France in the Nineteenth Century

ke of Orleans, the first ten years of Louis Philippe's reign were full of vicissitudes. France after a revolution is always an "unquiet sea that cannot re

ent of Louis Philippe to be due, but the Chambers were not willing to ratify the agreement. In the course of the negotiations the secretary of General Jackson, having occasion to translate to him a French

rms more forcible than diplomatic. The money was paid after the draft of the United States for the first instalment had been protested, and France has not ye

ion.[1] In 1835, France resolved to undertake a crusade against these pirates, which might free the commerce of the Mediterranean. The enterprise was not popular in France. It would cost money, and it seemed to present no material a

John Warner Wormeley, of Virginia. He was sold into slavery; but when tidin

n drawn by Sir Walter Scott in the "Talisman." Brave, honorable, chivalrous, and patriotic, his enemies admired him, his followers adored him. When he made his first tr

suzerainty in the Barbary States. The first attack upon it failed. The weather and the elements fought against the French in th

f and many generals were killed. Walls fell, and mines exploded; the place at last was carried by assault. At one moment, when even French soldiers wavered, a legion of foreign dare-devils (chiefly Irishmen a

him upon his death-bed. Talleyrand, supported by his secretary, sat up to receive the king. He was wrapped in a warm dressing-gown, with the white curls he had always cherished, flowing over his shoulders, while the king sat near him, dressed in his claret-colored coat, brown wig, and varnished boots. Some one who was pre

have been the things said of his character and his career. He himself summed up his life in some w

exasperating complications have I known! And all this with no other result than great moral and physical exhaustion

robably Dr. Jevons) speaks

characterized the stormy epoch in which he was called to play a very prominent part. If he did not pass through it blameless, he was less guilty than many others; if his hands were not p

uestion which unhappily was not settled in the days of the Crusades, but has survived to be a disturbing element in the nineteenth cent

time, as the dominions of Sultan Mahmoud became more and more disorganized by misgovernment and insurrection, Mehemet Ali sent his adopted son, Ibrahim Pasha, with an army into Syria. Ibrahim conquered that province and governed it far better than the Turks had done, when he was stopped by a Russian army (1832), which, under p

She has established a protectorate over half its subjects, who are Greek Christians, and where she professes to protect, she oppresses instead. If she seizes Constantinople, there is the end of your European civilization. I am a Turk, but I propose to you to inaugurate a crusade which will save Turkey and save Europe. I will raise my standard against the czar; I will put at yo

but Constantinople and its surrounding provinces. Russia, all-powerful in the Black Sea, could at any moment force him to give up to her the key of the Dardanelles. Among the Turks (the only part of his subjects on whom he could rely) were many malcontents. Fanatic dervishes predicted his overthrow, and called him the Giaour Sultan. He had destroyed Turkish cus

: Louis Bla

in June a great battle was fought between the Egyptians and the Turks on the banks of the Euphrates,

mounted his throne. Ibrahim Pasha immediately after his victory had made ready to threaten Constantinople, when despatches from his

pitan Pasha (or Admiral of the Fleet), that officer thought pr

of the fleet so discouraged Abdul Medjid that he offered his vassal terms of peace, by which he consented to

n open rupture, had not Louis Philippe and Marshal Soult (then Minister for Foreign Affairs in France) been both averse to war. The old marshal had seen more than enough of it, and Lou

ps attacked Ibrahim Pasha. Admiral Sir Charles Napier bombarded his stronghold, St. Jean d'Acre, and forced him into submission. The triumph of Lord Palmerston's policy was complete; as Charles Greville remarked: "Everything has tur

her great emperor. Therefore in the early part of 1840, before any disturbance of the entente cordiale, he made a request to the English Government for the body of Napoleon, then lying beneath a willow-tree at Longwood, on a desolate island that hardly seemed to be part of the civilized world. Lord Palmerston responded very cordially, and Louis

ad apparently a week's growth. The white satin which had lined the lid of the coffin had crumbled into dust,

ena by English soldiers. All the honors that in that remote island England could give to her former captive were

ation. Laborers and artists worked night and day. The weather was piercingly cold. Indeed, no less than

tructed to bring it up the Seine. Courbevoie is about two miles from the Arch o

ttending the body had about five miles to march from the place of disembarkation to the Invalides, on the left bank of the Seine. The spectators began to assemble before dawn. All along the route scaffoldings had been erected, containing rows upon rows of seats. All th

nnon to right of it, cannon to left of it, volleyed and thundered." The coffin was received beneath what was called a votive monument,-a column one hundred feet in height, with an imme

purple, on the top of the catafalque, twenty feet from the ground, was enclosed the coffin of the Emperor; but it was not so. The sailors of the "Belle Poule" protested that the catafalque was too frail, and the height too grea

and all officers, of whatever grade, then on leave in the capital. These were followed by infantry, cavalry, sappers and miners, Lancers, and Cuirassiers, staff-officers, etc., with bands and banners. Then came a carriage containing the chaplain who had had charge of the body from the tim

in commemoration of his victories, there were hundreds in

cry was "Vive l'empereur!" O

coffin of the Emperor was suffered to repose upon a gilded buckler supported by four gol

r at St. Helena. Around the catafalque marched the five hundred sailors of the "Belle Poule," headed by their captain, the Prince de Joinville,-slender, tall, and dark, a very naval-looking man. He was supposed to be intensely hostile to England, and only to be kept in check by a strong hand. Then came all the Emperor's aides-de-camp who were still living, and all the aged veterans in Paris who had served under him. This was the most touching feature of the procession. Many tears were shed by the spectators, and a thrill

irred up the embers of Napoleonism. Ten ye

old had looked on triumphs and funeral processions in Egypt; then it crossed the Seine. On the bridge were ei

tories pairs of wings by the dozen, and bucklers and spears in the same way. All night the artists had been fixing these emblems on their statues. A statue of Marshal Ney, which had been ordered among those of the other marsh

signed for the top of the Pantheon, but pressed into service on this occasion, h

commemorative of the Army of England. It was surrounded by plaster statues of the departments of France, and was approached through a long line of marshals, statesmen, and the most illustrious of

at the Invalides. "Sire," said Prince de Joinville to his

he name of France,

l Bertrand," said the king, "I charge you to lay it on the coffin of the

re admitted to view the coffin as it lay in state in the Chapelle Ardente. The crowd was ver

immense cage to keep it from intrusion, the air was heavy with incense,

ests under the care of the war-worn soldiers of France. Few now can be living who fought unde

he prayed that his remains might