France in the Nineteenth Century

fight at Waterloo. The allied armies had a second time entered France to make her pass under the sa

for material prosperity than for such ideas; the foundation of many fortunes had been laid; mothers who dreaded the conscription, and men weary of war and politics, drew a long br

ll of exalted expectations. The king had to place himself on one side or the other. He might have been the true Bourbon and headed the party of the returned émigrés,-in which case his crown would not have stayed long upon his head;

ocked back to France in the train of the allied armies, expected the restoration of their estates. The king had got his own again,-why should not they get back theirs? And they imagined that France, which had been overswept by successive waves of revolution, could go back to what she had been under the old régime. This was impossible. The returned exiles had to submit to the confiscation of their estates, and receive in return all offices and employments in the gift of the Government. The army which had conquered in a hundred battles, with its marshals, generals, and vieux mou

eign by having Fouché and Talleyrand, men of the Revolution and the Empire, deep in his councils, though he disliked both of them. Early in his reign occurred

his defection. They used to toast him as le roi-quand-même, "the king in spite of everything." His own family held all the Bour

at last made the sovereign so uncomfortable by their disapproval of his policy that he sought repose in the society and in

gh physically an inert man, he was by no means intellectually stupid, for he could say very brilliant things from time

sabeth, and the dauphin. Louis himself had a singular habit of swinging his body backward and forward when talking, "which exactly resembled the heavings of a ship at sea." "We were a very short time at table," Greville adds; "the meal was a very plain one, and the ladies and gentlemen all got up together. Each lady folded up her napkin, tied it round with a bit of ribbon, and carried it away with her. After dinner we returned for coffee and conversation to the drawing-room. Whenever the king cam

two sons,-Louis Antoine, known as the Duc d'Angoulême, and Charles Ferdinand, known as the Duc de Berri. The Duc d'Angoulême had married his cousin Marie Thérèse, daughter of Louis XVI. and Marie Antoinette. Their union was childle

him to make war on Spain in order to put down the Constitutionalists under Riego and Mina. The expedition for that purpose was commanded by the Duc d'Angoulême, who accomplished his mission, but w

t the Revolution; but the sight of her pale, set, sad face was a mute reproach to Frenchmen. She could forgive, but she could not be gracious. At the Tuileries, a place full of graceful memories of the Empress Josephine, she presided as a dévote and a dowdy. She could not have been expected to be other than she was, but the nation that had made her so, bore a

ere French. He was pleasure-seeking, pleasure-loving, and he married a young and pret

him back into the theatre, and there, in a side room, with the music of the opera going on upon the stage, the plaudits of the audience ringing in his ears, and ballet-g

n it. It was betrayed, however, the night before it was to have been put in execution, and such of its leaders as could be arrested were guillotined. Laf

solitary places, and were disguised by the coal-dust that blackened their faces. It was a secret society which extended throughout France, Italy, and almost all Europe. It was joined by al

e, and began to show symptoms of mutiny. The matter was quieted, however, and the affair kept as still as possible. But all was ready. I knew of the whole affair. All that was wanted to make a successful revolution at that time was money. I went to Laffitte; but he was full of doubts, and dilly-dallied with the matter. Then I offered to do

Nolte, Fifty Years

ng exclaimed, "If any one had told me this but

proof, thinks the narrator, how fiercely the fire

s of the Crown to prosecute the newspapers for free-speaking. He died, after a few days of illness and extreme suffering, Sept. 15, 1824, and was

as I have said, a widower, with one remaining son, the Duc d'Angoulême, and a little grandson, the son of the Duc de Berri. His two daughters-in-law, the Duch

ed, he wanted to stamp out every remnant of the Revolution. Constitutionalism, the leading idea of the day, was hateful to him. He is said to have remarked, "I had rather earn my bread than be

s; but woe to me if they should ever raise them under the impulse of those dreams which sound so fine in the sermons of philosophers, and which it is impossible to put

idged the powers of the censors of the Press. His minister at this time was M. de Villèle, a man of whom it has been said that he had a genius for trifles; but M. de Villèle having been defeated on some measures that he brought before the Chamber of Deputies, Charles X. was glad to remove him, and to appoint as his p

RLE

the stability of existing institutions, and disgust at the obstinacy and the pretensions of the king. It seems also that a desire to substitute the Orleans for the reigning branch is becoming very general. It is said that Polignac is wholly ignorant of France, and will not listen to the opinions of those who could enlighten him. It is supposed that Charles X. is determined to push matters to extremity; to try the Chambers, and if his ministe

the end be?"

an who was present, "in drivi

pedition, however, was to draw off the attention of a disaffected nation from local politics. An army of 57,000 soldiers, 103 ships of war, and many transports, was despatched to the

verned by the Jesuits, looked for support to the clergy of France. The other party looked to the army. Yet the most r

publican, took the name of Philippe égalité, and voted for the execution of the king, drawing down upon himself the rebuke of the next Jacobin whose turn it

ghter. The sons were Louis Philippe, who became Duke of Orleans, the Comte de Beaujolais, and the Duc de

y at Valmy and Jemappes as Dumouriez's aide-de-camp; but when that general was forced to desert his army and escape for his life, Louis Philippe made his escape too. H

and, and landed him at Lisbon. Louis Philippe could not have had a very pleasant voyage, for the English admiral, on board whose ship he was a passenger, came up one day in a r

er was present, and

in the jailer Chiappini's house under the name of Maria Stella Petronilla. There is little doubt that she was a changeling, but the link is imperfect which would connect her with the Duke and Duchess of Orleans. She was ill-treated by the jailer's wife, but was very beautiful. Lord Newburgh, an English nobleman, saw her and married her. Her son succeeded his father as a peer of England. After L

me de Genlis. In her company Louis Philippe witnessed, with boyish exultation, the destruction of the Bastile. To her he wrote after the great day when in the Cham

he Princesse Marie Amélie, niece to Marie Antoi

noble family of five sons and three daughters, all distinguished by their ability and virtues. I shall hav

the home of his family, the Palais Royal. He hurried into the house, and in spite of the opposition of the concierge, who took him for a mad

. He was far more like an Englishman than a Frenchman. Had he been an E

er, and with Lafayette, who, as we have seen, were both implicated in conspiracies seven years before the Revolution of 1830. He was for many years not rich, but he and t

raordinary expenses my brother has had to meet, all the demands he has to comply with. Out of his income he has furnished the Palais Royal, improved the apanages of the House of Orleans; and yet sooner or later all this property will revert to the nation. When we returned to France our inheritance

pert, chaplain to

PHIL

of Orl

g to approve their acts, and a few days afterwards the king published his own will and pleasure in what were called Les Ordonnances du Roi. One of these restr

ution effected by them to save themselves and their property from such an outbreak as came forty years later, which we call the Commune. The working-classes had little to do with the Revolution of 1830, except, indeed, to fight for it, nor had they much to do with the

reat. By nightfall the agitation had spread in Paris to all classes. King Charles X. was at Saint-Cloud, apparently apprehending no popular outbreak. No military preparations in case of disturban

efore long they were joined by others, notably by the cadets from the Polytechnic School. Casimir Perrier and Laffitte were considered chiefs of the revolution. The cry was

had long hated the white flag, which represented in their eyes despotism and the rule of the Bou

urned, furniture is brought out from neighboring houses, a large tree, if available, is cut down,

llay the fury of the people. No answer was returned. The marshal went himself at last, and the king, after listening to his representati

ke her son, the Duc de Bordeaux, into Paris, hoping that the people would rally round a woman and the young heir to the throne. Some implored the king

Muskets were loaded with type seized in the printing-offices. At the H?tel-de-Ville, Laffitte,

ellington was asked if he could not have suppressed the revolution with the garrison of Paris, which was twe

diers were short of ammunition. As usual, the Swiss Guard was stanch, but the French

, "if in an hour the ordonnances are not rescinded, there will be neither king nor kingdom." "Could you not offer me two hours?" said the king, sarcastically, as he turned to leave t

oops deserted him. On learning this, Talleyrand walked up to his clock, saying solemnly: "Take notice that

neral pillage, the insurgents contenting themselves with

is was the archbishop. The mob fought to

Archevêqu

uite comme

agnole; dansons

?a

er. It only remained to be seen what would be done with the victory. The evening before, Laffitte had sent a messenger to Louis Philippe, then residing two miles from Paris, at his Chateau de Neuilly, warnin

more liberal ministry. Everything was in confusion in the palace. The weary troops, who had marched to the defen

k to Paris, saying: "Go, gentlemen, go; tell the Parisians that the king revokes the ordonnances. But I

he words: "Too late! The throne of Charles

m Paris, and then Charles X.'s confidence gave way. He summoned his new prime minister and sent him on a mission to the capital. The Duc d'Angoulême, however, who was opposed to any compromise with rebels, would not suffer the minister to pa

nc, Dix Ans. Histoire

with Louis Philippe during his minority as lieutenant-general of the kingdom. "That might have been yesterday," said M. Laffitte, "if the Duchesse de Berri, separating her son's cause from that of his grandfather, had presented h

into the party of the Duke of Orleans, and almost at the

s X. is

ld embroil us

is devoted to the ca

eans never made

rleans fought

leans will be

s has worn the tri

the tricol

rived at Neuilly, bearing a request that the Duke of Orleans would appear in Paris, Marie Amélie received them. Aunt to the Duchesse de Berri and attached to the reigning family, she was shocked by the idea that her husban

sister), having received a message from Madame Adéla?de, set out soon after for Paris. The resolution of the leaders of the Revolution had been taken, but i

e Trianon; but the king remained behind. He referred everything to the d

rmont. In attempting to tear the marshal's sword from his side, he cut his fingers. At sight of the royal bloo

ordeaux, he could not be found. He was not at Raincy, he was not at Neuilly. About midnight, July 29, he entered Paris on foot and in pla

les X. followed them to the Trianon; and the soldiers in the Park at Saint-Cloud, who for twenty-fo

and promising a charter which should guarantee parliamentary privileges. He soon after appeared at a window of the H?tel-de-Ville, attended by Lafayette and Laffitte, bearing the tricolored flag between them, and was received with acclamations by the people. But there were men in Pari

no longer to be depended on, determined to retreat over the frontier, and left the Trianon for the small palace

shed past the keeper of the palace, who was walking slowly backward before him, and turned abruptly into a small room on the ground floor, where he locked himself in and remained for many hours. When he came forth, h

All the Year

ere at the Chateau de Maintenon, and the king, upon the approach of the mob, composed only of roughs, determined to join them. As he passed out of the chateau, which he had used as a hunting-lodge, he stretched out his hand with a gesture of despair to gras

ches. Attended by the rest of the unruly crowd, they were driven back to Paris, and assembling before the Palais Royal, shouted to Louis Philippe: "W

the only man of her family, was in Burgundy when she received news of the outbreak of the Revolution. At once she crossed several provinces of France in disgui

e dauphin to join with him in abdicating all rights in favor of Henri V., the little Duc de Bordeaux. Up to this moment Charles seems never to have suspected that more than such an abdication could be required of him. But by this time it was ev

trial and imprisonment of the late king. Hearing this, the royal family left the Chateau de Maintenon the next morning, the king and the Duchesse d'Angoulême taking leave of their fait

eaven. The Duchesse d'Angoulême, pale and self-contained, with all her wounds opened afresh, could hardly bring h

o doctor in attendance, nor any responsible witnesses to attest that he was heir to the crown. Louis Philippe had protested against his legitimacy within a week after his birth. There was no real reason for suspecting his parentage;

ort of the rest. The dauphine wept, her husband trembled, the children were full of excitement an

haste probably insured his safety. At Cherbourg two ships awaited him,-the "Great Britain" and

would enable them to land. They had come away almost without clothes, and the Duchesses of Angoulême and Berri were indebted for an outfit to an ex-ambassadress. The king said to some of those who came on boa

Palace of Holyrood, in Edinburgh, was assigned him. There was some fear at the time lest popular feeling should break out in some insult

hould meet with a word or a look from the meanest individual tending to aggravate feelings which must be at present so acute as to receive injury from insults, which in other times would be passed over with perfect disregard. His late opponents in his kingdom have gained the applause of Europe for the generosity with which they have used their victory, and the respect which they have paid to themselves in their moderation towards an enemy. It would be a great contrast to that part of their conduct which has been most generally applauded, were we, who are strangers to the strife, to affect a deeper resentment than those concerned more closely. Those who can recollect the former residence of this unhappy prince in our Northern capital cannot but remember the unobtrusive, quiet manner in which his little court was then conducted, and now, still further restricted and diminished,

hands I washe

hands I gave

ongue deny my

n,' as we were emphatically termed by the very highest authority, it is impos

the attempts of the Duchesse de Berri to revive her son's claims to the French throne, he made his way to Bohemia, and lived for a while in the Castle of Prague. At last he decided to make his final residence in the Tyrol, not far from the warm climate of Italy. It is said th

oirs of the Duch

ccupied had been engaged for the king of Prussia. The cholera, too, was advancing. The exiled party reached Budweiz, a mountain village with a rustic inn, and there

oy the pleasures of the chase, the exiled family fixed its residence at Goritz towards the end of October, 1836. The king wa

apel with violent spasms. These passed off, but on his joining his family later, its members were struck by the change in his appearance. In a few hours he seemed to have aged years. At night he grew so ill that extreme unction was administered to him. It was an attac

Napoleon made his first attempt to have himsel

apel belonging to the same lowly order in Vienna, had been buried four years before, a

of the ex-king

les Tenth of that name; by the Grace of God King of France and of

he latter part of his life, with its reverses and humiliations, he considere

day would come when his family would be restored to the throne of France, but he believed that it would not be by