not important, then, for the librarian to be skilled in drawing out a statement of the problem, or, changing the figure, to recognize accurately the symptoms and to prescribe unerringly? I think librarian

eaching attitude, the study of the individual, the putting of the individual's needs far and away before the observance of inflexible rule and practice, and t

s. I am quite sure that I may as well gracefully hand my head now to some of you because of the following library corollaries o

less lecturing, less practice work done in the this-is-the-only-way-to-do-it attitude,

ave said to me, why not make the public library an integral part of the city school system, and the state library and state

and all library assistants are experts in psychology and

r to have a book in use than to have it lying peacefu

rary open on holidays and Sundays, when the working man isn't "

treet, New York, or when he is in Europe we go to Skibo Castle. For information as to the latest inventions we go to the laboratory

nts discussed were treated by her in a paper before the section on Library Work with Children at the Ottaw

s. It has been suggested that some of our papers ought to be discussed from the floor. We shall be gl

t should be encouraged to use the public library. Work should be given to the students in high schools and girls' schools that would require their coming to the public library, because

etters to the parents and urge them to allow their children to have cards; and to see before the end of the first term that every student in the entering class has a card in the public library, has a note of introduction from the

t is sometimes the student's fault, but most often it is the fault of the college curriculum. That is a topic we need not discuss here. But I believe librarians will do a great service t

s in the college library on, say, the works of John Milton, than to have read some of the things which are included in the entrance examination. I think the idea of requiring a knowledge of how to use the library for college entrance is the best thing I have heard at a library meeting for a long time, and I hope the librarians who are present will impress that ide

erience with reference to the use of the library on the

the talk on the Reader's Guide they said, "We can do this: we will go through the Reader's Guide and we will bring out everything that is really interesting on the history of France, Germany, China, Russia and the Balkan War; we will look over those articles and make a card of the best things." They are using the Reader's Guide in English more than ever before; they are using reference books more. After the talk on the Statesmen's Yearbook and on the almanacs and some of the yearbooks, such as the New International Yearbook, they are using them almost as textbooks. The Statesmen's Yearbook is in use nearly all the time, as is the New International Yearbook, sinc

winter and cool and light in the summer. And the teachers were extremely glad to have a place where they could come and be quiet and comfortable and do their own work. I think that last year the teachers in our small village practically lived in the library. Even those who had homes there used to make it their abiding place most of their waking hours. For the high school pupils, at the time of their graduating essays, we laid books aside in different places in the library. Many of those children had no proper places at home where they could write. They came to the library and did their

our

ENERAL

rning, Jun

ps that it would be possible to have a series of papers upon this subject, and the surprising expansion of the service in these directions is evidenced by the fact that we have, in order at all to attempt to cover this su

US OF LEGISLATIV

rk, and it is just about ten years since the successful combination in Wisconsin of such special reference work with the formulation of bills aroused most of the states to the possibilitie

y be substantial unanimity as to policy. The new laws in Vermont (and I think in New Hampshire) in the east-in Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois in the middle west-and in California on the Pacific coast show such differences that it is evident that loca

." Obviously this must include practically all states where the state library is other than a law library only or a historical collection only, and must credit with doing legislative reference work those states where general reference work is done on subjects of legislation. But there is a more exact use of the term which takes account of the fundamental principle well suggested in the statement of the Librarian of Congress in his communication to Congress in 1911. "A legis

resents the results ready for use. And to be fully effective this work must in some way be co-ordinated with the formulation of legislation, so that the product offered by the legislator may be both firmly founded and properly constructed. This work is so evi

in the years beginning 1907 and it is significant that most of this emphasizes

, 1907,

ornia

ois,

, ch. 255 (19

7, ch. 306 (1

tat., 1909,

, 1909,

a, 1911

1909, ch. 157

3 (1910,

a, 1909, no

and, 1907

ota, 1907

1909,

2, ch. 14 (1

, Stat. S

s work is not a part of the work of a state library or other wider organization. Furthermore, the cost in money is almost impossible to estimate accurately in many places, because of this co-operation with other work. In starting a new work this difficult

hands of a non-legislative agency, and in others the libraries, while ready to handle a specialized reference work, are not ready to undertake drafting. Obviously this work requires highly specialized training, and equally, I believe, it will be agreed that this service should be rendered and that it must be in the clos

ls progress toward final enactment. This care as to form through the processes of amendment and revi

ditorial work of various forms upon the legislative documents. These are all services needed by our states, useful to the legislative bodies, and only properly handled through some permanent agency. Is the state library that agency? I leave the question for your consideration, and suggest that some uncertainty at present as to just what may be most desirable is evident particularly in the new legislation in Vermont, Ohio, Indiana and California. It has already been brought out in prepared paper and in discussion at this conference that the state library should not be a central public library in its content or its method. It is rather possible to express the field of its activities as that of a collection of special libraries. Into that field would come quite naturally the varied services to the legislative branch of the government which have been suggested. As already stated some of them are now supplied in

very logically after the one which we have just heard, will

FLUENCE OF TH

at least the half dozen I belong to, meet so often that repetition is forced upon us. In the interim very few experi

He is the man behind the gun. I put him first. From the negative side,-his position should not be subject to partisan or personal influence. That is a blight t

g that he should be a trained man in educational or library or literary work and of course an executive officer. His library is a laboratory of all for all in the state and he must be in touch with the work of that laboratory. His library is the distributer of blessings to a great commonwealth, and according to the motto of the "Library Company" of Philadelphia, that is divine (Communiter bona profundere deum est). I'll not quote t

library. All the volumes and equipment and staff will be comparatively a

e to suggest a few. This institution can well be the bibliographical center of the state. Every club, schoo

may be taught to turn to the central institution for bibliographical information. I consider this a source of wide-spreading influence, valuable and helpful to the w

unicipalities. This has led, perchance, to the unspeakable commercial county histories with their uns

ory. The library is the natural place for the collection and organization of the history of the state. The archiv

we like that word in referring to the old advanced civilization of Europe). The state library has a great, unploughed field to cultivate. Personally, I find people ready to burn up newspapers or manuscript

the conservers of culture and reading. Men don't want them, i. e. culture and reading. They are bourgeois, "practical," (à bas with that word and up with refinement and culture which is just as meaningful in books as in a field where we know culture is everything). I know many prosperou

e well supplied with these publications. The periodicals not taken in the average library, college or club, the foreign, like Revue de Deux

tious student, and he should never be neglected. This department, I fear, has been in a measure overlooked. We have about a hundred from foreign countries secured throug

periodicals. Make the selection as broad a

served here, will be a source for historical research in the future. Nothing of the kind should be thrown away. Many state libraries were founded with this particular purpose in view. The state library is the logical place for the

rary's influence and assistance should enter here, also. Much can be done to enlarge the views and inform the heads of these institutions and to make happy many of the inmates. No demand by a superintendent of a state institution for books to be purchased for and referred to by him would be overlooked in the Indiana state

m each county. We have many instances already of the value of our collection. We believe that a state-wide service is done in this way. I know the newspaper is not what we think it ought to be, but certain conditions of pol

ibrary he will know where to send for material. A bulletin on "Debates" with bibliographical lists is of great service to the school men. The state library extends its work to educational centers by this method. The Indiana state libr

th all of these. The library may even be a member of some of them, especially educational, social, literary or artistic. The presence of a member of its staff at their m

at joy for any one to note the pleasure these unfortunate people obtain from the collections from which they draw daily. Very few

ht to be made to know that the state library is, as it were, the fountain head from which to draw. If the library is worth anything or its head and staff worth anything, they should be consulte

libraries. This does not hinder the state library from doing much for the farmer individually and in farmers' institutes. Addresses

k on chiggers. If he could find out how to get rid of the chiggers, I would prefer that book to Jefferson, whose apotheosis is sadly overworked. That farmer's request was not so fascinating as that of a teacher who wanted

tion of books and reading is our keynote, and I think it is, then the citizen who wants to read on history, poetry

ot for the practical man only-he usually does not know anything and does not want to; he has no breadth of view. Looking up a trade

ited by knowing how many miles of railroad are in his county, or what amount of money his city spends, but he will be just as much benefited by reading

hing besides the newspaper, the statements of which are denied the next day? Yet most men read nothing else. If his own town library is small let him call upon the state library and let the state library be ready to help. I believe that lending books must still be granted to the state library. We have ca

ocal library I want them to come to us, as recently happened when the Roumanians wante

library that is a guide to scholarship and knowledge, a library where every man who loves to read

th the encouragement among the people to preserve local historical material; the collecting of newspapers representing the entire commonwealth; the creation of a periodical center in the state library; close connection with schools, colleges and all kinds of organizations, social, literary, commercial

prepares the ammunition and the one who fires it; and perhaps the more important is the one who prepares the ammunition; the one who draws up the law, leaving to the legislature the more perfunctory service of applying the match. Mr. MATTHEW S. DUDGEON has served in the capacity of

HAT STAND

ore completely masticated, before it is poured into the body politic for digestion. "If that were done, I am sure," he says, "that we could get along with half the quantity and it would do us just as much good." The volume of legislation now being considered is, in fact, appalling. The legislature of one Eastern state h

rs ago Montaigne discovered a superabundance of legislation in France. "We have more laws in France," he says, "than in all the rest of the world." And going back still further to the first c

ong ago became chronic among bodies politic generally and that it is high time that some cure be found for the ailment. How can the quantit

ion and producing "the law that stands

inistration: that is, it should be a practical, workable, usable thing; fourth, it must fit into its surroundings both legal and social. It must, as Blackstone has suggested, fit the situation as a suit of clothes fits the man. Some laws which

d yet not be in every sense satisfactory. It may not accomplish all that was hoped for it; it may contain errors; it may need amendments, and still it may be a law which, in a proper sense, sta

in themselves most difficult of comprehension. The Right Honorable James Bryce has said that the task of legislation becomes more and more difficult and that many of the problems which legi

home rule in cities, excess, condemnation, woman's suffrage, workmen's compensation, regulation of industrial accidents by commission, income tax, state aid to public highways, conservation and control of water power, forest reserve, s

ligently upon all of these subjects; yet this state expected its absolutely untrained legislators to understand these matters

cation. While nineteen of the one hundred were lawyers, they were for the most part young, inexperienced men, whose contact with public questions had been limited. Thirty of the one hundred were farmers, thirty-one were in business, six were doctors or dentists, e

as he obtains is brought to him ordinarily by a lobbyist. He receives many private suggestions whose source he hardly knows. He attends a committee hearing on a bill seeking to increase the taxes levied upon railroad property, for example. Here the best data and legal arguments that money can buy is ably and forcibly presented by the railroad attorneys. They give figures to show that the railroads are already taxed more than other forms of property. They quote economists to t

"No country has ever been able to fill its legislatures with its wisest men; but every country

so new, however, but that some other legislature has worked upon the problem or is working upon it. Take, for example, such a question as employer's liability or workman's compensation. Fifty legislative bodies are working upon or have worked upon this single question. In at least three foreign countries and in one American state it has been adequately solved. The other forty-six have failed in part or altogether, either because of un

copies of every law on every subject which is likely to be legislated upon at the current session. All data bearing upon the success or failure of this legislation in other states and countries must be collected, digested, tabulated and placed in such form as to be readily available to the legislator. If a measure has failed or been

the rates of the casualty insurance companies in the different industries, to discover what co-operation for the prevention of accidents could be secured from employers and employees. Hearings were held at various industrial centers within and without the state; scores of witnesses were examined; manufacturers, labor unions, engineering experts and e

practical political scientist or a practical political scientist who is something of a lawyer. It is often found too that in its original form a measure is unconstitutional and a lawyer's knowledge is necessary in order to devise some means of whipping the constitutional devil around the judicial stump. For example, the workman's compensation law of England, enacted too literally in its original form, is clearly uncon

right, honest man, who has been successful in at least a small way in his business or profession. He is ignorant of legislative subjects not because h

. We allot them only a few hours to consider a given question. We provide for them no information. We furnish them with no legal counsel. Assuming, however, as is often true, that these men are men of integrity and humanity and comm

en, by dint of industrious delving and assisted by highly paid and highly trained attorneys, discover at last in the depths of their moth-eaten law books some mummified eighteenth century idea which has become petrified into a constitutional provision. They shake their heads and decide that the splendid, humane, up-to-date, common sense legislation is unconstitutional

ence, better training, keener initiative than the purely critical. Yet, in legal matters this principle has been entirely ignored. In every way

ing of the law is in principle as important,-in fa

f broad sympathies, and of big vision. Not until we have an agency of this type assisting in law making, not until the making of laws is recognized as a distinct and important governmental function, co-ordinate with, if not superior to the judicial f

to hear the striking address, at a meeting of the Special Libraries Association the other day, from a business man of Boston need not be reminded

ARY USEFUL TO

would be almost as brief as the traditional story of snakes in Ireland. Few librarians have the means of knowing how many business men use their institutio

. These 198 men (and a few women) represent our most active business concerns, as well as a few professions. Of this number only 53, or 27 per cent, have live library cards. In looking over the names I recognized 38 of those without c

t business men of the town. The specific questions I propose to discuss are, Why do business me

braries can't always furnish them the knowledge they need. And furthermore not all business men are progressive. There are standpatters in the business, as well as in the political world. However,

imes, but for this occasion I am directed by our president to limit it to that one of its 24 different meanings which applies to employer rather than

oyees,-in supplying knowledge and in promoting the general intelligence and the social welfare of the community. These things are of the greatest importance to every employer, for they are the fou

e field, neither toil nor spin, but who frequently outshine Solomon in the gorgeousness and variety of their array. They live a parasitic life on the productive labor of their fellow men, giving no adequate return. In the admi

le worth-while material available for the libraries to put on their shelves for the men directly engaged in industrial or commercial pursuits. Furthermore there has been a long standing prejudice on the part of these men (those who are rule-of-thumb men) ag

contents of books and things in print that might be useful to them in their daily work; and oftener we know still

ense is service, and service is what a city is buying for all its people when it puts into its annual budget a more or less (usually less) adequate sum of money

the salesmanship that brings success is service and that it is founded on knowledge; for, said he, "No one can sell goods satisfactorily unless he knows all about them,"-where they are made, how they are made, what they are, their history, etc. And these things everyone in this store is systematically taught. Incidentally, I may add that this department store starts its people at a minimum wage higher than the minimum in many libraries, and the maximum for women in this store is do

esides getting his establishment at the right place he also spends more loads of good money to arrange it for the economic and expeditious handling of his affairs in it. So far as libraries relate to serving the business man, as well as nine-tenths

public library in showing his visitor from out of town the Greek temple set back in a beautiful grove or garden as he whirls by in his six cylinder, 60 horse-power, seven-passenger touring car than in using the books and periodicals inside. Such a bu

hurdles, barriers, which the people are obliged to overcome before they can get to their own books, whether it be to use them for business or pleasure, for education or recreation. The bad location and arrangement of library buildings in the United States are keeping hundreds of thousands of potential us

n addition to the energy he uses in walking 180 feet to and from the sidewalk must lift his own weight and the weight of the books he carries seven feet above the level of the sidewalk. In other words the location and arrangement of this building with reference to the sidewalk requires the people who use it daily to take an extra walk of almost the distance from Baltimore to Washington and at the same time carry a we

aterial at hand; and the bigger his business the more is this likely to be the case. The librarian will almost invariably find such a man a most helpful person in the selection of thing

nd most such expenditures will not show in the statistics of circulation. As an illustration of this let me refer again to the institution I have the honor to serve. For a number of years we have been spending $400 a year for books in only one line of business. Besides the books, we take some two dozen current periodicals

by the number of books issued for home use. So long as this idea dominates our public libr

up to date there is necessary a liberal purchase of yearbooks, transactions and publications of industrial, technical and commercial associations which bring down to date annually, and in con

m. Most of us do not handle this material properly, if at all. In many libraries pamphlets are regarded and cared for with about the same degree of disrespect as were p

through these that it is possible to keep up with the latest information or for the library to supply the thing that is most needed at the minute. As an illustration of such use I recall several recent instances of business men getting up brief

, but in reality is more likely to be five, ten, or even twenty years old. The circulating book has a most important place and I would not for one moment take from it the importance that is its due. My plea is that we recognize more fully for our business man, and especially the so-called small business man-the ma

e must do, we must let the business man know what we have for his particular problem and how we can serve him. The library must adv

nd them and by so arranging them that the passerby sees nothing but stone, brick and glass-things that suggest nothing of the joy and usefulness of books. Seeing great crowds enjoying and using books, as well

-rather than a place chock-full of the things that appeal with tremendous force to the

eneral publicity, though the latter is also necessary. When a man has a definite task assigned him put the resources and service of your library directly up to him for his particular problem, especially if the problem is one a little outside the circle of his regular business. It will come to him at the psychological moment

this: "Business and business efficiency for service rather than for profit." This is a high ideal, worthy of any profession, and I venture the prediction that it will be men of this type who will more and more dominate the business world of the future. Such men will appreciate and support the public library more than business men have ever done before; but they w

ry like that of our millionaire concerns could hope to undertake a work of that character. Therefore, each large business concern necessarily must supplement the resources of the public library by means of library facilities of its own. We shall he

S ORGANIZATIONS: THE

of mankind. At first thought it might seem that the use of the printed page for purposes of information reached its highest service in the function of education, but granted that it does not play an important part in education, we know education to be something vastly larger than a mere knowledge of facts, and we also know that many men and women who are repositorie

e words of Leonard Merrick of "voicing the sentiments of the unthinking in stately language," let us consider this proposition for a moment in the concrete. It is business enterprise that has brought about, through the perfection of the steam engine, the swiftness and convenience which we enjoy in twentieth century travel by railroad. It is business that has brought the service of the telephone and telegraph to their highest perfection. It is business that has developed artificial lighting by gas and electricity and emancipated us from candles and kerosene lamps. It is business that is transforming raw and waste materials by the application of pure science, into products of service and value for the needs of innumerable homes, in addition to perfecting agricultura

ighest rank as prime movers in large commercial enterprises. (In this connection it might not be amiss to state that out of an experience as university librarian and business libra

and because of the economic conditions of our advancing civilization, business will undoubtedly continue to be "big business" even though subjected to federal and state regulation. Now correlating these two facts, namely, that modern business is conducted by means of la

g their methods to obtain more efficient results, so they must lay hold of modern library methods under experienced supervision if they were to keep up with the steadily growing and important mass of printed information. Therefore we find business organizations securing the services of professional library workers, trained to use books in the broadest and most practical manner. Some hesitation was at first expressed in various quarters as to whether so-called professional library methods used in public and university libraries were suited to business library needs, and as to whether library workers educated for general library work would adequately meet the business library situation. In fact it was intimated that the business librarian was a worker of a different brand than the ordinary librarian and ther

aper by the President of the American Library Association, is most apt, and indicative of the real status of the case. The business

th which the speaker is most familiar, was to have the books and data which were the property of the company, classifi

and periodicals, to the inquiry as to whether the company had any specific information on a given subject, and if

urnishing all the information obtainable on a given subject as quickly as possible is decidedly ex

f the organization, and to a certain degree think for them in keeping up with the field of print and in bringing to their attention, without a request on their part, certain

not always be acquainted with the information which may be available in another department. The library, by keeping in touch with individuals in all departments

siness corporations is often a worthy contribution to scholarship. An illustration of this fact was recently brought to the attention of the speaker, by the statement of a university student, who said that in making a stu

nical, attention should be directed to several others, lest a mistaken impre

usiness organizations, and thus have interests outside of their regular company work. Their librarian is expected to assist in any need which arises by rea

he result that certain phases of practical library service are being neglected. It does not seem advisable, however, that the business librarian should annex any line of welfare work which does not legitimately center in the library; for the librarian is best fitted to serve the interests of the organization by maintaining high standards of eff

nd the character of service it is prepared to render; for in these days of the over-emphasized and often superficial cry for more efficiency, there is no line of work that is more genuinely efficient than that of the trained librarian. The information, to be put before business men, should be free from library technicalities and details, and its arguments should be framed, not to enlighten librarians, but to convince busy men of affairs possessed of shrewd judgment and large foresight, as to the practical worth of the matter as a business proposition. For library work in business organizations i

ed by means of professional library methods, therefore, the business library hopes to take its place in the ranks of the American Library Association a

in a very short time. In the few moments intervening it might be well perh

any librarians have been more interested in the purely educational or inspirational part of the library and have neglected that large field of usefulness and that large company of people who contribute to the welfare of work and of the world, as Miss Krause has pointed out. The best chemists in the country are being sought by the business houses; the best knowledge of soils, of minerals, of woods, of lumber, of stone has long been sought by the men who are making a commercial use of thes

nswer for himself. The statement has

at that point, but what I had in mind was the business man rather than the professional, technical man. I fully grant what Miss Ahern says with reference to technic

excuse that the library folk may put to themselves for a lack of interest or a lack

the development of business life. It ought also to be an extra incentive to the public library to meet the demands. I think that much of this development in the technical side of library work has come from the increasing study b

n some of the kingdoms of Europe, showing the tremendous problems confronting the municipal officials, problems of tremendous budgets, of great public works, and so on, it will be sufficient for me to say that it is a happy omen that we are now getting into the public service men of high civic ideals and constructive ability and who are replacing men whose self-seeking interests or vanity led them to seek the votes of their fellow citizen

CE LIBRARY AS AN AID

lleagues in the administration of the City of New York, and in behalf of other colleagues in public busine

adaptability in the constant extension of the reference work, and for the resiliency which is showing again in another field that real Father Williams never grow old. Could Benjamin Franklin look upon this gathering, and hear your reports of s

this compulsory minimum tax, and that the only time their fiscal representatives hear about libraries is just before the budget appropriations are voted. You must be indulgent with those who vote the money, if the outcome of this habit suggests the man who was exasperated by his wife, who he said "just nagged and nagged him for money, when he came, when he left, on Sunday, always." Finally, when a neighbor summon

udget. State your program clearly. If all the money you want is not voted this year, stick clearly to the plan that has been voted, and show both the fiscal authorities and the town where your service has been crippled, if at all, for want of funds. It will be well to begin your budget campaign so that the first idea which th

y we take office to use all the machinery of our predecessor and to get better results, but also really expects us to fail. We inherit a stack of mail. We are flooded with suggestions and complaints; many of them in confidence and most of them confusing. We are urged to attend club and church meetings, and dinners, and graduating exercises. We

paid on the city debt-more than $160,000,000 for the expenses of a single year. There were ninety thousand employees. Side by side with one another were clerks paid one $600 and another $1,800 for the same kind of work; in another grade were clerks paid $1,600 and others paid $2,400 for the same kind of work. When salaries had been increased, and why, was not a matter of record. Supplies were contracted for by no standard form. Specifications, either for supplies or for construction work, were worded differently at different times, according to the individual wish or whim of the department officer preparing them. The public was but poorly protected at any point. Plans were made for new buildings, for new roads, and for other vast improvements, often without estimates of cost; often with assurances of only slight cost, where, too fre

power for the old cables. After Denver had discarded these cables, Baltimore adopted the cable. Rochester has recently adopted a device to attach drinking fountains to its ordinary fire hydrants. The idea is a new one, and may prov

used an improvement upon New York's budget exhibits-recently called a new kind of "confidence game"-that is, taking the public into official confidence about

other city has found endangering the lives of its citizens? If a measure has proved bad and dangerous for one city, mode

any administrative officer to do his best. I will not attempt to review the laborious steps of my colleagues in the present board of estimate and apportionment-our governing municipal body-to incorporate into standard specifications, standard salaries and standard contracts the memory of our

officials. It is not enough to know that it may be had. To have important information an hour away from the office is almost as bad as to have it a thousand miles away. It must be easier for the busy official to get the information h

tely better municipal reference library than a place perfectly equipped which suggests erudition rather than immediate help. There is great danger that our municipal reference libraries will become junk shops, as interesting and as helpful, as out of date or as unrelated to today's problems as an encyclopedia or a "compendium of useful knowledge." A m

New York streets, and to regulate the weight, the width and size of tires, etc., of our great trucks that have been tearing up our pavements. I wanted to know about the policy of other cities in this matter, and to devise, if possible, a way of making those vehicles that destroy the streets help pay f

e health department, and in improving the type and quality of street pavements, I have wanted not all the information there was to be had-not books or formal reports-but concrete answers to immediately pressing questions. I wanted to be referred to the latest article or report which would make it unnecessary to go through twenty or a hundred

rian is not about to call to the attention of a public official for departmental study or report, or for th

igate what it is now costing this country to fill out the innumerable blanks from college boys wishing help on their commission government debate; college students writing theses; national organizations compiling reports, etc. Niagara unharnessed was wasting much less power than are we officials, school superintendents, mayors, and engineers who are answering such questionnaires. It would be lamentable enough if we always answered right; but most of us answer quite inadequately, and many of us answer wrong. Last year, a certain national society wrote me, asking certain questions about civil service reform. I had had more or less to do for some years with that line of public service. My insti

e purpose of twenty, or that one answer, at least, would have served the purpose of the dozen official answers. Moreover, just as the official reports give f

ified, available upon call or when the

or from the municipal reference activity of a general library. I refer to an up-to-date "Poole's" or cumulative index of the passing subject matter of city government. You get, the library gets, once a month a list of all the articles in the principal books. Why should we not have

ver the streets and sidewalks; encroachments and encumbrances; street vaults and street signs; the sewer system; the public buildings; the baths and markets; and the control of private buildings through the enforcement of the buildings l

ing to be done, as well as the cost of not having the work done, and that it shifts attention from the personality that requests the budget allowance. A circumscribed program means circumscribed budget. Frankly, I believe that extension of program should and m

ecure adequate financial support than the municipal reference library which is not a compendi

anks of the American Library Association for your coming

our

ENERAL

orning, Jun

sion the topics on the program have special reference to books-and people. The first paper invites our interest by its sugge

RIEND

of his essays, that we owe the ideal of the man of leisure to a book of the Apocry

d our learning, I am here today to bespeak a portion of

ve to refresh your memories: "He must be a thorough master of vernacular orthography, with an insight into the accentualities and punctualities of modern Saxon. He must be competently instructed in the tetralogy, or first four rules. He must have a genius capable in some degree of soaring to the upper element, to deduce from thence the not much dissimilar computation of the cardinal points. He must instruct you in numeric and harmonious responses, and he must be capable of embracing all history, so as

ate his coming into their midst-but the youth soon assumes the aggressive attitude which compels attention-and one symptom of this attitude which I feel among ourselves is the large and learned talk about new books-the self-satisfied air and monumental confidence in our sometimes sophomoric knowledge and understanding of a

hoice, for a book like a person yields its intimate charm only to the sympathizing heart. We have no care to answer why, other than, "because"-"We love them because we must love them." A new book friend comes to us now and then, and we cling to the old ones. Sometimes we lose the

s of one Tuft, H. R. H., Henry Prince of Wales, and a gentleman Commoner named Sir John Falstaff, and several others. I breakfast with them, drink tea, and sometimes wine with them," and, again, on hearing the good news of the recovery of his grandfather, he writes, "The minute I opened the letter and saw the news, I pulled down my Shakespeare and had a very merry hour with Sir John Falstaff. I was determined to laugh heartily all t

t here as the Vicar of Leeds) I was pulling Macaulay down from the shelf, not indeed to drink with Sir John, but to refer to some particular talk of men or of books-always to read on and on with equal delight whether he were breakfasting with a party of old Trinity College friends, reading in his study, or acting as a guide and escort on a half holiday of sight-seeing with his nieces and nephews, with whom he was always th

example of the poetry, which he usually attributed to the Judicious po

u remember the beautiful Puseyette hymn on Michaelmas day? It is a great f

rs scowl and

mouth Bret

n gay will

auce, onio

d fork, and

the bot

e of goose we

eful of

can be? Not Newman, I think. It is above

firm allegiance to Trinity College, Cambridge, has never wavered since Macaulay's undergradua

ishop of Oxford in the troublous times of the Tractarian Movement, and so great was the work he accomplished and so devoted to him were his clergy that when translated to Winchester, Bishop Stubbs, who succeeded him, coming from quiet Chester, where his history was his chief occupation, ruefully asked, "Why am I like the Witch of Endor? Because I am tormented by the spirit of Samuel." His quickness and humor flashed an unexpected light on many a question, as when asked why he was called Soapy Sam he answered it was probably because he was always in hot water and always came out with hands clean. And his whimsical reply to "Who

itten at the time of his death: "With others who loved him, kneeling reverently beside the body, was Mr. Gla

m, "St. Barnabas day, the eleventh of June-the Bishop's wedding day!" We saw the trees he had planted and loved, the spot whence he would turn for a last hom

n that dearest of all books, and where each mood, whether gay or somber, would find echo from the "eternal passion" of the poets-"Rosemary for remembrance, or pray you love, reme

ships, which he says were more like loves, by writing letters which have a touch of gentle humor and of tender and unaffected charm, as in a letter to Frederick Tennyson: "I have been through three influenzas; but this is no wonder, for I live in a hut with walls as thin as a sixpence, windows that don't shut, a clay soil safe beneath my feet and a thatch perforated by lascivious sparrows over my head. Here I sit, read, smoke and become wise, and am already quite beyond earthly things. I must say to you as B

of geography, modern and ancient, and do not know the points of the Beacons, and Lemprière, the only classic at hand, doesn't help me. Pray tu

pri

o-wh

ll an

help m

m off,

elp me

to resort to ol

sterday came Squire Carlyle from you, and a kind long letter from Mr. Lowell; and t

he last five. To be sure I keep reading his 'Newcomes' of nights and now I have got hold of 'Pendennis.' I keep hearing him say so much of it; I really think I shall hear his step coming up the stairs to this lodging, and abou

erald only because of the "Rubaiyat." I c

ain old pe

eary of Om

rald,

ight as

lt, and the

Dam

her ill in this number. Minnie says, 'O Papa, do make her well again! She can have a regular doctor and be almost dead, and there will come a nice homeopathic physician who will make her well again.'" We who truly know and love him find him ever in his own page

storm to

he knew h

wind wou

wreck we

ourselves t

y he fou

the hubbub

he tempest

e some brand

its force

ess storm

e sunrise

hing o'er

as day wa

girls we

ling an

at home

dnight companion if taken up in the evening. While our serious-minded librarian may find its chief value in the chapter on "The Struggle with the Dictionary," where as editor, I presume many of us first met with Stephen, (and which would prove inv

one constantly to the reading of his books, wherein again one always finds himself. It were difficult to imagine more felicitous titles of self-revelation than "Hours in a library," "The amateur emigrant," and "My study window." I cannot leave Stephen without a word from the "Letters to John Ric

orms the Sc

s do not ca

d Canon Kin

is a pac

for judgmen

ection solve

ves Kingsley

oes to Froude

he Critical Kit Kats is my particular joy in introducing to friendly books my young student readers, whom I send off armed with it, together with a volume of Fitzgerald, or Stevenson, or the Browning sonnets. Mr. Gosse has such a comfortable and intimate way

oly missal Sha

venings when y

n seems blyth,

k, and read,

muring at you

my love with Sh

urden weighs u

when the same little girl crept up behind and kissed his hand just because she had heard he was a poet? Gilbert White's "Natural history of Selborne," much in the same way stands beside Lowell, in whose "Garden acquaintance," I first learned its "delightful charm of absolute leisure," and here too, when it leave

he dea

in the br

the f

y sometime youthful nephew, who, on being asked about the sermon one Sunday after church, answered, "Why real

ertainly the richest of wine both in men and in books. Nor am I at all certain that in the last analysis it is not the supreme grace which makes possible that joy

of his buffetings gathered about his bier, and compared notes and estimates of the special qualities which the late departed had possessed. Yes, said one, "he loved us so well that he chastised us frequently." True, said another, "he could neve

n may not be evident, for certainly the speaker who is about to talk to us, on "How to discourage reading" is by no means a dead one. He has, how

otation or a sentence or two at the beginning of Mark Twain's "Puddin'head Wilson," only I fear that Mr. Legler was too courteous to use it. I have no hesitation in speaking of it myself. Mark Twai

read the fol

ISCOURAG

He is a somewhat na?ve young man, able to indulge his whims, and he said he thought that buying the books "would help out President Eliot." That is a very merit

ney for the sake of being forever cut off from all those tremendous "classics." For that is what it amounted to. One of these men has a very pretty office, with some nice bookshelves, painted white. He added to the books of his profession and some

up early and take long walks before breakfast, and then take care to mention it later in the day, as if to cast discredit on other people. We have to go early, too, because we intersperse the walks with runs, and he has dignity to maintain, and it wouldn't do for him to dash about the streets after other people are up. While we walked, or dog-trotted, about the country roads he tol

oot Shelf" is true of a score of other collections-the Hundred Best Books, the Greatest Books of the Universe, the Most Ponderous Volumes of the Ages, the Selected and Highly Recommended Classics of A

me of its titles than most of these sets of "great" books. But there is something about every one of these collections of classics that acts like a palsy upon the reading facu

days-that he has reached the age of forty without reading them. Now, the chances are at least a hundred to one that he never reads them. But let him buy one of the sets of thirty or forty volumes, in which these five books are included, and the chances against his reading any one of the five, instead of being diminished, are enormously increa

either of the last two, as they are a little nearer the temper of our time-and if he gets one of them,

k ponderous and weighty and erudite upon his shelves-to the innocent. People exclaim: "My! What fine books you have!" He tries to smile a wise smile-to give the impression that they are the companions of his solitude, the consolation of his wakeful hours. He knows that these people won't ask if he has ever read any of them. They are afraid he might c

ner. If they come into our lives at all, they come subtly, slowly, one at a time. If a man should walk into this room saying: "All my life I have been without friends, I have decided

nvention-the Complete Works of an author. There was a publisher-he still lives-who told one of his agents: "Books are n

er, there is an almost certain method-give him one of the sets of th

d Dickens. If he is wise, he goes at him one book at a time, he tests and he tries, and at the end of a few years he owns eight or ten books-well-thumbed books, that have been read, and that represent pleasure. But if he listens to the boo

on't like." That is what the waiter told the man when he brought him a breakfast-cup fu

ilies are sinking back comfortably upon their Morris chairs, and gazing in fatuous self-satisfaction at their bookcases, whic

at last!" "Well, I am glad to see it! It was dis

hat pastime is forgotten, there isn't one remaining cause why those pages should ever be opened. The insides of those books will be the most secret place in that house henceforth. Talk about sliding panels and secret drawers in old writing-desks-they are ope

should be awarded to the custom of setting up counsels of perfection in the matter of recommending the so-called "classics" to possible readers, of saying by word of mouth, or by printed page: "These

person who is at all bookish, and they include books which are so utterly alien, so far removed from our time, place and habit of mind, that it is absolutely absurd to p

uenced Madame de Maintenon-what of it? Doubtless other books, far less desirable, influenced her, too, so what does it prove? The value of books, as a recent writer has pointed out, shifts and changes with the changing years. What may have been truly a great book a thousand years ago is not necessarily great today-no matter how many famous personage

he development of the art of painting. This is a museum, as well as a collection of beautiful things. No one who is honest pretends to enjoy their beauty. It is thus with books. A great collection of books may well contain those writings which seemed full of meaning to people two thousand years ago, but they are not to be held up-not all of them, at any rate-as books which anybody "

ppear on most of these lists of Best Books, and that it is almost sheer humbug to put them there. So few people can read them, there is so little reason-especially in the case of the French plays-why anyone should read them, today, that their inclusion is a pitiful example of lack of courage. In the matter of the French drama I speak especially of Racine and Corneille-names almost certain to appear on these lists of the classics. Someone will relate the story about

owing through the nation, and those who worship fusty precedent are correspondingly unhappy. We have a president who cares not a rap for mouldy and senseless traditions-he has learned well the lesson taught him by one of his predecessors. If President Wilson has the courage to point out that the final authority on matters of factory legislation and

t out of bed; a book in which the editor is so pleased with himself for discovering that the father of Lady Hester Somebody (who is mentioned in the text) was born in 1718 and died in 1789 tha

of labor, and it is "very valuable for reference." Also it is admirably arranged for driving a reader away from Boswell forever. It is positively exasperating to see page after page on which Boswel

orce. But I wish to read you from a review of the latest of them-a review written for the Boston Herald, by Mr. John Macy, the author of that vigorous and sensible book, "The spirit of American literature." It deals with "The tragedie of Julius Caesar" edited by Horace Howard Furness, Jr. "This," writes Mr. Macy, "is the latest volume in 'A New Variorum Edition of Shakespeare,' and is the first under the sole editorship of the late Dr. Furness' son. From

about the morality and character of the personages, as (1) they are in Shakespeare's play, and as (2) they are in other historical and fictitious writings; (e) what scholars said about how other people used the words that Shakespeare used; (f) what scholars said could be done to Shakespeare's text to make him a better poet. I have not read all those notes and I never shall read them. Life is too short and too interesting. All the time that I was trying to read the no

r. Macy asks, are they worth the labor they have cost-are they worth it to anybody? Looking at them reminds me of the ideal ascetic of the Middle Ages, St. Simeon Stylites.

ing and downfal

housand and tw

Virgin Mother,

l religious man today. Will these fact-colle

grubbing? Are some of the so-called scholarly editions really scholarly, or are they simply gigantic "st

object. This is bad enough when it is done in the formal catalog, but when it is done in little leaflets, and book-lists-things which ought to be informal and inviting-the case is very sad. The other day I saw an entry in a book-list which read like this: "Dickens. Whipple, E. P. Charl

ve tried to string a barbed-wire fence of Complete Works around it. Pedants stand outside, calling upon you to swallow a couple of gallons of facts before you go into the great tent. You can walk by them all. Inside, everything is pleasant. Over in one corner are the folk who like to play with first editions, unique copies, unopened copies, and all the rest of those expensive toys. Some of these gentlemen have about as much to do w

ortable chair, and a pipe. And

nd excellen

the credi

uincey, the

y leisuri

soul whose d

door and ha

he dusty h

rgotten ga

st it coul

empire in

and the broo

through a h

songs on al

tales in al

arts that st

eigned and f

was conducted in which the following members of the Associ

ization. Reviewed

literature of the Risorgimento

efficiency. Reviewed b

of being a woman. Revi

d land. Reviewed b

seule. Reviewed

. Reviewed by Jose

mocracy. Reviewed

secretary whether there are any announcements to be made or if any new busines

m the Documents Round Table to come before

the Council. We will receive the repor

ates that you have elected as your officers

HE TELLERS

of V

sid

irector New York

Vice-P

rian City Library, S

Vice-Pr

, Librarian Minneapo

ecutive Board

ibrarian of Congr

Librarian Carnegie L

Council (

Editor "Public Libr

Librarian Oregon

ector Western Reser

tor "Library Jour

n Wilmington (Del.) In

dowment Fund

sident U. S. Trust

B. SPA

F. PH

s of E

. I shall ask Mr. Gardner M. Jones and Mr. Harrison W. C

orted Mr. Anderson

dly many of the elements which have been talked about during this meeting. You are yourself a graduate of a library school, yet you have sympathy with those who have not attained to that distinction. You have been associated with a great scientific library, you

this gavel not as an emblem of authority, but as a symbol of

lophons, "And now we make an end. If we have done well, we have done that which we would have

at the most successful administration in the history of

gavel to Mr. Anderson and

umble self. Furthermore, I have to thank him for giving me an opportunity to correct a mistake which has been current in this Association for some twenty years, namely, that I am the graduate of a library school. I was at the

speech and I shall make none. But I want to beg you on this occasion to forget and forgive the disagreeable things sa

Council, our appreciation of the honor you have conferred upon us and of the responsibilities you have placed upon our shoulders. We can only hope t

to come before us the Conf

NED SI

TIVE

of June

Other members present were Miss Eastman, Me

sacted, including the reception and adoption

rs. H. L. Elmendorf was elected member of the Publishi

ad been able to gather the committee felt unable to make any affirmative recommendation as to participation b

our

g of J

n, Miss Eastman, Messrs. A

ber in view of his election to the office of first vice-p

elected to the Executive Board to fill the unexpired term of Mr. Wellman. Mr.

ociation and other organizations of the State. Invitations were received also by letter from the convention bureaus of New Orleans, Nashville, Wilmington, Del., Milwaukee, and other places. After informal discussion it was voted that the Secretary be instru

effect, Mr. Everett R. Perry, of Los Angeles, bearing the invitation from the latter association. Invitations were also received from the library authorities of Seattle, seconded b

ode for classifiers, which, upon motion, was accepted as a report of progress, and the req

classifiers begs to pres

bers of the Committee and considerable data have been collected for the proposed Manual for classifiers. Messrs. Bay and Merrill are

($20.00) to cover typewriting, po

fully s

ig

N MERRILL,

follows: From the contingency fund to conference fund, $75, and to mis

ssociation after the annual conference shall only be required to pa

l handbook in biographical section form was postpo

st of such participation as well as the possibility of securing a creditable exhibit from American libraries. It was voted that a special committee of three on this subject be appointed by

el Committee as partial compensation for expenses incurred in the performance of association duties, and that the thanks of the

tten and copies sent to the respective members of the Executive Board. At the request of the Committee that two other members be added to the Committee, one of them to be located in Chic

iation of not to exceed $50 was referred to

rt is as

ITTEE ON COST AND

h duplicate material in the large public libraries having extensive systems of branch libraries has developed a method of handling these that is almost uniform for all. One element which disturbs the cataloging work in these libraries is that the withdrawal and cancellation of the records of lost and worn-out books is done by the cataloging departments. Five of the twenty libraries do not at present readily lend themselves to comparison in all respects with the others, the Library of

int 2 in the questionnaire sent out by the committee. Three libraries state expressly that the assignment of subject headings is done by the cataloging force, but this is probably also the cas

d afterwards revised, while in at least one case such work as classification and the assignment of subject headings is done by specialists, each handling his particular subject

ce the method of work except at the final point, but the growing use of cards printed by some other library has i

library, where a considerable number of volumes were set aside for this investigation and the time and money spent on each work carefully computed. By employing a similar way of inve

out whether a method of handling the routine with a minimum expenditure of time could be worked out that could be recommended as standard, and to study how the work might be so arranged as

. S. JO

V. BA

AN VALK

tion

log department indicating the proce

wing items do you includ

ccess

assifi

elf-li

ation for

s your cataloging force co

mum salaries in each grade and d

expended for salaries for t

in the catalog department spend

ese engaged in in other d

s did you add to your

were added as new t

nted cards from the Library of C

912 to catalog a book, including accessioning, classif

rary that will enable the committee to underst

luded in the

and Referen

Universit

niversity

Universi

of Chicag

versity

rerar

y of C

Library, Refer

k State

rry L

c Lib

Public

Public

Public

Library,

Public

ti Publi

d Public

phia Fre

s Public

Public

ittee to which the questions in cataloging may be referred for recommendations; second, that the Executive Board be asked to

ttee for this year to whom questions of cataloging may be referred, and that the chairman of the

ittee on code for classifiers as to the desirability of a permanent committee to consider specifi

tion at this meeting and of later correspondence between the members of the Executive Board and consultation wi

TEES,

na