France in the Nineteenth Century

h rural population understood that it was voting for an

educated in free countries and in the school of misfortune, I shall always remain faithful to the duties that your suffrages impose on me," public sentiment abroad and at home, whether hostile or favorable, expected that he would before long make himself virtually, if not in name, the Emperor Napoleon. Indeed, the army

d'état, and had arranged all its details. He had five intimates, who were his c

DE M

l in the Champs Elysées, surrounded by rare and costly works of art. He had then never been considered anything but a man of f

illiant bravery had a large share in securing the capture of Constantine. He rose rapidly to be a general, was an excellent administrator, a cultivated and agreeable companion, perfectly unscrupulous, and ready to assist in any scheme of what he considered necessary cruelty. Fleury, who had been sent to Africa to select a military chief fitted to carry out the coup d'état, found Saint-Arnaud the very man to suit the purpose of hi

was eager for promotion. Louis Napoleon

-hearted and attached

aud, had changed his name,

état[1]; arranged all its deta

De Maupas, Le

een, in reference to their allegiance to the Great Emperor's nephew, and by t

t in the political coup de main it is the mob that takes the initiative, in the c

n deny them the praise awarded to the unjust steward. If the thing was to be done, or, in the language of Victor

toms of anything extraordinary were to be seen, and an approaching municipal election in Paris accounted for the arrival of several estafettes and couriers, which from time to time called the prince president from the room. When the company had taken leave, Saint-Arnaud, Maupas, Morny, and a colonel on the staff went with the prince president into his smoking-room, where the duties of each were assigned to him

eir walls placarded by proclamations signed by Prince Louis Napoleon as President, De Morny as

lamations

ution of t

ion of unive

lection on

on of the Cou

was in a st

ght be arrested, without warran

nt any placard not authorized by Government; and death likewi

. If France would not support him, she must choose another president. In place of the constitution of 1848 he proposed one that sh

l suffrage would be in his favor. He had just made extensive tours

Crime," and disentangle its facts from its hysterics, we may receive from his personal narrative a vivid i

him Hugo eagerly asked: "What do the working-men-the people-say as they read the placards?" He answered: "Some say one thing, some another. The thing has been so done that they cannot understand it. Men going to their work are reading the placards. Not one in a hundred says anything, and those who do, sa

hackney-coach was waiting, and an escort of two hundred Lancers was in a street near by. Resistance seemed useless in the face of such precautions, but Victor Hugo and his friends were resolved upon a fight. They put their official scarves as deputies into their pockets, and started forth

had universal suffrage, and that the man of its choice were at the head of affairs, it had better trus

or Hugo, no doubt, was a brave man, though a very melodramatic one, and he seems to have thought that if he could get the soldiers to

Saint-Antoine gave no ear to their appeals, and for once was disinclined to fight, decided

elukes, citizen-supporters of the Republic transformed into the mercenaries of a Second Empire! From my seat I could almost put my hand upon them. I could no longer bear the sight. I let down the glass, I put my head out of the window, and looked steadily at the close line of armed men. Then I shouted: 'Down with Louis Bonaparte! Those who serve traitors are traitors!' The nearest soldiers turned their faces towards me, and looked dazed with astonishment. The rest did not stir. When I shouted, Armand let down his glass and thrust half his body out of his window, shaking his fist at the soldiers. He too cried out: 'Down with all traitors!' Our example was contagious. 'Down with traitors!' cried my other two friends in the omnib

rmance was one of many such scenes, c

was hopeless to resist such a display of force. At last the representatives, becoming, as the soldiers put it, "noisy and troublesome," were collared and turned out into the street. One by one the most excited were arrested. The remainder decided to go to the High Court of Justice and demand a warrant to depose a

nt, and there reorganize into a legislative body. They were nearly all members

e Mairie, they made Jules de Lasteyrie, Lafayette's grandson, president pro tempore, and proceeded to pass a decree deposing Louis Bonaparte. Scarcely was this done when a battalion of ca

It is well; but they are the last deputies who will be

nservative men of France. There was Jules Grévy, the future president (M. Thiers was already in prison); Jules de Lasteyrie; Sainte-Beuve, the great critic; Berryer, the great lawyer; the Duc de Luynes, the richest man in France; and Odillon Barrot, the popular idol at the commencement of the late revolution. De Tocque

dirty walls, used as the soldiers' dormitories. They had no furniture but some wooden benches. M. de Tocqueville was quite ill. The rooms were bitterly cold. An hour or so later, three representati

aternity!" remarked a conservative nobleman as he drank with one of the Red Republicans. "Ah," was the answer, "but not Liberty." Eight more prisoners before long were added to their number, and three were released,-one because he was eighty, one because of his wife's illness, and one because he had been accidentally wounded. At last, sixty mattresses were brought in, for two hundred and twenty-five men. They had no blankets, an

iminals, except that they were not allowed a daily walk,-a privilege the knaves and malefactors obtained. Two deputies only were fav

ber 2, 3, and 4 in endeavoring to assemble and reorganize the rem

y and to no purpose; but it is the fashion among advanced republicans to this day to decorate his grave and to honor his

mable than when they remained passive under the appeals of Victor Hugo. The remainder of the story, so far as it concerns the uprising and massacre in the st

. "Ah, ?a, it is bitterly cold here. Could n't one be allowed to re-light one's cigar?" At this another voice called out: "Tiens! is that you, Lamoricière? Good morning!" "Good morning, Cavaignac," replied the other. Then a third voice came from the third cell. It was that of Changarnier. "Messieurs les Généraux," cried a fourth, "do not forget that I am one of you." The speaker was a qu?stor of the Chamber of Deputies, a man charged with the safety of the National Assembly. The generals who had spoken, and Bedeau, who was in the next van, were, with the exception of Bugeaud, the four leading commanders in the French army. The other four prisoners were Colonel Charra

he had succeeded as ruler of France, was put into his former chamber

owe him, will never be cleansed from the stain that the outrages of that day have left upon his memory. It may be said, however, that the det

of ammunition, nor did the troops attack them with much vigor. In fact, the soldiers were but few, for all were being concentrated on that pa

whose narrative I am

ad harangued the multitude and circulated addresses calculated to rouse the people to resistance. On the 4th there was not much stirring. The shops were closed. I went into the heart of the city on business, where I

ery many men at work, but those who were engaged, labored like beavers. Blouses and broadcloth were about equally mixed. A few men armed with cutlasses, muskets, and pistols appeared to act as leaders; soon a search was made in neighboring houses for arms. I was surprised to see how many boys were in the ranks of the insurgents. They went to work as if insurrection were a frol

owed so fast that it seemed like one continued peal of thunder. Suddenly there was a louder and a nearer crash. The cavalry in front of me wavered; and then, as if struck by a panic, turned and rushed in disorder down the street, making the ground tremble under their tread. What could have occurred? In a few minutes they came charging back, firing their pistols on all sides. Then came a quick succession of orders: 'Shut all windows! Keep out of sight! Open the blinds!' etc. It seemed that unexpected shots had been fired from some of the windows on the soldiers, from which they had suffered so much as to cause a recoil. The roll of firearms was now terrific. Mortars and cannon were fired at short-range point-blank at the suspicious houses, which were then carried by assault. The rattle of small shot against windows and walls was incessant. This, too, was in the finest part of the Boulevard. Costly houses were completely riddled, their fronts were knocked in, their floors pierced with balls. The windows throughout the neighborhood were destroyed by the concussion of the cannon. Of the hairbreadth escape of some of the inmates, and of the general destruction of property, I need not speak. The Government af

e could not be said to have been any mob, though the Boulevard was crowded with spectators.

injured that they had next day to be pulled down. Peaceful shopkeepers, dressmakers, and English strangers were among the slain,-

assacred. Some said twenty-five hundred, some made it five hundred, and a

all for him, the masses were apathetic, the rural population wa

any preliminary investigation, squads of them were shot, chiefly in the court-yard of the Prefecture of Police. All deputies of the Left were

ome moving accounts of little children whom he saw lying in their blood on the evening of the massacre. His chief associates nearly all es

tracted permanent rheumatism during his imprisonment. He begged earnestly to be allowed to

olice detailed to accompany him over the frontier. Nor was he to travel under his own name, a travelling alias having been provided for him. At the railroad station at Creil, Colonel Charras met Changarnier. "Tiens, Général!" he cried, "is that you? I am travelling

anc's into his hand, he recognized the man before him. He started, and cried out: "You are General Changarnier!" "That is no affair of mine at present," said the general. At once the police agents interposed, and assured the commissioner that the passports were all in order. Nothing they could say would

. Baze to Aix-la-Chapelle. They were not released at the same place nor at the same time, Lou

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